Water and Wastewater Engineering
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INDEX I-9
Freundlich equation, 14-29
Froude number, 10-19, 10-26–10-27, 10-34
Fungi, 22-3
G (velocity gradient):
defined, 6-24–6-25
typical values, 6-26, 6-37, 6-45, 7-28,
7-30
GAC, 13-22, 14-18, 14-19, 14-20, 14-21,
14-22, 14-29–14-31, 26-12
Gang stirrer, 6-17
Gas transfer, 23-31
Gates:
slide, 20-13
sluice, 3-10
Geosmin, 14-33, 14-35
Geotechnical cons
iderations for tanks,
21-8–21-11
Giardia, 2-35, 13-16–13-17, 13-19–13-20,
15-8
Ct tables, Appendix D
GLUMRB, 2-7
Grain size analysis of sand, 11-5–11-6,
11-7–11-8
Granular activated carbon (GAC), 13-22,
14-18, 14-19, 14-20, 14-21,
14-22, 14-29–14-31, 26-12
Gravel packed well, 4-4, 4-10–4-11
Gravity belt thickener, 27-20–27-21
Gravity force main, 19-15
Gravity thickening, 15-20–15-23,
27-18–27-20
Great Lakes Upper Mississippi
River Board (GLUMRB), 1-12, 2-7
Greensand, 4-13, 14-21
Grinders, 20-2, 20-25
Grit,
characteristics of, 3-31, 10-2
management, 27-18
pumping, 27-11, 27-12
quantity, 20-32
and scour velocity, 20-26
and settling velocity, 20-25–20-27
storage, 27-3
Grit chamber:
aerated, 20-27–20-36
and preliminary treatment, 20-2
sludge, 27-3, 27-11, 27-17–27-18
vortex, 20-27, 20-3
6
water intake, 3-32
Groundwater:
characteristics, 2-8
Rule (GWR), see Chapter 2 at text
Web site
supply, 2-18, 2-22
table (GWT), 2-21, 4-16
under the influence, 16-10
and wastewater treatment, 18-3–18-7
Grout, around well casing, 4-8
Growth, kinetic coefficients,
tables of, 23-18, 23-50
Growth requirements:
algal, 22-3
bacterial, 22-10
Gt values, 6-26, 6-37, 7-28–7-30
Gullet, 11-33–11-34
Gumbel paper, 2-12
GWDR, 16-6
HAA5, 2-31, 2-34, 13-8
Half-reactions:
oxidation-reduction, 13-6
microbial, 22-4–22-5
table of, 13-6
Half saturation constant, 22-13
Haloacetic acids (HAA5), 2-34, 7-26
Hardness:
bar chart of, 7-4
carbonate (CH), 7-2, 7-3
classification, 7-1
defined, 7-2, 7-3
of filter media, 11-6, 11-7
formation of, 7-3
noncarbonate (NCH), 7-2, 7-3
polyvalent cations, 7-2
total (TH), 7-2
Hazen-Williams coefficient of
roughness (C):
for force mains, 19-31, 19-32
for sludge, 27-15
table of, Appendix C
Hazen-Williams equation, 3-12, 17-13,
19-15, 19-31, 27-17
Head, terminology, 3-19–3-23
Head-discharge curve, 3-27, 4-40
Headloss:
accommodation in filters
,
11-37–11-38
in aeration systems, table of, 23-85
in air piping, 23-84–23-85
in granular filter, 11-12–11-16,
11-19–11-20, 11-28
in packed tower, 14-24
in sewers, 19-15, 19-17
in sludge pumping, 27-11, 27-14–27-15
through baffles, 6-38, 10-25
through bar racks, 20-17
through fine screens, 20-22
through manholes, 19-14
through membranes, 9-11, 12-15, 26-11
through static mixer
s, 6-31
terminology, 3-19–3-23
in underdrains, 11-28
wastewater treatment plant, 28-27
in water piping, 3-19, 3-20, 17-13,
17-20–17-21
Headloss coefficient:
Hazen-Williams (C), 3-12, 15-15,
Appendix C
Manning (n), 20-14
Headworks, defined, 20-2
Hearing protection, 23-84
Heat exchangers, 27-49
Heat transfer coefficients, 27-47
Heat treatment of sludge, 27-53
Heav
y metals in drinking water,
2-23–2-24, 2-29, 2-32
Height of mass transfer unit (HTU), 14-22
Henry’s law, Appendix A
Henry’s law constant, 14-23
table of, Appendix A
Heterotrophic bacteria, 2-35, 22-2
High test hypochlorite (HTH™), 4-13,
13-2, 13-6, 13-25
Higher explosive limit (HEL),
27-44–27-45
High-lift, 3-2
High-rate filters, 11-4
High-rate settling, 10-16–10-19,
10-22–10-23, 10-33–10-35
High-service,
3-2
Hindered settling, 10-15, 15-17
Hints from the field:
cellular antennas on water towers,
17-31–17-32
chemical handling and storage, 5-20
coagulation and flocculation, 6-49
granular filtration, 11-46
headworks and preliminary treatment,
20-25
I-10 INDEX
Hints from the field:—(Cont.)
intake structures, 3-35
lime-soda softening, 7-34
membranes, 12-18
phosphorus precipitation, 26-5
pipelines for grit and sludge, 27-16
primary treatment, 21-14
pump operation, 19-39
pump stations, 19-39
secondary treatment by suspended
growth, 2
3-95, 23-97
sedimentation, 10-38
sewer design, 19-14
supervisory control and data acquisition
(SCADA), 16-30
UV disinfection of wastewater, 25-20
water pressure, 17-10
Hollow fiber membrane, 9-6, 9-8, 12-9,
12-10
Hopper, sludge, 10-21, 10-22, 21-19,
21-22
Household bleach as disinfectant, 13-42
HTH™, 4-13, 13-2, 13-6, 13-25
HTU, 14-22
Hybrid proc
esses, 24-2, 24-12–24-14
Hydrant spacing, 17-20
Hydrated lime, 7-7
Hydraulic conductivity:
of aquifers, 2-20
of pond liners, 23-46
Hydraulic detention time, see Detention
time
Hydraulic grade line, 16-19–16-25,
28-26–28-29
Hydraulic loading:
GAC columns, 26-13
granular filters, 11-4, 11-41–11-44
ion exchange
columns, 8-14, 8-16
primary settling tanks, 21-6–21-7
secondary settling tanks, 25-9,
25-10–25-11
Hydraulic properties of aquifer, 2-20
Hydraulic retention time, see Detention
time
Hydraulic radius, 19-15, 19-16
Hydrogen sulfide (H
2
S):
and anaerobic decomposition, 27-37,
27-45
and confined spaces, 19-40
in sewers, 19-40
Hydrologic year, 2-12
Hydrolysis, 22-6, 22-7, 27-34, 27-35
Hydropneumatic tank, 17-22, 17-23
Hyperthermophiles, 22-3
Hypobromite, 13-9
Hypochlorite, 13-4
Hypochlorous acid, 13-2–13-
3
I/I or I&I, 18-2–18-4
Ice and intake structures, 3-31–3-33
IFAS, 24-13–24-14, 25-11
Impaired water, 18-12
Impeller:
axial-flow, 6-34
power for mixing, 6-34
pump, 3-17, 3-18
radial-flow, 6-34
types for mixing, 6-33
Inclined plate settlers, 10-16–10-19,
10-22–10-23, 10-33–10-35
Indexing grid sludge
collector, 10-22,
10-24
Industrial wastewater:
characteristics, 18-9–18-10
pretreatment, 18-13–18-14
Infiltration, groundwater, 18-3
Infiltration allowances, 18-6
Infiltration and inflow (I & I),
18-2–18-4
Infiltration gallery, 3-5, 3-7, 3-30–3-31
Inlet configuration, 21-14–21-15,
21-21–21-22
In-line blender, 6-27–6-29
In-line mechanical mixer, 6-27–6-29
In-line static mixer, 6-29–6-33
Inside-out (cross-flow) m
embrane,
12-10, 12-11
Inside-out (dead end) membrane,
12-10, 12-11
Intake:
bar rack, 3-10
conduit, 3-11
conduit size, 3-11–3-12
conduit slope, 3-15
crib, 3-11
design criteria, 3-8–3-16
design flow rate, 3-8
exposed, 3-5, 3-6, 3-18
infiltration gallery, 3-5, 3-7
lake,
3-4–3-6
operation and maintenance, 3-5
ports, 3-9, 3-11
Ranney well, 3-5, 3-7
reservoir, 3-4–3-6
river, 3-4–3-8
screens, 3-10, 3-11, 3-15
submerged, 3-5, 3-6
tower, 3-3, 3-6, 3-9
T-screens, 3-13
Integrated fixed-film activated-slud
ge
(IFAS), 24-13–24-14, 25-11
Interface, gas-liquid, 23-31
Interference, well, 4-16, 4-22–4-26
Interim enhanced surface water treatment
rule (IESWTR), 2-35
Interim primary drinking water regulations
(IPDWRs), 2-29
Intermittent sand filter (ISF), 23-48
Internal recycle (IR), 23-37
International System of Units (SI),
table of, inside back cover
Interparticle bridging, 6-6, 6-9
Interruptible
chemical, 5-2, 5-4
Inverted siphon, 19-7–19-9
IOC, 16-6
Ion exchange:
and arsenic removal, 14-5
backwash, 8-11
breakthrough curve, 8-4
bypass, 8-12
capacity, 8-5
defined, 8-2
empty bed contact time (EBCT), 8-14,
8-15
and iron removal, 14-14
kinetics, 8-3–8-4
and manganese removal, 14-14
and nitrate removal, 14-14
and NOM removal, 14-17
operating capacity, 8-13
process operation,
bypass, 8-12
cocurrent, 8-10–8-12
countercurrent, 8-12
multiple columns, 8-13
and radionuclide removal, 14-21
reactions, 8-2–8-3
regeneration, 8-11, 8-19
residuals, 15-10
resin selection, 8-13–8-15
INDEX I-11
resins, 8-2
backbone, 8-2, 8-3
matrix, 8-2, 8-3
particle size, 8-9–8-10
properties of, 8-5–8-10
selectivity, 8-5–8-9
service flow rate (SFR), 8-14, 8-15
service life, 8-10
slow rinse, 8-11, 8-19
surface loading rate (SLR), 8-16
and turbidity, 8-10
vessel design, 8-20–8-24
Ionic strength:
and coagulation, 6-8
defined, 6-8
and stabilization, 7-35
Iron:
as coagulant, 6-1
5, 6-22
sludge, 15-7, 15-11, 15-14, 15-21
in drinking water, 2-24
and ion exchange, 8-10
and MF/UF filtration, 12-14
and oxidant demand, 13-23
and softening, 7-26
specific gravity,
sludge, 15-21
solids, 15-7, 15-21
Iron and manganese removal:
decision trees, 14-15, 14-16
oxidation-red
uction reactions,
14-12–14-13
preoxidation, 14-12–14-13
treatment strategies, 14-12–14-14
Iron-based sorbents (IBS), 14-5
Isolation, well, 4-3, 4-5
Isolation distances, 4-5
Isotherm, adsorption, 14-29
IX, see ion exchange
Jar tests, 6-17–6-20
Jet aerator, 23-33, 23-67
Jet mixing, 23-67
K
a
, 6-12, 7-15
table of, Appendix A
K
j
i
, 8-5
K
L
a, 14-23, 23-31–23-32
K
sp
, 7-7
table of, Appendix A
K
w
, defined, 6-13
Kinematic viscosity,
water, table of, Appendix A
Kinetic coefficients:
activated sludge, 23-50
anaerobic digestion, 27-38
Kjeldahl nitrogen, 18-7
Krebs cycle, 22-6, 22-8
Lag phase, log growth curve, 22-10
Lag time, log-growth curve, 22-10
Lagoons:
aerated, 23-2, 23-3
sewage, 23-2
sludge, 15-24–1
5-27
wastewater treatment, 23-2–23-3,
23-41–23-48
Lake intake, 3-4–3-6
Lamella plate settlers, 10-16–10-19,
10-22–10-23, 10-33–10-35, 21-25
Land disposition of sludge, 15-49,
27-59–27-60
Landfilling of sludge, 15-51, 27-59
Langlier saturation index (LSI), 7-34–7-36
Lateral sewer, 19-2
Launders, settling tank:
wastewater, 21-16
water, 10-27
Layered security, 16-32–16-34
LCR, 2-29, 2-34, 16-6
Lead:
and copper rule, 2-29, 2-34, 16-6
in drinking water, 2-24
LeChatelier’s principle, 7-7
Legionella, 2-35
Life expectancy:
equipment, 2-3, 18-2
facilities, 2-3, 18-2
Lift station, 19-6, 19-7, 19-31–19-39
prefabricated, 19-7, 19-38
Light, UV wavelength, 13-8
Lime:
and alkaline stabilization, 27-23–27-25
and calci
um hydroxide, 7-7
and coagulation, 6-20
and phosphorus removal, 26-3
purity, 7-17
slaking, 7-7
sludge,
concentration, 15-8
specific gravity, 15-8, 15-21
Lime-soda softening:
chemistry, 7-6–7-11
and iron removal, 14-14
and manganese removal, 14-14
pH, 7-9–7-10
and radionuclide removal, 14-21
rea
ctions, 7-8–7-9
sludge, concentration, 7-34, 15-8
See also Softening
Lime stabilization, 27-23–27-26
Limiting flux, 25-4
Limiting salt, 9-8, 9-11–9-15
Liner:
equalization basin, 20-42
oxidation pond, 23-46
sludge lagoon, 15-26
Liquid biosolids application, 27-60
Liquid oxygen (LOX), 13-5, 13-27
Liters per capita per day (Lpcd), 2-3
Lithotrophs
, 22-2
Load allocation (LA), 18-13
Loading rate:
anaerobic digester, 27-41
defined,
filters, 11-4
settling tanks, 10-9
weirs, 10-28
dual media filters, 11-4, 11-42
ion exchange column, 8-16
multimedia filters, 11-4, 11-43
oxidation ponds, 23-41–23-43
primary settling, 21-7
rapid sand filter, 11-4, 11-41
secondary settling, 25-10, 25-12
s
ettling tank, surface, 10-9, 25-11, 25-15
slow sand filter, 11-4
solids, 25-12
trickling filter, 24-7
weir, 7-31, 10-28, 21-7–21-8, 25-3
Locational running annual average
(LRAA), 2-35
Log growth curve, bacterial, 22-11
Log inactivation (LI), 13-19
Log removal (LR), 12-4
Long Term 1 Enhanced Surface Water
Treatment Rule (LT1ESWTR),
2-35, 13-20
Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water
Treatment Rule (LT2ESWTR),
2-35, 13-20
I-12 INDEX
Loose RO, 9-2
Low pressure RO, 9-2
Lower explosive limit (LEL):
chlorine dioxide, 13-5
methane, 27-44–27-45
Lower heating value, digester gas, 27-45
Low-flow duration, 2-14
Low-lift, 3-2
Low-lift pumping station, 3-2
Low-service, 3-2
LOX, 13-5, 13-27
LSI, 7-34–7-36
Macerator, 20-24
Macronutrients, 22-10
Manganese in drinking water, 2-24
and ion exchange, 8-10
and MF/UF filtration, 12-14
an
d oxidant demand, 13-23
Magnesium:
hardness, 7-2, 7-3, 7-8–7-9
scale, 7-11
softening, 7-7, 7-8–7-9
and split treatment, 7-22–7-25
Magnetic flow meters, 20-8
Magnetic ion exchange (MIEX
®
), 14-17,
14-18
Main, sewer, 19-2
Maintenance cleaning, membrane filter,
23-98
Manhole, 19-2, 19-5, 19-6
covers, 19-40
safety, 19-40
Manning equation, 16-22, 19-15, 20-14
Manning’s n, 19-17, 19-18
Manufacturer’s standard conditions, 9-16
Margin of safety (MOS), 18-13
Mass balance:
activated sludge process, 23-15–23-16
equalization basin, 2-15
ion exchange, 8-12
nitrogen, 23
-30
reservoir design, 2-15–2-18
retention basin, 2-15
return sludge, 23-24–23-25
sludge, 15-10, 27-6
wastewater treatment, 28-30–28-31
Mass transfer, oxygen, 23-31
Materials recovery, sludge, 15-13–15-15
Maturation ponds, 23-2, 23-3
Maximum contaminant level (MCL), 2-28
tables of, 2-
30–2-37
Maximum contaminant level goal
(MCLG), 2-29, 2-30–2-33
Maximum day, 17-9, 18-5
Maximum day demand, 2-27, 17-2, 17-9
Maximum month, 18-5
Maximum residual disinfectant level
(MRDL), 2-34
Maximum residual disinfectant level goal
(MRDLG), 2-34
Ma
ximum specific growth rate, 22-3
MBBR, 24-14
MBR, 23-12–23-13, 23-95–23-98, 28-15,
28-31
Mean cell residence time (θ
c
), 23-4
See also Solids retention time (SRT)
Mechanical sludge collectors, 10-21,
10-22, 10-24
Media:
dual, 11-20, 11-21, 11-42, 26-6–26-7,
26-9
mono-, 11-20, 11-21, 11-44, 26-8
multi-, 11-21, 11-43, 26-7–26-8
properties, 11-7
single, 11-41
tri-, 11-43, 26-7–26-8
trickling filter, 24-2
Membrane:
array, 9-8, 9-10, 9-15
backwash, 15-9
bioreactor (MBR), 23-12–23-13,
23-95–23-98
and fine screens, 20-23
brine, 9-11, 15-9
chemical c
leaning, 12-16, 23-98
comparison of, 9-2, 9-3
concentrate, 9-11, 12-14, 15-9
configuration, 9-6–9-7, 12-9–12-10
design, 9-11–9-16, 12-15–12-18
diffusers, 20-43, 23-82
electrodialysis, 9-18
element, 9-8, 9-15, 12-16
filter technique, 2-36
filtration of wastewater, 26-10–26-12
flux, MF/UF, 12-5, 26-11
flux, NF/RO, 9-5
fouling, 9-8, 9-9, 12-6–12-7, 23-97
hollow fiber, 9-6, 9-8, 12-9, 12-10
inside-out (cross-flow), 12-10, 12-11
inside-out (dea
d end), 12-10, 12-11
and limiting salt, 9-8, 9-11–9-15
materials, 9-8, 12-7, 12-9
mechanics of filtration, 12-3–12-4
microfiltration (MF), 9-2, 9-3, 12-2,
12-3, 23-12, 26-10
models of filtration, 12-4–12-5
models of fouling, 12-6–12-8
nanofiltration (NF), 9-2, 9-3, 12-2, 12-3
outside-in, 12-10, 12-11
outside-in (cross-flow), 12-10, 12-11
permeability, 12-12
posttreatment, 9-9
pressure, effects, 12-12
pretreatment, 9-9, 12-13–12-14
rec
overy (r), 9-5, 9-6, 15-9
rejection, 9-6, 12-4, 15-9
residuals, 15-9
resistance coefficient, 12-5
reverse osmosis (RO), 9-2, 9-3, 12-2
scaling, 9-9
service life, 9-7, 12-12
specific flux, 12-12
spiral-wound, 9-6, 9-7
stage, 9-8
temperature effects, 9-7, 9-16, 12-10
transmembrane pressure (TMP), 9-5,
12-5, 12-15, 26-11
ultrafiltration (UF), 9-2, 9-3, 26-10
Merc
aptans, 22-16
Merry-go-round, ion exchange, 8-13
Mesh size, 8-10, 14-8
Mesophiles, 22-3
Metabolism, 22-6
Methane:
and anaerobic digestion, 27-34–27-36
as an end product, 27-34–27-36
explosive limits, 27-44–27-45
fermentation, 27-34
gas production, 27-36, 27-40
heating value, 27-45
in sewers, 19-40
Methemoglobinemia, 2-24
mg/L as CaCO
3
, 6-12, 7-2
MIB, 14-33, 14-35
Microbial growth characteristics,
22-10–22-15
Microbial growth requirements, 22-10
Microbiological characteristics of
drinking water, 2-25
INDEX I-13
Microfiltration (MF) and
ultrafiltration (UF):
backwashing, 12-7, 12-1
chemical cleaning, 12-16
clean-in-place (CIP), 12-16
concentrate, 12-14
configuration, 12-9–12-10
defined, 12-2, 12-3
design, 12-15–12-18
flux, 12-5
fouling, 12-6–12-7
hollow fiber, 12-9, 12-10
inside-out (cross-flow), 12-10, 12-11
inside-out (dead end), 12-10, 12-11
and iron, 12-14
and manganese, 12-14
materials, 12-7, 12-10
mechanisms, 12-
3–12-4
models of filtration, 12-4–12-5
models of fouling, 12-6–12-8
and NOM, 12-13
operating pressure, 12-15
outside-in, 12-10, 12-11
outside-in (cross-flow), 12-10, 12-11
permeability, 12-12
pressure, effects, 12-12
pretreatment, 9-9, 12-13–12-14
recovery (r), 9-5, 9-6
rejection, 12-4
resistance coefficient, 12-5
service life, 12-12
temperature effects, 12-10
transmembrane pre
ssure (TMP),
12-5, 12-15
and turbidity, 12-13
Micronutrients, 22-10
Milliequivalents (meq), 7-2
Minimal media test, 2-36
Minimum day, 18-5
Minimum day demand, 17-2
Minimum hour, 18-5
Minimum month, 18-5
Minor losses, 3-20, 17-20–17-21
table of, Appendix C
Mitochondrial electron tran
sport, 22-9
Mixed liquor:
activated sludge, 23-3
suspended solids (MLSS), 23-3
volatile suspended solids (MLVSS), 23-3
Mixers, 6-26, 6-33, 6-41
Mixing:
and aerobic digestion, 27-30
and anaerobic digestion, 27-44
detention time,
for flash mixing, 6-25
for flocculation, 6-25
for softening, 7-
30
flash, 6-26–6-37
flocculation, 6-37, 6-41–6-48
flow equalization, 20-43
lime stabilization, 27-24–27-26
power for, 6-31, 6-34
rapid, 6-33–6-37
for softening, 7-28, 7-31
velocity gradients for, 6-26, 6-33, 6-37
MLE, 22-19, 23-8
MLSS, 23-4
MLVSS, 23-3
Models, activated sludge, 23-5–23-23
Modified iron removal (MIR), 14-6
Modified Ludzack-Ettinger (MLE),
22-19, 2
3-8
Molecular weight cut-off (MWCO),
12-2, 12-3
Monitoring wells, 15-44
Monochloramine, 13-4, 13-11
Monod equation, 22-4, 23-15
Monomedia filters, 11-20, 11-21, 11-44,
26-8
Mottling of teeth, fluoride, 2-24
Moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR),
24-14
Multimedia filter, 11-21, 11-43, 26-7–26-8
Multiple-tube fermentation technique
(MTF), 2-36
NAD, NADH, NADP, NADPH, 22-4
Nanofiltration (NF):
defined, 9-2, 9-3
and iron removal, 14-14
and manganese rem
oval, 14-14
and NOM removal, 14-17
See also Reverse Osmosis
National Fire Protection Association
(NFPA), 17-3
National Pollution Discharge Elimination
System (NPDES), 18-11, 25-2,
25-15, 26-2
National Primary Drinking Water
Regulations, 2-29
National Research Council (NRC), 24-8,
24-9
National Safe Drinking Water Act, 2-28
Natural organic matter (NOM), 6-2
and chlorine demand, 13-11
and disinfec
tion byproducts, 13-8,
13-22
and MF/UF filtration, 12-13
removal of by adsorption, 14-17
removal of by enhanced coagulation,
6-22, 14-17
removal of by ion exchange, 14-17
removal of by lime-soda softening, 7-2,
7-6, 7-27
removal of by NF and RO, 14-16
and total organic carbon (TOC), 14-15,
14-17
Neat cement grout, 4-8
Needed fire flow (NFF), 17-6
Nephlom
etric turbidity unit (NTU), 2-23
Net positive suction head (NPSH
A
,
NPSH
R
), 3-22–3-24, 3-27, 4-34,
4-40
Neutralization reactions, table of, 6-20
Newton’s equation, 10-2–10-3, 20-25,
20-26
Newtonian fluids, 27-14
Nitrate:
in drinking water, 2-24
as an electron acceptor, 22-5
removal, 14-14–14-15
Nitrification:
and alkalinity, 22-18–22-19
ammonia oxidation, 22-16, 22-17–22-19
and denitrification, 23-8
growth kinetics, 22-18
oxygen requirements, 22-18, 23-30
Nitrifying organisms, 22-18
Nitrogen:
and
bacterial growth, 22-10
mass balance, 23-30
oxidation, 22-18
treatment, 22-17–22-21, 23-40,
23-48–23-93, 26-9
Noise, control, 23-84
NOM, 6-2, 6-22, 6-23, 7-2, 7-6, 7-26,
12-13
Nomograph:
for minor loss estimates, Appendix C
nomenclatrue, 17-21
I-14 INDEX
Noncarbonate hardness (NCH), 7-2, 7-4
precipitation of, 7-9
Noncommunity water system, 2-29
Nonconventional pollutants, 18-9, 18-10
Noninterruptible chemical, 5-2, 5-4
Nonionic polymer, 6-23, 15-28
Non-Transient, Non-community Water
System (NTNCWS), 2-29
NPDES, 18-11, 25-2, 25-15, 26-2
NPSH
A
, NPSH
R
, 3-22–3-24, 3-27, 4-34,
4-40
NRC equations, trickling filter, 24-9
NTU, 2-23, 14-22, 14-23
Null alternative, 1-10, 1-15, 1-18
Obligate:
aerobes, 22-2
anaerobes, 22-3
Observed yield (Y
obs
), 23-27
Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA),
13-28, 19-37, 19-40
Odor control, 28-6
Oil and grease, 20-22
ONPG-MUG test, 2-36
Oocysts, Cryptosporidium, 2-35,
13-19–13-21, 13-33
Operating capacity, ion exchange,
8-13–8-14
Operating cost, 1-15
Operating deck, 3-8
Operating floor, 3-8
Operation and maintenance (O&M):
activated s
ludge process, 22-25
anaerobic digestion process,
27-50–27-52
coagulation/flocculation, 6-49
cost, 1-15–1-16
fluoridation, 13-46
granular filters, 11-45
ion exchange, 8-24
intake structures, 3-5, 3-34
lime-soda softening, 7-34
manual, 1-22, 1-23
MF/UF filters, 12-18
NF/RO softening, 9-17
settling tanks, 10-38, 21-24,
22-24–22-25
sewers and lift stations, 19-39
Organic compounds as electron acceptors,
22-5
Organic loading of trickling filter, 24-7
Organotrophs, 22-2
Orifice equation, 6-38, 16-21
Ortho-, 26-2
Orthokinetic flocculation, 6-23, 21-2
OSHA, 13-28
Osmosis, 9-3, 9-4
Osmotic pressure, 9-3–9-4
Outside-in, membrane, 12-10, 12-11
Outside-in (cross-flow), membrane,
12-10, 12-11
Overflow rate (v
o
):
defined, 10-9
determination of, 10-12–10-15
primary settling, 21-7
and return sludge, 21-7
secondary settling, 25-10–25-11
upflow solids contact basin, 7-31
water treatment,
and scale-up, 10-13
table of, 10-26
weir, 7-31, 10-27–10-28, 25-13
Owner procured equipment, 1-18
Oxidation ditch, 23-5, 23-10, 23
-39,
23-40, 23-48–23-61
Oxidation growth kinetics, 22-13–22-14,
22-17
Oxidation ponds, 23-2–23-3, 23-4
Oxidation/filtration iron removal, 14-5
Oxidation-reduction reactions:
arsenic, 14-2–14-3
chloramines, 13-6
chlorine, 13-2
dechlorination, 25-16
disinfection, 13-6
iron, 14-12–14-13
manganese, 14-13
microbial, 22-4–22-
5
NAD, 22-4
NADP, 22-4
nitrate, 22-5
ozone, 13-6
sodium bisulfite, 25-16
sodium hypochlorite, 13-6
sodium metabisulfite, 25-16
sodium sulfite, 25-16
sulfate, 13-6, 22-5
sulfur dioxide, 25-16
table of half-reactions, 13-6
Oxidative phosphorylation, 22-9
Oxygen:
for aerobic digestion, 27-30
d
emand, activated sludge,
23-29–23-35
and denitirification, 22-21
and DO, 23-29
as an electron acceptor, 22-4–22-5,
22-9, 22-15
for nitrification, 22-18
for ozone generation, 13-5
from photosynthesis, 22-3
solubility, table of, Appendix A
transfer, 23-31–23-35
Ozone:
and arsenic reactions, 14-3
contact c
hamber, 13-33
decay rate constant, 13-10
destruction, 13-27
disinfectant properties, 13-21
disinfection, 13-5–13-6, 13-9, 13-13
gas transfer rates, 13-35
and zebra mussels, 3-33
PA membrane, 9-6
PAC, 14-33, 26-12
Packed tower, 14-22, 14-23
Paddle flocculator,
design, 6-44–6-49
G val
ues, 6-45
power for, 6-44
PAO, 22-21
Parshall flume, 20-5–20-8
Partial-duration series, 2-13
Partial lime softening, 7-13
Particle:
counting, 11-40
diffuse layer, electrical, 6-3
double layer, electrical, 6-3
electrical properties, 6-3
settling velocity, 10-3–10-5
sizes, 6-2
stability, 6-4–6-5
and van der Waals forces, 6-4
zeta potential, 6-3
Pathogen and ve
ctor
attraction reduction, 18-20–18-21
INDEX I-15
Pathogens, in drinking water, 2-25, 13-13,
13-14, 13-16, 13-19
Peak flow, 2-7, 2-8
Peak hour, 18-5
Peak hour demand, 17-2, 17-8
Peak rate of demand, 2-7, 2-8
Peaking factor, 17-2, 17-8
Percent available chlorine, 13-6
Percent removal,
disinfection, 13-19
membrane, 12-4
Perchlorate removal, 14-18–14-19
Performance design criteria, 1-11, 1-12
Perikentic flocculation, 6-23
Periodic table, inside front cover
Per
manent hardness, 7-4
Permanganate, 3-33, 13-21
and arsenic reactions, 14-2
Permeability, 12-12
Permeate:
defined, 9-2
flux, 9-5–9-6, 12-5
recovery, 9-5
stability, 9-16–9-17
Permit, NPDES, 18-11
Personal protective equipment (PPE),
5-17–5-19, 13-28, 19-41
PFRP, 18-18, 27-28, 27-39
pH:
and bacterial growth, 22-7, 22-19, 22-24
and bulking sludge, 22-24
and chloramine form
ation, 13-27
and coagulation, 6-16–6-22
defined, 6-21
and disinfection, 13-2, 13-16, 13-21,
13-26
and NaOCl storage, 13-26
and phosphorus removal, 22-24, 26-3
and softening, 7-8, 7-10–7-13, 7-15,
7-26
of wastewater, 18-9
Pharmaceuticals, 14-20
Phoredox, 23-10
Phosphorus:
accumulating organisms (PAOs),
22-21–22-22, 23-78
biologi
cal removal of, 22-16,
22-21–22-24, 23-10–23-12,
23-40, 23-75–23-95
and biological treatment, 22-10
chemical precipitation of, 26-2–26-5
in wastewater, 18-7, 18-9
Phosphorylation, 22-9
Photosynthesis, 22-3
Phototrophs, 22-2
Physical threats, 16-31
PID, 16-26, 16-27
Piezometric surface, 2-18, 2-19
Pipe materials:
asbestos-cement pipe (ACP), 17-11
chlorinated polyvinyl chlori
de, 5-14
copper, 5-15
ductile iron pipe (DIP), 17-11, 19-6,
19-10, 19-34
fiberglass-reinforced polyester, 5-15
high-density, cross-linked,
polyethylene (HDXLPE), 5-14
high-density polyethylene (HDPE),
17-11, 19-10
polypropylene, 5-15
polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 3-30, 5-14,
5-15, 17-11, 19-10, 19-31
reinforced concrete pressu
re pipe
(RCPP), 17-11, 19-10
selection, 5-15, 17-11, 19-10
steel for casing, 4-6–4-7
truss pipe, 19-11
type 304 stainless steel, 5-15
type 316 stainless steel, 5-14, 5-15
vitrified clay pipe (VCP), 19-10
Pipe network analysis, 17-13–17-16,
17-36–17-38
Pipe network design equations,
17-12–17-13
Piping:
air, 23-84–23-85
chemical compatibility, 5-14,
5-15
design criteria, 17-12
digester gas, 27-45
sewer, 19-10, 19-31
sludge, 27-15
water, 17-12
pK
a
, 6-12, 7-15
table of, Appendix A
pK
sp
, 7-7
table of, Appendix A
pK
w
, 6-13
Plant hydraulics, 16-19–16-25
Plant layout, 16-16–16-19
Plate, pressure filter for sludge,
15-16, 15-40–15-42, 27-4,
27-57
Plate settlers, 10-16–10-19, 10-22–10-23,
10-33–10-35, 21-25
PLC, 23-63
Plug flow:
activated sludge, 23-5
with reaction, 23-21
reactor, 23-5
Point of entry, (POE), 8-2
Point of use, 8-2
Polio virus, 13-16–13-17
Polishing ponds, 23-2
Pol
yamide (PA) membrane, 9-6
Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), 18-14
Poly-DMA, 6-7, 6-23
Polyelectrolytes, 6-6
Polyethersulfone, (PES), 12-9
Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB),
22-21–22-23
Polymers, 6-23, 15-28
Polyphosphate, 26-2
Polypropylene, (PP), 12-9
Polysulfone (PS), 12-9
Polyvalent cations, 7-2
Polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF), 12-9
Population dynami
cs, microorganism,
22-11–22-13
Porosity, of rapid filter, 11-6, 11-7, 11-13,
11-14
Porosity of aquifers, 2-20
Ports, intake, 3-9, 3-11
Postaeration, 25-21
Posttreatment, RO/NF, 9-9
POTW, 18-14
Powdered activated carbon (PAC), 14-33,
26-12
Power:
blower, 23-83
and head, 6-31
number, 6-34
pump motor, 3-19, 4-33
requirements for mi
xing, 6-25
and static mixer, 6-31
Precipitation:
chemical, 7-6–7-9
of phosphorus, 26-2–26-5
I-16 INDEX
Precursor:
defined, 2-34
trihalomethanes, 2-34
Preferred operating range (POR), 3-28
Preliminary design, 1-10, 1-16
Preliminary treatment, defined, 20-2
Preliminary treatment process
arrangements, 20-46
Prescriptive design criteria, 1-11
Presence-absence coliform test, 2-36
Press, filter, 15-16, 15-40–15-42, 27-4,
27-57
Pressu
re:
drop, ion exchange, 8-16
drop, packed tower, 14-24
drop, static mixer, 6-31
head, 3-18
membrane, 12-12
operating, MF/UF, 12-15
operating, RO/NF, 9-11
osmotic, 9-3
water, 17-9–17-10
Pretreatment for RO/NF, 9-9
Pretreatment of industrial waste,
18-13–18-14
Primary disinfectant, 13-19, 13-22
Primary Drinking Water Regulations
(IPDWRs), 2-29
maximum
contaminant levels (MCLs),
2-28
Primary electron donor, 22-4
Primary sedimentation:
baffles, 21-15–21-16, 21-21
and BOD, 21-4, 21-7
chain-and-flight scraper, 21-4
circular tanks, 21-4
depth of tank, 21-3, 21-11
detention time, 21-2, 21-7
dimesions, 21-11, 21-20
feedwell, 21-15
flocculation center well, 21-14
flow distribution, 21-20–21-21
flow-splitting box, 21-4, 21-11–21-12
freeboard, 21-11, 21-20
geotechnical consi
derations, 21-8–21-11
hydraulic detention time, 21-2, 21-7
hydraulic load, 21-6–21-7
inlet configuration, 21-14–21-15,
21-24–21-22
launder, 21-16
overflow rate, 21-7
overflow rate and return sludge, 21-7
rectangular tanks, 21-4
scour velocity, 21-3
scum beach, 21-17
scum removal, 21-16, 21-23
side water depth (SWD), 21-3, 21-11
sludge hopper, 21-6, 21-8, 21-19,
21-22
sludge sc
raper, 21-16, 21-22
splitter box, 21-4, 21-11
velocity of flow, 21-3, 21-7
weir configuration, 21-16, 21-22
weir loading, 21-7
Priority pollutants, table of, 2-26
Process alternatives, activated sludge,
23-5–23-13
Process redundancy, 1-12–1-14
Process to further reduce pathogens
(PFRP), 18-18, 27-28, 27-39
Process to significantly reduce pathogens
(PSRP), 18-19, 27-38, 27-
39
Professional ethics, 1-3–1-9
Programmable logic controller (PLC),
16-26, 16-29, 23-63
Prohibited discharge standards, 18-13
Proportional, plus integral, plus derivative
control system (PID), 16-27
Proportional control, 16-27
Protoplasm, 22-2
Protozoa, 22-4
PSRP, 18-9, 27-38, 27-39
Psychrophiles, 22-3
Public water supply systems, defined,
2-28–2-29
Publicly owned
treatment works (POTW),
18-14
Pump:
acceptable (or allowable) operating
region (AOR), 3-28
axial flow, 19-32
best efficiency point (BEP), 3-27
bowl, 3-17, 3-18
break power, 3-19
capacity, 3-19
cavitation, 3-21
column pipe, 3-17, 3-18, 4-4, 4-6
discharge, 3-18
discharge head, 3-18
discharge pressure, 3-18
drive,
adjustable frequency (afd), 3-18
con
stant speed, 3-18
variable frequency (vfd), 3-18,
17-32
variable speed (vsd), 3-18
head-discharge curve, 3-27, 4-40
high-lift, 3-2
high-service, 3-2, 17-32
horizontal centrifugal, 17-32
impeller, 3-17, 3-18
low-lift, 3-2
low-service, 3-2
mixed-flow volute, 19-32
nonclog, radial-flow, 19-32, 19-33
parallel and s
eries operation, 17-33–17-36
power, 3-19, 4-33
preferred operating range (POR), 3-28
selection, 3-26–3-28, 17-32–17-36,
19-32–19-33, 27-11–27-13
sludge, 27-11–27-13
split case, 17-32, 17-33
stage, 3-18, 3-27
station, 3-2, 17-32
submersible, 4-26–4-27
terminology, 3-17–3-18
vertical turbine, 3-17–3-18, 4-4, 4-6,
17-32
well, 4-26, 4-27
Pump house, 4-14
Pump station:
floor, 3-8
high-service, 3-2
low-lift, 3-2
low service, 3-2
operating deck, 3-8
operating floor, 3-8
wastewater, 19-31–19-39
Pumping, sludge, 15-15, 27-11–27-15
Pumping test curve, 4-20–4-21
Punch list, 1-22
QBS, 1-2
Qualified bidder selection (QBS), 1-2
Quantitative flow diagram, 27-6–27-10
Quicklime, 5-9, 7-7, 27-23
Radial-flow impeller, 6-
33, 6-34
Radiological characteristics of drinking
water, 2-27
INDEX I-17
Radium-226, removal of, 14-21
Radon-222, removal of, 14-21
Ranney well, 3-5, 3-7
Rapid mix:
detention times, 6-25, 6-26, 6-27, 6-30,
6-33
G values, 6-25, 6-26, 6-27, 6-30,
6-33
geometries, table of, 6-34
power, 6-34
tanks, 6-33
Rapid sand filter, 11-4, 11-13–11-20
RAS, 23-24
Rate, see Loading rate
Rate control, filter, 11-35–11-36
Ratio of extreme flows, 2-8
Raw:
sewage, 18-7–18-9
sludge, 21-3
water, 1-11, 2-27–2-28
Reactors:
completely mixed flow reactor
(CMFR), 6-33
completely stirred tank (CSTR), 6-33
disinfection, 13-29–13-35
plug flow, 13-29, 23-5
Recarbonation, 7-11, 7-14–7-15
basin design, 7-38
Recirculation ratio, 24-9
Recommended Standards for Water
Works, 2-7
Recovery
ratio (r), NF/RO, 9-5–9-6
Recurrence interval, 2-8
Redundancy:
process, 1-12–1-14
well, 4-16
Redox reactions:
biochemical, 22-4–22-5
chlorination, 13-6
dechlorination, 25-6
half reactions, table of, 13-6
See also Oxidation-reduction reactions
Refractory organics, 26-12
Regeneration of ion exchange, 8-11,
8-19
Reject, defined, 9-2, 9-6
Rejection:
MF/UF, 12-4
N
F/RO, 9-6
Reliability, 1-12–1-14
Remote terminal units (RTU), 16-26,
16-29
Request for proposals (RFP), 1-2
Request for qualifications (RFQ), 1-2
Reservoir intake structures, 3-4–3-6
Reservoirs, 2-15
Resident project representative (RPR),
1-20–1-21
Residuals, water treatment:
arsenic, 15-45–15-47
beneficial use, 15-50
defined, 7-10, 15-2
fluoride, 15-48
ion exchange, 15-10
iron and manganese, 15-48
liquid, 15-44–15-45
management, 15-2
membrane, 15-9
MF/UF, 15-45
NF/RO, 15-46
nitrate, 15-48
perchlorate, 15-48
radioactive, 15-48–15-50
sludge, 15-2
spent filter backwash water (SFBW),
15-2
s
ynthetic organic chemicals (SOC),
15-48
Resins, ion exchange:
effective size, 8-10
particle size, 8-9–8-10
properties of, 8-5–8-10
and turbidity, 8-10
types, 8-2
uniformity coefficient, 8-10
Responsible care, 1-20–1-21
Retention basin, 2-15
Retention time (t
o
or θ), see Detention
time
Return activated sludge (RAS), 21-7,
23-4, 23-24
Return period, 2-8
Return rate, activated sludge,
23-24–23-29
Return sludge, 23-15, 23-24
Reverse osmosis/nanofiltration:
array, 9-8, 9-10
array design, 9-15–9-16
and arsenic removal, 14-5
brine disposal, 9-11
c
oncentrate, 9-9, 9-11
configuration, 9-6–9-7
defined, 9-2, 9-3
flux, 9-5–9-6
fouling, 9-8, 9-9
hollow-fiber, 9-6, 9-8
and limiting salt, 9-8, 9-11–9-15
membrane material, 9-6
operating pressure, 9-11
and osmosis, 9-3
and osmotic pressure, 9-3
permeate, 9-2
and posttreatment, 9-9
and pretreatment, 9-9
and radionuclide removal, 14-21
and recovery of feed water, 9-5–9-6
rejection, 9-6
s
caling, 9-9
service life, 9-7
spiral-wound, 9-6–9-7
and stabilization, 9-16–9-17
stage, 9-8
and TDS, 9-11
and temperature effects, 9-7, 9-17
Reynolds number (R):
defined, 10-4
and drag coefficient, 10-4
and filter headloss, 11-14–11-20
and gravity sedimentation, 10-4–10-5,
10-26, 10-29, 10-33
and high-rate settler, 10-34
and mixing, 27-26
and settling tank turbulenc
e, 10-19,
10-26–10-27
RFP, 1-2
RFQ, 1-2
Rippl method, 2-15–2-18
Rising sludge, 22-25
River bank filtration, 16-10
Rose equation, 11-13
Rotary-drum thickening, 27-20
Rotating biological contactor (RBC),
24-12–24-13
Rotifers, 22-4
Running torque, 15-22
Run-of-bank sand, 11-6
SAC, 8-2, 8-8
SAE, 23-33
Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), 2-28
I-18 INDEX
Safety:
ammonia, 13-27–13-28
anaerobic digester gas, 27-44–27-45
carbon dioxide, 7-38
chemical handling, 13-25–13-29, 13-45
chloramine, 13-27
chlorine, 13-25–13-26
chlorine dioxide, 13-27
digester gas, 27-44–27-45
and disinfection, 13-21
and fluoridation, 13-45
manhole, 19-40
mechanical dewatering, 27-58
ozone disinfection, 13-27
personal protective equipment (PPE),
13-28
recarbonation, 7-38
self-contained breathing apparatus
(SCBA), 13-28
Safety factors:
activated sludge, 23-21–23-22,
23-50–23-51, 23-78
anaerobic digestion, 27-39
Salmonella in sludge, 18-17
Salmonella typhi, 13-13
Sand drying beds for sludge,
15-28–15-35
Sand filter, see Rapid filter
Sanitary:
protection of storage tanks, 17-38
protection of water mains, 17-39
seal, well, 4-34
sewage, 18-1
sewer, 18-5, 18-7
Saturation concentration of
oxygen in water, table of, Appendix A
Saturation index, Langelier, 7-34–7-36
SBA, 8-8
SBR, 23-7, 23-62–23-75
SCADA, 16-26–16-31
SCADA s
ecurity, 16-34
Scaling, RO/NF, 9-9
Scale-up factors, settling column data,
10-13
SCBA, 13-28, 17-38
Schultz-Hardy rule, 6-9
Schulze’s equation, 24-10
Scour velocity, 20-26, 21-3
Scouring in sedimentation tank, 21-3
Screening, membrane, 12-3
Screenings, 20-20, 20-23
Screenings, management of, 27-17
Screens, 20-10
Screens:
wastewater, 20-13–20-23
water intake, 3-10, 3-11, 3-15
well, 4-10, 4-30–4-33
Screw pump, 20-2–20-5
Scum beach, 21-7
Scum removal, 21-16, 21-23
SDNR, 23-36
Second-order decay, 13-10
Second stage digestion, 27-42
Secondary clarifier, see Secondary
settling tank
Sec
ondary containment, 5-5
Secondary disinfectant, 13-19, 13-23
Secondary maximum contaminant levels
(SMCL), 2-37
table of, 2-37
Secondary settling tank:
denitrification in, 22-25
design criteria, 25-9–25-15
overflow rates, 25-10–25-11
side water depth (SWD), table of, 25-13
slu
dge removal, 25-14
solids loading, 25-12–25-13
state point analysis, 25-2–25-6
trickling filter, 24-2, 25-2
weir loading, 25-13
Secondary sludge, 25-14, 27-5–27-6
Secondary treatment, defined, 18-11
Security, 16-31–16-35
Sediment and reservoirs, 2-18
Sedimentation,
activated s
ludge, see Secondary settling
basin, 10-2
grit, 10-2
Type I, 10-2, 10-4, 25-2
Type II, 10-2, 10-12, 25-2
Type III, 10-2, 10-15–10-16, 15-17,
25-2
Type IV, 10-2, 10-15–10-16, 15-17,
25-2
zones, 10-8
See also Settling tank
Self-contained breathing apparatus
(SCBA), 13-28, 17-38
Selective calcium removal, 7-13
Selectivity, ion exchange, 8-5, 8-9
Selector, 22-16, 22-24, 23-8
Semipermeable membrane, 9-2, 9-
3
Separation factors, ion exchange, 8-8
Sequencing batch reactor (SBR), 23-7,
23-10–23-12, 23-19–23-21,
23-39, 23-40, 23-62–23-75
Serpentine contact chambers, 13-30,
13-33–13-34
Service flow rate (SFR), 8-14, 8-15
Service life:
design, 2-2, 2-3
ion exchange resin, 8-10
membrane, 9-7, 12-12
Settling column, 10-12, 10-16
Settling tank, water treatment:
baffles, 10-2
5
ballasted, 10-16, 10-53–10-25
detention time, 10-10
diffuser wall, 10-25
freeboard, 10-26
high-rate, 10-16–10-19, 10-22–10-25,
10-33–10-35
horizontal flow clarifier,
particle trajectory, 10-15
percentage removal, 10-11
hydraulic surface loading, 10-9
ideal, 10-8
inclined plate, 10-16–10-19,
10-22–10-23, 10-33–10-35
inclined tubes, 10-16–10-19,
10-22–10-23
inlet zone, 10-8, 10-25, 10-33
outlet zone, 10-8, 10-27, 10-34
overflow rate, 10-9, 10-12
overflow rates, table of, 10-26
removal effic
iency, 10-11
scale-up factors, 10-13
short-circuiting, 10-20
side water depth, 10-25
sludge,
hopper, 10-28
scraper, 10-21, 10-28
storage, 10-8, 10-28
volume, 15-3–15-5
surface loading rate, 10-9
turbulence, 10-19
upflow clarifier, 10-9
weir arrangement, 10-27
weir overflow rates, 10-28
zones, 10-8, 10-28