Water and Wastewater Engineering

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INDEX I-19

Settling velocity, 10-3–10-7

and Solver program, 10-6

Sewage:

domestic, 18-7–18-9

flow rates, 2-4–2-6, 18-3–18-7

industrial, 18-9–18-10

lagoon, 23-2

raw, 18-7–18-9

Sewer design:

alignment, 19-13

changes in pipe size, 19-14

design equations, 19-15

flow rates, 19-10

layout, 19-20

manholes, 19-14

minimum slopes, 19-13

pipe material selection, 19-10

slope, 19-13

Sewer gases, 19-40

Sewer nomenclat

ure, 19-2

Sewer safety, 19-40–19-41

Sewers:

combined, 18-4

grinder pump (GP), 19-29, 19-30

pressure pipe, 19-30–19-31

sanitary, 18-7

septic tank effluent pump (STEP),

19-29, 19-30

small-diameter gravity (SDG), 19-28,

19-30

storm, 18-4

vacuum, 19-29–19-30

Side water depth (SWD):

primary settling tank, 21-3, 21-8, 21-11

rectangular basin, water, 10-25

secondary s

ettling tank, 25-13

upflow solids contact basin, 7-31

SI units, inside back cover

Sieve:

analysis, 11-5–11-8

U.S. Standard, Appendix B

Simulation modeling, 28-24–28-25

Single sludge, 23-10

Site restrictions, Class B biosolids, 18-19

Slaking, 5-9, 7-7

Slip stream, 13-29

Slippage, screw pump, 20-3

Slot s

ize, well screen, 4-31–4-32

Slotted baffle, 21-21

Slow sand filter, 11-4

Sludge:

503 regulations, 18-14–18-21

age, see Solids retention time (SRT)

alum, 15-6–15-7

blanket, 25-14–25-15

blanket clarifier, 10-20

bulking, 22-18

cake, 15-5, 15-16, 15-38–15-40

centrifuging, 15-36–15-38, 27-54

characteristics of,

alum, 15-7, 15-21

coagulation, 15-6–15-7, 15-21

grit, 27-3

iron, 15-7, 15-21

raw, wastewater, 27-5

screenings, 27-3

secondary, 27-5–27-6

spent filter backwash, 15-21

tertiary, 27-6

Class A pathogen requirements, 18-17

and fine screens, 20-23

Class B pathogen requirements, 18-17,

18-18

collectors, 10-21, 10-22, 10-24

conditioning, 15-16, 27-2, 27-52–27-53

continuous belt filter press (CBF

P),

15-39–15-40, 27-55–27-57

dewatering, 15-5, 15-23–15-44, 27-2,

27-53–27-58

disposal regulations, 18-14–18-21

drainage, 15-28

drying bed, 15-28–15-35, 27-53–27-54

ferric, 15-7

filter backwash, 15-2

filter press, 15-40–15-44, 27-57

freeze treatment, 15-35

handling options, 27-2–27-4

hopper, settling tank, 10-21, 10-24,

10-28, 21-19, 21-22

inc

lined screw press, 27-57

iron, 15-7, 15-9

lagoon, 15-24–15-27

management, 15-15–15-16

manganese, 15-8

mass balance, 15-10

mechanical collectors, 10-21, 10-22,

10-24

minimization, 15-11–15-13

nonmechanical dewatering,

15-24–15-35

piping, 27-15–27-16

plate and frame filters, 15-40–15-44

preliminary operation

s, 27-2

primary, 21-3, 27-5

production, 15-7–15-8, 23-27–23-29

pumping, 15-15, 27-11–27-15

headloss, 15-15, 27-14–27-15

raw, 21-3, 27-5

reduction, 15-11–15-15, 27-2

regulations, 18-14–18-21

retention time (SRT), 23-4,

23-39–23-40

return, 23-24–23-26

rising, 22-25

sand drying beds, 15-28–15-3

scrapers, 10-21, 10-22, 10-24, 21-16,

21-22

secondary, 27-5–27-6

softening, 15-8

solar drying, beds, 15-35

specific gravity, 15-3–15-5, 15-8,

15-21

stabilization, 22-2, 27-2

standards, 18-14–18-21

storage, settling tank, 10-8, 10-28,

25-14, 25-15

storage for equalization, 27-18

tertiary, 27-6

thickening, 15-16–15-23, 27-2,

27-18–27-23

ultimate dispos

ition, 15-49–15-51,

27-59–27-60

utilization, 27-59

vacuum filtration, 15-38–15-39

vector attraction reduction, 18-20,

18-21, 27-24

volume,

coagulation, 15-7

and mass relationships, 15-3–15-5

reduction, 15-5

wasting, 23-4, 23-27

water treatment plant, 15-2

Sludge volume index (SVI), 23-38–23

-39

SOC, 15-48, 16-6

Soda ash (soda), 6-20, 7-8

Sodium carbonate, 6-20, 7-8

Sodium fluoride, 13-42–13-44

Sodium fluorosilicate, 13-42–13-44

Sodium hydroxide, 6-20

and softening, 7-25–7-26

I-20 INDEX

Sodium hypochlorite:

and bleach, 13-42

considerations for selecting, 13-21

and pH, 13-26

safety, 13-26

storage, 13-26

and well disinfection, 4-13

Sodium in drinking water, 2-24

Softening:

and air stripping, 7-12

and alkalinity, 7-3

and bicarbonate, 7-7–7-9

and carbon dioxide, 7-8

and carbonate, 7-7–7-9

and c

arbonate hardness (CH), 7-8

cases, 7-12, 7-13

and caustic soda (NaOH), 7-25–7-26

chemistry, 7-6–7-11

and concurrent removal of other

constituents, 7-26–7-27

defined, 7-5

empirical considerations, 7-10

excess lime, 7-13

floc, 7-27

and fluoridation, 13-45

and magnesiu

m concentration, 7-22

mixing, 7-28, 7-30, 7-31

and noncarbonate hardness (NCH), 7-9

other estimating methods, 7-25

and pH, 7-9–7-10

to practical limits, 7-10, 7-13, 7-20–7-22

process limitations, 7-10–7-11

processes, 7-11–7-15, 7-29

reactions, 7-6–7-11

and recarbonation, 7-11, 7-14–7-15

selective calcium removal, 7-13,

7-17–7-19

sludge, 7-34, 15

-8, 15-12, 15-14

and sodium hydroxide, 7-25–7-26

and split treatment, 7-14, 7-22–7-25

and stabilization, 7-36–7-39

and stripping, 7-12

upflow solids contact basin, 7-30–7-34

Solar drying bed, 15-35

Solid bowl centrifuge, 15-16, 15-36–

15-37, 27-54

Solids:

comp

utations, 15-3–15-5, 27-6–27-11

dissolved, 18-7

flux, 15-8, 15-9, 25-2, 27-18

loading rate, 25-12

mass balance, 15-10

settleable, 18-7

suspended, 18-7

Solids retention time (SRT):

aerobic digestion, 27-28–27-29

anaerobic digestion, 27-38, 27-39

for biological nitrogen removal, 23-40

for biological phosphorus removal,

23-40

conventional activated slud

ge, 23-39

definition, 23-4

for MBR, 23-96

Solubility:

product constant, 7-6–7-9

reactions for softening, 7-8–7-9

table of, Appendix A

Solute, RO/NF, 9-3

Solvent, RO/NF, 9-3

Solver program for:

baffle wall, 6-38–6-41

bar rack, channel, 20-14–20-17

filter box, 11-24, 11-25

ion exchange vessel, 8-21–8-24

launder, 16-23

particle settling velocity, 10-6–10-7

return activated sludge, 23-25–23

-27

SOR, 25-15

SOTE, 23-33

SOTR, 23-32

SOUR, 27-29

Specific denitrification rate (SDNR),

23-36–23-38

Specific gravity of:

alum floc, 10-16

filter media, 11-6–11-7

lime floc, 10-16

microorganisms, 22-2

sludge, 15-7, 15-8

Specific growth rate, 22-13

Specific heat, 27-47

Specific oxygen utilization rate (SOUR),

27-29

Specific su

bstrate utilization rate (U), 23-19

Specific weight of water,

table of, Appendix A

Specific yield of aquifer, 2-20

Spent filter backwash water (SFBW):

freeze treatment of, 15-35

solids, 15-8, 15-21

Sphericity of filter materials, 11-7, 11-14

Spiral-wound membranes, 9-6–9-7

Splitter box, 21-4, 21-11, 25-10

Sprinkler systems, for fire protection,

17-3–17-6

SRT, 23-4, 23-39–23-40, 27-28–27-29,

27-38, 27-

Stability of particles, 6-4

Stabilization of:

lime-soda softened water, 7-14,

7-36–7-39

NF/RO softened water, 9-16–9-17

wastewater sludge, 27-23, 27-27–27-28,

27-38

Stabilization pond, 23-2

Stage, RO/NF, 9-8

Staged activated sludge, 23-7

Standard aeration efficiency (SAE),

23-33

Standard oxygen transfer efficiency

(SOTE), 23-33

Stand

ard oxygen transfer rate (SOTR),

23-32

Standards:

503, 18-14–18-21

biosoilds, 18-14–18-21

sludge, 18-14–18-21

wastewater, 18-11–18-14

water, 2-28–2-37

Standpipe, 17-22

State point analysis, 25-2–25-6, 27-18

Static mixers, 6-29–6-33

aspect ratio, 6-29

elements, 6-29

power, 6-31

power and head, 6-31

pressure drop, 6-31

Static water table, 4-16

Stationary phase, log growth curve, 22-11

Step aeration, 23-5, 23-10

Step feed, 23-5, 23-10

Step screens, 20-21

Sterilization, 13-2

Stokes law, 10-2–10-4

Storage coefficient, 4-17, 4-20

Storage of chemicals, 5-3–5-7

Storage reservoir, 2-15

Storage tank:

appurtenances, 17-28–17-30

disinfection, 17-38

INDEX I-21

levels, 17-26

location, 17-23–17-25, 17-38

sanitary protection, 17-38

terminology, 17-22

typical, 17-46

volume, 17-26–17-28

for equalization storage, 17-26

for emergencies, 17-26, 17-27

examples, 17-46

for fire demand, 17-26, 17-27

and water quality, 17-30–17-31

Stormwater, 18-2

Streaming current detector, 6-49

Stripping:

carbon dioxide, 7-12

tower, 14-22, 14-23

Strong acid c

ation exchangers (SAC),

8-2, 8-8

Strong base anion exchangers (SBA), 8-8,

14-14, 14-18

Study and conceptual design, 1-10–1-16

Submerged intake, 3-5, 3-6

Submerged orifice, 21-20

Substrate, waste as a, 22-9, 22-12

Substrate utilization rate, 23-19

Suction bell, wet well, 3-16, 19-36

Sulfate:

in drinking water, 2-24

as an electron acceptor, 22-5

Sulfide oxi

dant demand, 13-23

Sulfur dioxide, 25-16, 25-17

Sunk cost, 1-15

Supervisory control and data acquisition

(SCADA), 16-26–16-31

Supervisory control and data acquisition

(SCADA) security, 16-34

Support media, filter, 11-26

Surface loading rate (SLR), 8-16

granu

lar filter, 11-4, 11-42, 11-43

ion exchange column, 8-16

settling tank, 10-9

Surface overflow rate (SOR), 25-15

Surface wash, filter, 11-29–11-30

Surface water treatment rule (SWTR), 2-35

Suspended growth process, 23-2

Suspended solids (SS):

and biomass, 23-3

digester supernatant, 27-58

filtration, 26-5

residual, 27-58

Sustainable development, 1-7

Sweep coagulation, 6-9, 6-16, 6-17, 6-25,

6-26, 6-33

SWTR/ESWTR, 2-35, 16-6

Synthetic organic compounds, SOC,

15-48

removal of, 14-22

System head curves, 3-24–3-25,

17-35–17-36

System reliability, 1-12–1-14

Tapered aeration, 23-8

Target baffle, 10-20, 21-21

Taste and odor, 2-23, 13-11, 14-31–14-36

TCLP, 15-45

TDH, 3-19

TDS, 2-37, 7-35

mperature:

and aerobic digestion, 27-29

and anaerobic digestion, 27-37

and backwashing, 11-28

and bacterial growth, 22-3

and Ct tables, 13-36, Appendix D

and density currents, 10-20

of drinking water, 2-23

and flocculation, 6-37

and kinetic coefficients, 23-50, 27-38

and membrane perform

ance, 9-7, 9-16,

12-10

and short circuiting, 10-20

and wastewater, 18-7

Temperature correction:

for aeration, 23-32

for heterotrophic bacteria kinetic

coefficients, 23-50

for NF/RO, 9-7, 9-16

for nitrification kinetic coefficients,

23-50

for oxygen transfer, 23-32

Temporary hardness, 7-3

Terminal electron acceptor, 22-4

Terminal head lo

ss, 11-3, 11-16

Terminal settling velocity (v

), 10-3

calculation of, 10-3, 10-4–10-7

Tertiary:

ponds, 23-2–23-3

sludge, 27-6

treatment, defined, 26-2

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TH, 7-2

Theis equation, 4-17

Theoretical detention time (t

or θ),

see Detention time; Retention time

Thermophiles, 22-3

Thickener design, 15-20–15-23

Thickening, sludge, 15-16–15-23,

27-18–27-23

Thiem equation, 2-20

Throat, Parshall flume, 20-5, 20-6

TMDL, 18-12–18-13

TOC, 13-9, 13-19, 13-22, 13-45

Torque, running, 15-22

Total coliforms,

analytical methods, 2-36

Total dissolved s

olids (TDS), 2-37, 7-35,

9-11

Total dynamic head (TDH), 3-19

Total haloacetic acids (HAA5), 2-34

Total hardness (TH), 7-2

Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN):

in digester supernatant, 27-58

in wastewater, 18-7, 18-8

Total maximum daily load (TMDL),

18-12–18-13

Total organic carbon and NOM, 14-15,

14-17

Total organic carbon (TOC), 13-9, 13-19,

13-22, 13-45

Total suspended solids (TSS), 18-9, 18-11

Total trihalomethanes (TTHM), 2-34

Tower, absorption

Tower, intake, 3-3, 3-6, 3-9

Toxic inorganic substances,

in drinking water, 2-24–2-25

Toxic organic substances in drinking

water, 2-25

Toxicity characteristic leaching

procedure, (TCLP), 15-45

Trade percent, 13

-26

Transient Non-Community Water System

(TNCWS), 2-29

Transmembrane pressure (TMP), 9-5,

12-5

Transmission main, 17-2

Transmissivity, 2-20, 4-17, 4-20–4-21

Traveling bridge sludge collector, 10-21

Treatment ponds for wastewater,

23-2–23-3, 23-14

Treatment train, 16-2

I-22 INDEX

Tricarboxylic acid cycle, 22-6, 22-8

Trichloramine, 13-4

Trickling filter:

design criteria, 24-6–24-8, 24-11–24-12

design equations, 24-8–24-11

media, 24-2–24-4

settling tank, 25-2

two stage, 24-8

Trihalomethanes (THMs):

defined, 2-34

precursors, 2-34, 13-8

and softening, 7-26

total (TTHMS), 2-34

Trunk line, 17-2

T-screens, 3-13

TSS, 18-9, 18-11

TT, 2-29

Turbidity

and coagulation, 6-22

defined, 2-23

and disinfection, 13-20, 13-36

and filtration, 11-2, 11-3

and ion exchange, 8-10

limits, 2-35–2-36, 11-2

and MF/UF, 12-13

and RO/NF membranes, 9-9

and softening, 7-27

Turbidity unit (TU), 2-23

Turn-down ratio, 5-2

Type I, II, III and IV settling,

see Sedim

entation

U, 8-10, 11-5, 23-19

UCT, 23-11, 23-12

Ultrafiltration (UF), 9-2, 9-3, 12-2, 12-3

See also Microfiltration; Ultrafiltration

Ultraviolet radiation:

and disinfection, 13-2, 13-7–13-8,

13-13, 13-17, 25-17–25-20

dose for disinfection, 25-20,

Appendix D

Unconfined aquifer, 2-21

Underdrains, filter, 11-26–11-28

Underground storage tanks (UST)

Uniformity coefficient (U):

defined, 4-31, 8-10, 11-5

filter media, 11-7

ion exchange resin, 8-10

and well screens, 4-31

Units of measure, SI, inside back cover

Universal gas constant, Appendix A

University of Cape Town (UCT), 23-11,

23-12

Upflow clarifier, 10-20, 10-21

Upflow solids-contact basin, 7-30–7-34

Uranium-234, removal of, 14-21

U.S. Standard Sieve Series, 11-5

Appendix B

UV ballasts, 13-36

UV disinfection, 13-2, 13-7–13-8, 13-13,

13-17

UV dose, Appendix D

UV radiation, 13-7–13-8, 13-29

UV reactors, 13-35

UVA, UVB, UVC, 13-8

Vacuum filter for sludge, 15-38–15-39

Valve headloss coefficients, 3-20,

table of, Appendix C

Valve placement, 17-20

Valve selection, 17-16–17-20

van der Waals forces, 6-4

Vapor pressure as a function of

temperature,

table of, 3-24

Variable frequency drive (vfd), 3-18,

17-32, 19-35, 23-83

Variable speed drive (vsd), 3-18, 17-32

Vector attraction reduction requirements,

18-20, 18-21, 27-24

Velocity controlled grit chamber, 20-27

Veloc

ity gradient (G):

defined, 6-24–6-25

typical values,

flash mixing, 6-25, 6-26–6-36

flocculation, 6-26, 6-37, 6-45

rapid mix, 6-25, 6-26–6-36

softening, 7-28, 7-29

Velz’s equation, trickling filter, 24-11

Vent, well, 4-12

Ventilation:

blower room, 23-84

lift station, 19-37, 19-40

manhole, 19-40

ozonation, 13-27

recarbonation, 7-38

sludge dewatering, 27-58

Vertical shaft mixer, 6-33, 6-41

Vertical t

urbine pump, 3-17–3-18, 4-26,

17-32

Vibration, centrifuge, 15-37

Viruses, 2-35, 13-14, 13-19–13-21, 13-33

Ct tables, Appendix D

Viscosity:

and mixing, 6-25

and rapid filtration, 11-14

and Reynolds number, 10-4

and water, table of, Appendix A

Volatile acids, 27-33

Volatile organic chemicals

(VOCs), 14-22

Volatile suspended solids (VSS), defined,

22-12

Volume of:

after dewatering, 15-5

rapid mix, 6-33

resin, 8-17

reservoir, 2-15–2-18

sludge, 15-3–15-4

Volumetric loading, 23-39, 27-41

Vortex separator, 20-27, 20-28, 20-36

Vulnerability assessment, 16-31–16-33

Wash troughs, filter, 11-22, 11-30–11-31

ste activated sludge (WAS), 23-4

Waste decomposition and products, table

of, 22-9

Waste load allocation (WLA), 18-13

Waste stabilization pond, 23-2

Wastewater:

characteristics,

domestic, 18-7–18-9

industrial, 18-9–18-10

disinfection, 25-15–25-20

domestic, 18-2

equalization basins, 2-1

5, 20-38–20-45,

21-6

flow rates, 18-4–18-7

industrial, 18-2

reclaimed, 2-21–2-22

sanitary, 18-2

temperature, 18-7

treatment standards, 18-11–18-14

Wastewater treatment process

evaluations:

BOD and nitrification, 28-10

clarifiers, 28-8

MBR, 28-14

nitrogen and phosphorus removal, 28-8

nutrient removal, 28-9

phosphorus removal, 28-13

INDEX I-23

stabilization, 28-18

thickening, 28-17

Wasting:

activated sludge, 23-4, 23-27

and food to microorganism ratio,

23-35–23-36

Water, drinking:

chemical characteristics, 2-23–2-27

microbial characteristics, 2-25

physical characteristics, 2-23

physical properties

of,

tables of, Appendix A

raw, 1-11, 2-27–2-28

Water consumption, 2-6–2-8

Water demand, 2-6–2-8, 17-2–17-9

Water mains, 17-2, 17-9–17-10

disinfection, 17-39

location, 17-39

sanitary protection, 17-39

Water pressure, 17-9–17-10

Water quality, drinking, 2-22–2-37

Water quality goals, 2-37

Water quality standards:

contaminants, 2-23–2-27

maximum contaminant level, table

s of,

2-30–2-37

standards, 2-28–2-37

Water saving devices, 2-7

Water systems, community, 2-29

Water table:

defined, 2-21

and tank flotation, 21-8–21-11

Water tower, 17-22, 17-46

Water use, 2-3–2-7

Water vapor pressure as a function of

temperature,

table of, 3-24

Wavelength,

UV radiation, 13-7–13-8, 13-29, 25-20

Weak acid:

cation exchange resin, 8-3

dissoc

iation constants, Appendix A

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Weibull’s formula, 2-12

Weight percent, 13-25

Weir:

arrangements, 10-27, 21-16, 21-22

broad crested, 25-21

grit chamber, 20-27, 20-28

loading rates (overflow rates), 7-31,

10-28, 21-7

orifice, 10-28, 21-20

plate, 21-7

settling tank, 10-27–10-28

sharp crested, 21-12

v-notch, 10-2, 21-7, 21-16

Well:

capacity, 4-2

casing, 4-4, 4-6–4-7, 4-34

casing materials

, 4-6–4-7

cement grout, 4-8

cone-of-depression, 4-16

construction, 4-3–4-11

depth, 4-29

design,

drawdown, 4-17

elements, 4-2–4-3, 4-15–4-41

development, 4-11–4-12

diameter, 4-29, 4-33

disinfection of, 4-13

drawdown, 2-19–2-21, 4-17–4-26

drilling methods, 4-5

gravel packed, 4-4, 4-10–4-11

grouting and sealing, 4-8

head, 4-4, 4-6

house, 4-14

hydraulics, 2-19–2-21, 4-17–4-26

injection of brine waste, 15

-44

interference, 4-16, 4-22–4-26

location, 4-5, 4-16–4-26

piezometric surface, 2-19

protection from contamination, 4-2,

4-3–4-11

pump,

house, 4-14

size, 4-27

type, 4-26

redundancy, 4-16

reliability, 4-2

sanitary construction, 4-2, 4-3–4-12

sanitary seal, 4-34

screen,

entrance velocities, 4-30, 4-33

length, 4-30

purpose, 4-10

slot size, 4-31–4-

seal, 4-12, 4-15, 4-34

static water table, 4-16

vent, 4-12

water table (GWT), 2-21

Well function of u (W(u)), 4-17

table of, 4-18–4-19

Wet air oxidation, 27-53

Wet extraction test (WET), 15-45

Wet well:

defined , 3-15

design, 3-16, 19-35–19-37

Yield, safe, 2-8, 2-18

Yield analysis, 2-9–2-12

Yield coefficient, 22-4

observed (Y

obs

), 23-27

Yield curve, 2-9

Zebra mussel, 3-33

Zeta potential, 6-3–6-4

Zinc in drinking water, 2-24

Zone settling, 10-15, 15-17

Zones in settling tank, 10-8

503 regulations, 18-14–18-21

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Useful conversion factors

Multiply By To Obtain

atmosphere (atm) 101.325 kilopascal (kPa)

centipoise 10

3

Pa  s

centistoke 10

6

cubic meter (m

) 35.31 cubic feet (ft

)

cubic meter 1.308 cubic yard (yd

)

cubic meter 1,000.00 liter (L)

cubic meter/d 2.642  10

4

million gal/d (MGD)

cubic meter/d 0.1835 gallons/min (gpm)

cubic meter/h 4.405 gallons/min (gpm)

cubic meter/s 15,850.0 gallons/min (gpm)

cubic meter/s 22.8245 million gal/d (MGD)

cubic meter/m

24.545 gallons/sq ft (gal/ft

)

cubic meter/d  m 80.52 gal/d  ft (gpd/ft)

cubic meter/d  m

24.545 gal/d  ft

(gpd/ft

)

days (d) 24.00 hours (h)

days (d) 1,440.00 minutes (min)

days (d) 86,400.00 seconds (s)

dyne 10

5

Newtons (N)

erg 10

7

Joules (J)

grains (gr) 6.480  10

2

grams (g)

grains/U.S. gallon 17.118 mg/L

grams (g) 2.205  10

3

pounds mass (lb

)

hectare (ha) 10

Hertz (Hz) 1 cycle/s

Joule (J) 1 N  m

J/m

2.684  10

5

Btu/ft

kilogram/m

(kg/m

) 8.346  10

3

/gal

kilogram/m

1.6855 lb

/yd

kilogram/ha (kg/ha) 8.922  10

1

/acre

kilogram/m

(kg/m

) 2.0482  10

1

/ft

kilometers (km) 6.2150  10

1

miles (mi)

kilopascal (kPa) 0.1450 psi

kilowatt (kW) 1.3410 horsepower (hp)

kilowatt-hour 3.600 megajoules (MJ)

liters (L) 10

3

cubic meters (m

)

liters 1,000.00 milliliters (mL)

liters 2.642  10

1

U.S. gallons

megagrams (Mg) 1.1023 U.S. short tons

meters (m) 3.281 feet (ft)

meters of water 9.8067 kilopascal (kPa)

meters/d (m/d) 2.2785  10

3

ft/min

meters/d 3.7975  10

5

meters/s (m/s)

meters/s (m/s) 196.85 ft/min

meters/s 2.237 miles/h (mph)

micrometer () 10

6

meters

milligrams (mg) 10

3

grams (g)

milligrams/L 1 g/m

milligrams/L 10

3

kg/m

Newton (N) 1 kg  m/s

Pascal (Pa) 1 N/m

square meter (m

) 2.471  10

4

acres

square meter (m

) 10.7639 sq ft (ft

)

square meter/s 6.9589  10

gpd/ft

Watt (W) 1 J/s

Watt/cu meter (W/m

) 3.7978  10

2

hp/1,000 ft

Watt/sq meter  °C (W/m

 °C) 1.761  10

1

Btu/h  ft

 °F

SI unit prefixes

Multiples

and

Amount submultiples Prefixes Symbols

1,000,000,000,000,000,000 10

exa E

1,000,000,000,000,000 10

peta P

1,000,000,000,000 10

tera T

1,000,000,000 10

giga G

1,000,000 10

mega M

1,000 10

kilo k

100 10

hecto h

10 10 deka da

0.1 10

1

deci d

0.01 10

2

centi c

0.001 10

3

milli m

0.000,001 10

6

micro 

0.000,000,001 10

9

nano n

0.000,000,000,001 10

12

pico p

0.000,000,000,000,001 10

15

femto f

0.000,000,000,000,000,001 10

18

atto a

Most commonly used.

Greek alphabet

%  Alpha N  Nu

&  Beta '  Xi

(  Gamma )  Omicron

  Delta *  Pi

+  Epsilon ,  Rho

-  Zeta   Sigma

$  Eta .  Tau

/  Theta 0  Upsilon

1  Iota 2  Phi

3  Kappa 4 ! Chi

5  Lambda 6 " Psi

7  Mu 8 # Om

ega