Weir A. Henry VIII: The King and His Court
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under the moat to the Thames, still survive today.
13. The storage platforms in Henry VIII’s Great Kitchen were built in the seventeenth century.
14. The Boiling House is the only one of Henry’s subsidiary kitchens to survive today. Only a small
area of the service complex, around Fish Court, is open to the public.
15. The originals have long since disappeared; the King’s Beasts that we see today are twentieth-
century reconstructions, as is the royal coat of arms on the gatehouse.
16. See chapter 40.
17. More than ten thousand pages of accounts detailing Henry’s works at Hampton Court survive in the
Public Record Office.
18. In 1553, Mary I restored Esher to the diocese of Winchester. The house was decayed by 1660, and
thereafter fell to ruin, but the great gatehouse and a tower still survive.
19. George Cavendish.
20. The More was leased in 1576 to the Earl of Bedford, but was ruinous by 1598. No trace of the
house remains today. The present Moor House was built in 1727.
21. Cited by Fraser.
22. Cited in Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court.
23. Ibid.
24. CSP: Spanish.
25. Ibid.
26. L&P.
27. Ibid.
28. Erasmus, Opus Epistolarum.
29. State Papers in the Public Record Office.
30. John Ponet, Bishop of Winchester, cited in Neville Williams, The Court of Henry VIII.
31. C.R.N. Routh.
32. CSP: Spanish.
33. Ibid.
34. Nicholas Harpsfield; The Life and Death of Thomas More.
35. Thomas More; English Works.
36. William Tyndale; Works.
37. PPE.
38. Ibid.; L&P.
39. Letters of King Henry VIII.
40. CSP: Spanish.
41. L&P.
42. CSP: Spanish.
43. Ibid.; L&P.
44. CSP: Spanish.
45. See L&P; John Foxe; William Latimer; Dowling; “Anne Boleyn and Reform.”
46. CSP: Spanish.
47. John Foxe; John Strype; Narratives of the Reformation, ed. Nicholls; George Wyatt; Tudor Royal
Proclamations.
48. John Foxe. Fish was later reconciled to the Church. He died of plague in 1531.
49. L&P.
50. Ibid.
51. B.L. King’s MSS.
52. Sold at Sotheby’s to a private collector in 1982.
53. B.L. Royal MSS.
54. B.L. Additional MSS.; L&P.
55. L&P.
56. Ibid.
57. Ibid.
58. Ibid.
59. George Cavendish; PPE. Cavendish says Rochford was not yet twenty-seven.
60. CSP: Spanish; L&P.
61. Henry VIII: A European Court in England.
62. CSP: Spanish.
63. L&P.
38 “Squire Harry Will Be God, and Do as He Pleases!”
1. Cited by Mathew.
2. A cloth-dresser. The Cromwell family had owned a fulling mill at Putney for fifty years.
3. George Cavendish.
4. Ibid.
5. CSP: Spanish.
6. L&P.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.
9. CSP: Spanish.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. Much of Richmond Palace was destroyed under the Commonwealth, and its contents were sold. In
1660, what remained was given to Queen Henrietta Maria, but it was barely habitable. By 1690, nearly
all the buildings had disappeared. All that remains of the palace today is the gateway bearing Henry
VII’s arms, which overlooks Richmond Green, and two heavily restored dwelling houses, the Old
Palace and Wardrobe Court, which incorporate some of the Tudor fabric. Trumpeter’s House stands on
the site of the chapel and great hall. The remains of the cellars are nearby.
13. Much of Eltham Palace was demolished under the Commonwealth, when the park was destroyed.
In 1656, the diarist John Evelyn described the palace as “miserable ruins”; the great hall was in use as a
barn and the chapel in ruins. Eltham was alienated from the Crown when Charles II granted it to Sir
John Shaw in the late seventeenth century. A major restoration was carried out in 1933–1937. Today,
the great hall remains, along with part of its screens passage, as well as the Chancellor’s Lodging, built
by Henry VIII; a bridge over the moat; the arched gate to the vanished tiltyard; and a courtier lodging.
14. It was the earliest embassy building in England, and continued as such until 1553, when Edward VI
established a house of correction for the vagrant poor in the palace. Such houses were thereafter known
as Bridewells. The royal apartments were burned down in the Great Fire of 1666, but many of the
Tudor buildings survived until the nineteenth century. The House of Correction was finally demolished
in 1864. The site was excavated in 1978.
15. L&P.
16. Bodleian Library MSS.; Thurley; Royal Palaces.
17. Ibid.
18. CSP: Venetian, 1532.
19. Thurley, Royal Palaces. Only the external brickwork of Henry’s tennis court remains. Wolsey’s
play was demolished in the late seventeenth century.
20. Nottingham University Library MSS.
21. McConica; English Humanists and Reformation Politics.
22. L&P. See chapter 44.
23. CSP: Spanish; L&P.
24. Ibid.
25. CSP: Spanish.
26. Tottel’s Miscellany.
27. John Leland, Itinerary. Collyweston was granted to the future Elizabeth I in 1550, but alienated
from the Crown in 1625. It was in ruins by the eighteenth century. Today, only a few terraced
foundations remain.
28. George Cavendish.
29. Ibid.
30. Ibid.
31. CSP: Spanish.
32. PPE.
39 “Opprobrious Words”
1. PRO.
2. Cited by Erickson, Great Harry.
3. Ibid.
4. PRO.
5. Ibid.
6. CSP: Spanish.
7. Ibid.; L&P.
8. Ibid.
9. CSP: Venetian.
10. Ibid.
11. Charles Wriothesley.
12. CSP: Venetian.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid.
15. Original Letters relative to the English Reformation.
16. CSP: Venetian.
17. L&P.
18. Ibid.
19. Cited in Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court.
20. Edward Hall.
21. Cited in Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court.
22. CSP: Spanish; L&P.
23. Ibid.
24. CSP: Spanish.
25. CSP: Venetian.
26. Ibid.; L&P.
27. L&P.
28. Ibid.
40 “The Lady Marquess”
1. Hanworth, which remained royal property until Elizabeth I sold it to Francis, Lord Cottingham,
burned down in 1797. Only two of the roundels survive in the remains of the gardens, along with a
carving of the royal arms, two Tudor chimneys, part of the moat, and a five-step mounting block.
Fragments of heraldic stained glass survive in Hanworth Rectory. The old trees were cut down in the
eighteenth century, and the park was reduced in area. The wall that marks the extent of the original
gardens was built in the seventeenth century.
2. L&P; William Camden. It is sometimes stated that Gardiner presented the house to Anne Boleyn, but
it is clear that it was still in royal hands in 1532.
3. Laid in October 1532 (PRO).
4. The great hall was restored in 1770 and again, more extensively, in the 1840s, when new stained-
glass windows depicting the royal descents of Henry VIII and his wives and children were installed in
place of the long-vanished Tudor glass. At the same time, the moulded polychrome cornice was added.
In the 1920s, the louvre was removed from the roof, and the Tudor paint stripped away from its
timbers. Some of Anne Boleyn’s initials and badges survive on the ceiling; others, more accessible,
were replaced by those of Jane Seymour.
5. L&P.
6. CSP: Spanish.
7. See chapter 4. Three of the four courtyards of St. James’s Palace survive today, among them Friary
Court. The only other remains from Henry VIII’s original house are his watching chamber and presence
chamber in the state apartments, each with a fireplace carved with lovers’ knots encasing the initials H
and A, the chapel royal, and the great gatehouse.
8. Raphael Holinshed.
9. L&P; History of the King’s Works; Thurley, Royal Palaces. The royal lodgings in the Tower were
demolished in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
10. A portrait attributed to Ambrosius Benson in the collection of the Earl of Ashburnham has
sometimes been incorrectly identified as one of Katherine Parr.
11. Henry Clifford.
12. PPE; CSP: Spanish; Edward Hall.
13. George Cavendish; Metrical Visions.
14. PPE.
15. L&P.
16. B.L. Royal MSS.; L&P.
17. Warnicke; Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn.
18. See Lowinsky, A Music Book for Anne Boleyn.
19. L&P.
20. CSP: Spanish.
21. L&P.
22. All that survives of Shurland House is the ruined entrance façade.
23. Hamy; L&P.
24. CSP: Spanish; L&P; CSP: Venetian.
25. CSP: Venetian.
26. L&P.
27. For the investiture and banquet see Milles, Catalogue of Honour; L&P; B.L. Harleian MSS.; CSP:
Venetian; Calendar of the Manuscripts at Hatfield House; CSP: Spanish; Edward Hall.
41 “The Triumph at Calais and Boulogne”
1. CSP: Spanish; L&P.
2. L&P; B.L. Royal MSS.
3. CSP: Spanish; L&P.
4. PPE; L&P.
5. Claude of France had died in 1524.
6. Cited by Perry.
7. Seymour Papers.
8. CSP: Spanish.
9. L&P.
10. CSP: Spanish.
11. PPE. She was the widow of Sir Richard Wingfield, K.G., who died in 1525. Stone is twenty miles
north of Hever Castle.
12. For the French visit see The Manner of the Triumph at Calais and Boulogne; L&P; Edward Hall;
CSP: Venetian; CSP: Spanish; Chronicle of Calais; An English Garner; Hamy; Knecht.
13. Edward Hall.
14. History of the King’s Works.
15. L&P.
16. CSP: Venetian.
17. Ibid.; CSP: Spanish.
18. PPE.
19. Ibid.
20. Cited by Seward.
21. CSP: Venetian.
22. Ibid.
23. L&P.
24. PPE.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid.
27. L&P.
28. Edward Hall; CSP: Venetian.
29. L&P.
30. Ibid; Edward Hall; CSP: Spanish.
31. L&P.
32. Ibid.
33. Cited by Bowle.
34. CSP: Spanish; L&P.
35. Ibid.; PPE.
42 “Anna Regina Angliae”
1. Ives speculates that 14 November 1532 may be the date on which Henry and Anne began having
sexual relations together after contracting themselves to each other before witnesses, a procedure that
was as binding as a canonical marriage in the early sixteenth century; however, the evidence strongly
suggests that they were already having sexual relations before that date (see chapter 41).
2. Thomas Cranmer, Miscellaneous Writings and Letters.
3. B.L. Sloane MSS.
4. Later Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield.
5. Later Archbishop of Dublin.
6. CSP: Spanish; L&P.
7. B.L. Sloane MSS.; Nicholas Harpsfield; A Treatise on the Pretended Divorce; Nicholas Sander.
8. CSP: Spanish.
9. She shortly afterwards married Thomas, Lord Berkeley.
10. L&P; Letters and Accounts of William Brereton; Nicholas Sander.
11. CSP: Spanish; L&P.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.; CSP: Venetian.
14. Gage talked of renouncing the world and entering a monastery, but later changed his mind and
became a loyal supporter of the King. He was allowed to return to court and in 1540 was appointed
Comptroller of the Household. Later, he held military commands in Scotland and France.
15. CSP; Spanish; L&P; CSP: Venetian.
16. William Latimer; Dowling, “Anne Boleyn and Reform.” Shaxton became Bishop of Salisbury, Skip
became Bishop of Hereford, and Parker became Queen Elizabeth’s first Archbishop of Canterbury.
17. House of Commons.
18. Daughter of Sir John Shelton by Anne Boleyn, Wiltshire’s sister.
19. For Anne Boleyn’s household see L&P; Lisle Letters; CSP: Spanish; Friedmann; House of
Commons.
20. Lisle Letters.
21. CSP: Spanish; L&P.
22. L&P.
23. William Latimer; John Foxe.
24. George Wyatt.
25. Matthew Parker; Correspondence.
26. Cited by Norris.
27. William Latimer; Dowling; “Anne Boleyn and Reform.”
28. This badge was derived from the falcon crest of the Butler earls of Ormonde; it was later used by
Elizabeth I.
29. CSP: Spanish.
30. L&P.
31. William Latimer.
32. Now in the British Library.
33. Now in the British Library.
34. B.L. Royal MSS.
35. B.L. Harleian MSS.
36. Now owned by the Duke of Northumberland.
37. L&P.
38. Edward Hall.
39. CSP: Spanish.
43 “Here Anna Comes, Bright Image of Chastity”
1. For Anne Boleyn’s coronation, see chiefly Edward Hall; L&P; Charles Wriothesley; The Noble
Triumphant Coronation of Queen Anne.
2. L&P.
3. Cited in Rivals in Power.
4. Edward Hall. Holbein’s design is now in the Staatliche Museen Preussischer Kulturbesitz in Berlin.
5. Edward Hall.
6. CSP: Spanish.
7. L&P; Cronica del Rey Enrico.
8. L&P.
9. B.L. Cotton MSS.: Vespasian.
10. Edward Hall.
11. Ibid.; L&P.
12. Lancelot de Carles.
13. Edward Hall; The Noble Triumphant Coronation of Queen Anne.
14. Edward Hall; CSP: Venetian.
15. L&P.
16. William Roper.
17. Cited by Bowle.
18. Calendar of State Papers, Foreign . . . Elizabeth I.
19. Charles Wriothesley; CSP: Spanish; L&P; CSP: Venetian.
20. PPE; Lancelot de Carles.
21. CSP: Spanish; Letters and Accounts of William Brereton.
22. Muir; Thomson; Sir Thomas Wyatt; Letters and Accounts of William Brereton.
23. L&P; CSP: Spanish; CSP: Venetian.
24. History of the King’s Works; CSP: Spanish.
25. History of the King’s Works.
26. Ibid.
27. L&P.
28. Paul Hentzner, Travels in England.
29. Ibid.
30. The Paradise Chamber was demolished with most of the rest of these royal apartments in 1689–
1691 by Sir Christopher Wren. The present Cumberland Suite occupies the site of Henry VIII’s privy
chamber. Henry’s lodgings were replaced by the present King’s Apartments, built for William III.
31. Paul Hentzner, Travels in England.
32. Sunken gardens created in the 1950s in the Tudor style now occupy the site of the Pond Gardens.
33. History of the King’s Works.
34. Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library.
35. Cited in Windsor Castle: The Official Guide. The North Terrace was rebuilt in stone by Elizabeth I.
Henry VIII’s private apartments at Windsor were extensively remodelled by Charles II in the 1670s,
and again under George IV in the 1820s. The present State Apartments occupy the site.
44 “The High and Mighty Princess of England”
1. L&P.
2. Now in the National Gallery, London.
3. Holbein’s original portrait of Cromwell is lost. The best copy is in the Frick Collection in New York,
and there are two other copies in the National Portrait Gallery in London. On one of the latter there is
an inscription referring to Cromwell as Master of the Jewel House, which must date the sitting to
1533/4.
4. After Holbein’s death, many of his drawings remained in the Royal Collection, but were sold in 1553
to Henry FitzAlan, Earl of Arundel. They passed in 1590 into the collection of his son-in-law, John,
Lord Lumley, by which time they had been bound into a book. On Lumley’s death in 1609, the book
was acquired by Henry, Prince of Wales, son of James I. His brother Charles I later gave it to the Earl
of Pembroke, who sold it to Thomas Howard, Earl of Arundel, before 1642. The drawings were
purchased by Charles II prior to 1675, and have remained in the Royal Collection ever since. In 1727,
the book of eighty-seven drawings was found by Queen Caroline of Ansbach in a bureau in Kensington
Palace. The pictures were then extracted and framed. George III had them rebound in two volumes, and
in the nineteenth century they were moved to Windsor, where they remain today, remounted and
preserved between acrylic sheeting. Eighty-five of the pictures remain, of which eighty are signed by
Holbein; several have deteriorated and/or been retouched. Sixty-nine have been identified, but some are
incorrectly labelled. In 1590, the Lumley inventory noted that the names on the pictures had been
subscribed by Sir John Cheke, Secretary to Edward VI, who had first come to court in 1542 and may
not have known all the sitters. It is unlikely that any of the existing labels are his: they were probably
copied in the eighteenth century.
5. Karel van Mander.
6. See Derek Wilson, Hans Holbein.
7. Holbein’s design for the cup is now in the Offentliche Kunstsammlung Kupferstichkabinett, Basel.
8. L&P.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. Lisle Letters.
13. Ibid.; L&P.
14. John Leland; Collectanea; Lisle Letters.
15. CSP: Spanish; Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library.
16. CSP: Spanish; L&P.
17. L&P.
18. CSP: Spanish; L&P.
19. Lancelot de Carles.
20. CSP: Spanish.
21. One is in B.L. Harleian MSS.
22. L&P; Edward Hall; Charles Wriothesley; CSP: Spanish.
23. CSP: Spanish. A lace-trimmed christening robe, said to be Elizabeth’s, is at Sudeley Castle, but
probably dates from the seventeenth century at the earliest.
24. Lancelot de Carles.
25. For the christening, see Edward Hall; L&P.
26. CSP: Spanish.
27. Suffolk renovated and modernized Grimsthorpe, and some of his works can still be seen there.
28. Both are in the Royal Collection.
29. Cronica del Rey Enrico.
30. CSP: Spanish.
31. In 1573, Beaulieu was granted by Elizabeth I to the Earl of Sussex, who rebuilt it. The north wing
of his house still survives. The only remains of Henry VIII’s palace are in the cellars, apart from an
oriel window which is now in St. Margaret’s Church, Westminster. Beaulieu was largely rebuilt in the
eighteenth century, and in 1798 became a Catholic convent school. It was badly damaged by enemy
action in 1943, but the Elizabethan façade has been restored.
32. L&P.
33. Ibid.; CSP: Spanish.
34. Ibid.
35. State Papers; L&P.
36. L&P.
37. Ibid.; Lisle Letters.
38. B.L. Arundel MSS.
39. CSP: Spanish.
40. Ibid; L&P; quote cited by Bowle.
45 “The Image of God upon Earth”
1. Lisle Letters.
2. She had probably conceived in November 1533: her pregnancy was reported in Rome on 23 January
1534, the news having been presumably conveyed by her uncle, Lord William Howard, the newly
arrived English ambassador.
3. L&P; Lisle Letters. The New Year’s gift roll for 1534 survives in the Public Record Office and lists
all the gifts given and received by the King.
4. Lisle Letters; L&P.
5. Cited in Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court.
6. Letter of Sir Thomas More, cited in Reynolds, The Field Is Won.
7. William Roper.
8. Only one example of this medal survives, in the British Museum. The nose is somewhat mutilated,
yet the face shape is recognisably Anne’s.
9. Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library; PPE; History of the King’s Works.
10. PRO; Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library.
11. L&P.
12. Now in the possession of the Dean and College of Windsor.
13. Foister; Dynasties.
14. Now in the Royal Collection.
15. L&P; CSP: Spanish.
16. Ibid.
17. L&P.
18. CSP: Spanish.
19. History of the King’s Works.
20. Strype.
21. PRO.
22. The Catholic Church today recognises fifty Henrician martyrs, among them More, Fisher, Margaret
Pole, thirty-three monks, and eleven priests.
23. L&P.
24. Ibid. It was commissioned in 1535.
25. John Stow. The Survey of London; PRO.
26. John Foxe. This preaching place was demolished in 1649 under the Commonwealth.
27. L&P.
28. Ibid.; William Latimer.
29. Cited in Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court.
30. This seal is now in the Public Record Office.
31. An example is in the British Museum.
32. CSP: Spanish.
33. Polydore Vergil.
34. Stephen Gardiner; De Vera Obedientia (1535).
35. L&P.
36. Ibid.
37. Now in the Royal Collection.
38. Now in the Royal Collection. Henry also owned portraits of Francis I and Eleanor of Austria by
Joos van Cleve, which are still in the Royal Collection.
39. Cited in Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court.
40. L&P; CSP: Spanish.
41. Ibid.
42. Ibid.
43. Ibid.
44. L&P; Lisle Letters.
45. L&P; CSP: Spanish; Letters of Royal and Illustrious Ladies.
46. L&P.
47. Ibid.; Lisle Letters.
48. Lisle Letters.
46 “That Thin Old Woman”
1. Now in the Public Record Office.
2. William Latimer.
3. John Bale, The Laborious Journey and Search of John Leland for England’s Antiquities (London,
1549).
4. Ibid.
5. CSP: Spanish. William Latimer identifies her as Mary Shelton, who married Sir Anthony
Heveningham in 1546 and is the subject of a portrait sketch by Holbein (Royal Collection).
6. CSP: Spanish.
7. William Latimer.
8. Ibid.
9. L&P; CSP: Spanish: Warnicke, The Lady Margaret.
10. CSP: Spanish; L&P; Henry Clifford.
11. L&P; Tudor Royal Proclamations.
12. William Latimer; Nicholas Bourbon; L&P.
13. Nicholas Bourbon.
14. Cited by Anglo; Loades, Tudor Court.
15. L&P; CSP: Spanish.
16. Cited in Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court.
17. L&P.
18. More and Fisher were both canonised in 1935.
19. CSP: Spanish; L&P.
20. L&P.
21. CSP: Spanish; L&P.
22. Ibid.
23. Chobham Park was sold by Mary I to Nicholas Heath, Archbishop of York, in 1558. Nothing
remains of the house today.
24. The manor of Hackney was later granted by Edward VI to Sir William Herbert.
25. Parts of Henry’s house were incorporated into the present Petworth House when it was built at the
end of the seventeenth century.
26. The fireplace, doors, and cornice were replaced by Wren in 1700, and the original roundels were
replaced with copies in the nineteenth century. The stained glass in the oriel window dates from 1841.
27. PRO; Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library; Inventory. A lead leaf and a Tudor rose were found
during excavations at Greenwich, and are now in Nottingham University Museum.
28. CSP: Spanish.
29. See Henry VIII: A European Court in England.
30. The present Wulfhall is mainly Elizabethan, but incorporates some early sixteenth-century work.
Tudor chimneys and mullioned windows may be seen in a house opposite, and may have come from
Sir John Seymour’s house.
31. L&P; Seymour Papers.
32. L&P.
33. Ibid.
34. CSP: Spanish.
35. A sketch of Jane by Holbein is in the Royal Collection at Windsor. His finished portrait is in the
Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, while what is thought to be a studio copy hangs in the Mauritshuis
in The Hague. Holbein’s likeness is echoed in Lucas Horenbout’s miniature of Jane at Sudeley Castle.
36. CSP: Spanish.
37. L&P; Henry VIII: A European Court in England; Lisle Letters.
38. CSP: Spanish.
39. CSP: Venetian.
40. CSP: Spanish; L&P.
41. Ibid.
42. Ibid.
43. Ibid.
44. Ibid.