Water and Wastewater Engineering
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C-7
Appurtenance—
alphabetically
Headloss as
multiple of (v
2
/2g)
13. Orifice meters (in terms of velocities of
pipe) Orifice to pipe diameter ratio
0.25 (1:4) 4.8
0.33 (1:3)2.5
0.50 (1:2) 1.0
0.67 (2:3) 0.4
0.75 (3:4) 0.24
14. Outlet losses
Bell mouthed outlet
01
22
.
gg
⎛
⎝
⎜
⎞
⎠
⎟
v
1
2
v
2
2
Sharp cornered outlet
22
v
1
2
v
2
2
gg
⎛
⎝
⎜
⎞
⎠
⎟
Pipe into still water or air
(free discharge)
1.0
15. Plug globe or stop valve
Fully open 4.0
¾ open 4.6
½ open 6.4
¼ open 780.0
16. Reducers
Ordinary (in terms of velocities of small
end)
0.25
Bell mouthed 0.10
Standard 0.04
Bushing or coupling 0.05–2.0
17. Return bend (2 nos. 90)
Flanged—regular 0.38
Flanged—long radius 0.25
Screwed 2.2
Appurtenance—
alphabeticall
y
eadloss as
multiple of (v
2
/2g)
18. Sluice gates
Contraction in conduit 0.5
Same as condult width without top submergence 0.2
Submerged port in 12 inch wall 0.8
19. Tees
Standard—bifurcating 1.5–1.8
Standard—90 turn 1.80
Standard—run of tee 0.60
Reducing—run of tee
2:1 (based on velocities 0.90
4:1 of smaller end) 0.75
20. Venturl meters
The head
loss occurs mostly in and downstream
of throat, but losses shown are given in terms of
velocities at inlet ends to assist in design.
Long tube type—throat-to-inlet diameter ratio
0.33 (1:3) 1.0–1.2
0.50 (1:2) 0.44–0.52
0.67 (2:3) 0.25–0.30
0.75 (3:4) 0.20–0.23
Short tube type—throat-to-inlet diameter ratio
0.33 (1:3) 2.43
0.50 (1:2) 0.72
0.67 (2:3)0.32
0.75 (3:4) 0.24
Source: A. Amirtharajah (1978) “Design of Granular Media Filter Units,” in R. L. Sanks (Ed.), Water Treatment Plant Design, Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor,
Michigan, PP. 702–704.
TABLE C-5 (continued)
Hydraulic headlosses for appurtenances
C-8 WATER AND WASTEWATER ENGINEERING
Globe valve, open
Gate valve
closed
½ closed
¼ closed
Fully open
Standard tee
Square elbow
Borda entrance
45° elbow
Equivalent length of straight pipe, m
Ordinary entrance
d/D—¼
d/D—½
d/D—
d/D—¼
d/D—½
d/D—
Sudden contraction
Angle valve, open
Close return bend
Standard tee
through side outlet
Standard elbow or run of
tee reduced ½
Medium sweep elbow or
run of tee reduced ¼
Long sweep elbow or
run of standar
d tee
Example: The dashed line shows the headloss for a nominal 150 mm diameter elbow is
approximately equivalent to 5 m of 150 mm diameter standard pipe.
Note: For sudden enlargements or sudden contractions, use the smaller
diameter on the pipe scale.
dD
Dd
¼
¼
¼
¼
¼
¼
¼
¼
¼
¼
¼
¼
¼
¼
¼
¼
¼
¼
¼
¼
¼
¼
Sudden enlargement
2
1000
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
100
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
0.1
9
8
7
6
5
4
2
3
1,000
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
100
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
10
Nominal diameter of standard
pipe, mm
FIGURE C-1
Nomograph for headloss for values and fittings.
D-11
APPENDIX
D
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Ct
VALUES FOR DISINFECTANTS
D-2 WATER AND WASTEWATER ENGINEERING
TABLE D-1
Ct values (mg · min/L) for inactivation of Giardia cysts by free chlorine at 0.5C or lower
Chlorine concentration
(mg/L)
pH < 6
Log inactivation
pH 6.5
Log inactivation
pH 7.0
Log inactivation
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
0.4 23 46 69 91 114 13727 54 82 109 13616333 65 98 130163 195
0.6 24 47 71 94 118 141 28 56 84 112 140 168 33 67 100 133 167 200
0.8 24 48 73 97 121 145 29 5786115 143 172 3468103 137 171 205
125 49 74 99 123 148 29 59 88 117 147 176 35 70 105 140 175 210
1.2 2551 76 101 127 152 306090120150 180 36 72 108 143 179 215
1.4 26 5278103 129 155 316192123 153 184 37 74 111 147 184 221
1.6 26 5279105 131157 3263 95
126 158 189 3875 113 151 188 226
1.8 27 54 81 108 135 162 32 64 97 129 161 19339 77 116 154193 231
22855 83 110 138165 33 66 99 131 164 197 39 79 118 157 197 236
2.2 28 5685 113 141 169 34 67 101 134 168 201 40 81 121 161 202 242
2.4 29 5786115 143 172 3468103 137 171 205 41 82 124 165 206 247
2.6 29 58 88 117 146 175 35 70 105 139 174 209 42 84 126 168 210 252
2.8 30 59 89 119 148 178 36 71 107 142 178 213 43 86 129 171 214 257
33060911211
51 181 36 72 109 145 181 217 44 87 131 174 218 261
Source: U.S. EPA (1991) Guidance Manual for Compliance with the Filtration and Disinfection Required for Public Water Systems Using Surface
Water Sources, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
TABLE D-2
Ct values (mg · min/L) for inactivation of Giardia cysts by free chlorine at 5 C
Chlorine concentration
(mg/L)
pH < 6
Log inactivation
pH 6.5
Log inactivation
pH 7.0
Log inactivation
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
< 0.4 16 324965 81 97 20 39 59789811723 46 70 93 116 139
0.6 17 33 506783 100 20 40 60 80 100 120 24 48 72 95 119 143
0.8 17 34 526986103 20 41 61 81 102 122 24 49 73 97 122 146
1183553 70 88 105 21 42 63 83 104 125 255075 99 124 149
1.2 18 36 54 71 89 107 21 42 64 85 106 127 2551 76 101 127 152
1.4 18 36 55 73 91 109 22 43 65 87 108 13026 5278103 129 155
1.6 19 37 567493 111 22 44 66 88 110 13226 53 79 105 132158
1.8 19 3
8 577695 114 23 45 68 90 113 135 27 54 81 108 135 162
21939 58779711623 46 69 92 115 13828 55 83 110 138165
2.2 20 39 59799811823 47 70 93 117 140 28 5685 113 141 169
2.4 20 40 60 80 100 120 24 48 72 95 119 143 29 5786115 143 172
2.6 20 41 61 81 102 122 24 49 73 97 122 146 29 58 88 117 146 175
2.8 21 41 62 83 103 124 25 49 74 99 123 148 30 59 89 119 148 178
3 21 42 63 84 105 126 2550 76 101 126 151 306191121152 182
Source: U.S. EPA (1991) Guidance Manual for Compliance with the Filtration and Disinfection Required for Public Water Systems Using Surface
Water Sources, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY CT VALUES FOR DISINFECTANTS D-3
TABLE D-1 (continued)
Ct values (mg · min/L) for inactivation of Giardia cysts by free chlorine at 0.5C or lower
pH 7.5
Log inactivation
pH 8.0
Log inactivation
pH 8.5
Log inactivation
pH 9.0
Log inactivation
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
40 79 119 158 198 23746 92139185 231 277 55 110 165 219 274 329 65 130195 260 325 390
40 80 120 159 199 23948 95 143 191 238 286 57 114 171 228 285 342 68 136 204 271 339 407
41 82 123 164 205 246 49 98 148 197 246 29559 118 177 236295 354 70 141 211 281 352 422
42 84 127 169 211 253 51 101 152203 253304 61 122 183 243304 365 73 146 219 291 364 437
43 86 130173 216 259 52 104 1
57 209 261 313 63 125 188 251 313376 75 150 226 301 376 451
44 89 133 177 222 266 54 107 161 214 268 321 65 129 194 258 323387 77 155 232 309 387 464
46 91 137 182 228 273 55 110 165 219 274 329 66 132 199 265 331 397 80 159239 318 398 477
47 93 140 186 233 279 56113 169 225 282 33868136 204 271 339 407 82 163 245 326 408 489
48 95 143 191 2
38 286 58115 173 231 288 346 70 139 209 278 348 417 83 167 250 333 417 500
50 99 149 198 248 297 59 118 177 235 294 353 71 142 213 284 355 426 85 170 256 341 426 511
50 99 149 199 248 298 60 120 181 241 301 361 73 145 218 290 363 435 87 174 261 348 435522
51 101 152203 253304 61 123 184 245 307 368 74 148 222 296 370 444 89 178 267 355 444 533
52103 155 207 258
310 63 125 188 250 313375 75 151 226 301 377 452 91 181 272 362 453 543
53 105 158 211 263316 64 127 191 255 318 382 77 153 230 307 383 460 92 184 276 368 460 552
TABLE D-2 (continued)
Ct values (mg · min/L) for inactivation of Giardia cysts by free chlorine at 5 C
pH 7.5
Log inactivation
pH 8.0
Log inactivation
pH 8.5
Log inactivation
pH 9.0
Log inactivation
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
28 55 83 111 138 166 33 66 99 132165 198 39 79 118 157 197 23647 93 140 186 233 279
29 57 86 114 143 171 34 68 102 136 170 204 41 81 122 163 203 244 49 97 146 194 243 291
29 58 88 117 146 175 35 70 105 140 175 210 42 84 126 168 210 252 50 100 151 201 251 301
30 60 90 119 149 179 36 72 108 144 180 216 43 87 130173 217 260 52 104 156 208 260 312
31 61 92 122 153 18337 74 111 147 184 221 45 89 134 178 223 267 53 107 160 213 267 320
316294125 156 187
38 76 114 151 189 227 46 91 137183 228 274 55 110 165 219 274 329
32 64 96 128 160 192 39 77 116 155 193 232 47 94 141 187 234 281 56 112 169 225 281 337
33 65 98 131163 196 40 79 119 159 198 238 48 96 144 191 239 287 58115 173 230 288 345
33 67 100 133 167 200 41 81 122 162 203 243 49 98 147 196 245 294 59 118 177 235 294 353
34 68 102 136 170 204 41 83 124 165 207 248 50 100 150 200 250 300 60 120 181 241 301 361
35 70 105 13
9 174 209 42 84 127 169 211 253 51 102 153 204 255 306 61 123 184 245 307 368
36 71 107 142 178 213 43 86 129 172 215 258 52 104 156 208 260 312 63 125 188 250 313375
36 72 109 145 181 217 44 88 132175 219 263 53 106 159 212 265 318 64 127 191 255 318 382
37 74 111 147 184 221 45 89 134 179 223 268 54 108 162 216 270 324 65 130195 259 324 389
D-4 WATER AND WASTEWATER ENGINEERING
TABLE D-3
Ct values (mg · min/L) for inactivation of Giardia cysts by free chlorine at 10 C
Chlorine concentration
(mg/L)
pH < 6
Log inactivation
pH 6.5
Log inactivation
pH 7.0
Log inactivation
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
< 0.4 12 24 37496173 15 29 44 5973 88 17 35526987104
0.6 13 25 38 5063 75 15 3045 60 75 90 18 36 547189107
0.8 13 26 39 5265 78 15 31466177921837 55 73 92 110
113 26 40 53 66 79 16 314763 78 94 19 37 5675 93 112
1.2 13 27 40 53 67 80 16 324863 79 95 19 38 577695 114
1.4 14 27 41 55 68 82 16 33 49 65 82 98 19 3
9 587797116
1.6 14 28 42 55 69 83 17 33 506683 99 20 40 60 79 99 119
1.8 14 29 43 5772861734 51 67 84 101 20 41 61 81 102 122
215 29 44 5873 87 17 3552 69 87 104 21 41 62 83 103 124
2.2 15 3045597489183553 70 88 105 21 42 64 85 106 127
2.4 15 3045 60 75 90 18 36 54 71 89 107 22 43 65 86 108 129
2.6 15 31466177921837 55 73 92 110 22 44 66 87 109 131
2.8 16 3147627893 19 37 567493 111 22 45 67 89 112 134
3 16 324863 79 95 19 3
8 5775 94 113 23 46 69 91 114 137
Source: U.S. EPA (1991) Guidance Manual for Compliance with the Filtration and Disinfection Required for Public Water Systems Using Surface
Water Sources, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
TABLE D-4
Ct values (mg · min/L) for inactivation of Giardia cysts by free chlorine at 15 C
Chlorine concentration
(mg/L)
pH < 6
Log inactivation
pH 6.5
Log inactivation
pH 7.0
Log inactivation
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
< 0.4 8 16 25 33 41 49 10 20 30 394959122335 47 5870
0.6 8 17 25 33 42 50102030405060122436486072
0.8 9 17 26 35 43 52102031415161122437496173
1 9 18 27 35 44 53 11 21 324253 63 13 25 38 5063 75
1.2 9 18 27 36455411213243 53 64 13 25 38 5163 76
1.4 9 18 28 374655 11 22 33 43 5465 13 26
39 5265 78
1.6 9 19 28 374756112233 44 55 66 13 26 40 53 66 79
1.8 10 19 29 384857112334455768142741546881
2101929394858122335 46 586914284255 69 83
2.2 10 20 30 394959122335 47 5870142843 577185
2.4 10 20 30405060122436486072142943 577286
2.6 10 20 31415161122437496173 15 29 44 5873 88
2.8 10 21 314152621225 3749627415 3045597489
3 11 21 3
24253 63 13 25 38 5163 76 15 3046617691
Source: U.S. EPA (1991) Guidance Manual for Compliance with the Filtration and Disinfection Required for Public Water Systems Using Surface
Water Sources, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY CT VALUES FOR DISINFECTANTS D-5
TABLE D-3 (continued)
Ct values (mg · min/L) for inactivation of Giardia cysts by free chlorine at 10 C
pH 7.5
Log inactivation
pH 8.0
Log inactivation
pH 8.5
Log inactivation
pH 9.0
Log inactivation
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
21 42 63 83 104 125 255075 99 124 149 30 59 89 118 148 177 35 70 105 139 174 209
21 43 64 85 107 128 26 51 77 102 128 153316192122153 1833673 109 145 182 218
22 44 66 87 109 13126 53 79 105 132158 3263 95 126 158 189 3875 113 151 188 226
22 45 67 89 112 13427 54 81 108 135 162 33 65 98 130163 195 39 78 117 156195 234
23 46 69 91 114 13728
55 83 111 138 166 33 67 100 133 167 200 40 80 120 160 200 240
23 47 70 93 117 140 28 5785 113 142 170 3469103 137 172 206 41 82 124 165 206 247
24 48 72 96 120 144 29 58 87 116 145 174 35 70 106 141 176 211 42 84 127 169 211 253
25 49 74 98 123 147 30 60 90 119 149 179 36 72 108 143 179 215 43 86 130173 216 259
255075 100 125 150 306191121152 182 37 74 111 147 184 221 44 88 133 177 221 265
26 51 77 102 128 153316293 124 155 186 3875 113 150 188 225 45 90 13
6 181 226 271
26 5279105 131157 3263 95 127 158 190 3877115 153 192 23046 92138 184 230 276
27 53 80 107 133 160 3265 97 129 162 194 39 78 117 156195 234 47 94 141 187 234 281
27 54 82 109 13616333 66 99 131 164 197 40 80 120 159 199 239 48 96 144 191 239 287
28 55 83 111 138 166 34 67 101 134 168 201 41 81 122 162 203 243 49 97 146 195 243 292
TABLE D-4 (continued)
Ct values (mg · min/L) for inactivation of Giardia cysts by free chlorine at 15 C
pH 7.5
Log inactivation
pH 8.0
Log inactivation
pH 8.5
Log inactivation
pH 9.0
Log inactivation
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
14 28 42 55 68 83 17 33 506683 99 20 39 59799811823 47 70 93 117 140
14 29 43 577286 1734 516885 102 20 41 61 81 102 122 24 49 73 97 122 146
15 29 44 5973 88 18 3553 70 88 105 21 42 63 84 105 126 2550 76 101 126 151
15 3045 60 75 90 18 36 54 72 90 108 22 43 65 87 108 13026 52 78 104 130156
15 3146617792 1937 567493 111 22 45 67 89 112 13427 53 80 107 133 160
16 314763 78 94 19 38
577695 114 23 46 69 91 114 13728 55 83 110 138165
16 3248648096 1939 58 77 97 116 24 47 71 94 118 141 28 5685 113 141 169
16 33 49 65 82 98 20 40 60 79 99 119 24 48 72 96 120 144 29 5887115 144 173
17 33 506783 100 20 41 61 81 102 122 25 49 74 98 123 147 30 59 89 118 148 177
17 34 516885 102 21 41 62 83 103 124 255075 100 125 150 306091121151 181
18 3553 70 88 105 21 42 64 85 106 127 26 51 77 102 128 153316192123 153 184
18 36 54 71 89 107 22 43 6
5 86 108 129 26 52 78 104 130156 3163 94 125 157 188
18 36 55 73 91 109 22 44 66 88 110 13227 53 80 106 133 159 326496127159 191
19 37 567493 111 22 45 67 89 112 13427 54 81 108 135 162 33 65 98 130163 195
D-6 WATER AND WASTEWATER ENGINEERING
TABLE D-5
Ct values (mg · min/L) for inactivation of Giardia cysts by free chlorine at 20 C
Chlorine concentration
(mg/L)
pH < 6
Log inactivation
pH 6.5
Log inactivation
pH 7.0
Log inactivation
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
< 0.4 6 12 18 24 30 36715 22 29 3744 9 172635 43 52
0.6 6 13 19 25 32 38815 2330 3845 91827364554
0.8 7 13 20 26 33 39815 2331 3846 9 18283746 55
1713 20 26 33 398162431 3947 9 19283747 56
1.2 7 13 20 27 33 40816243240481019293848 57
1.4 7 1421273441 8 1625 33 41 49 10 19 29 3948 58
1.6 7 14212835 4281725 33 42 50102030 3949 59
1.8 7 142229
3643 917263443 51102031415161
2715 22 29 3744 9 172635 43 52102131415262
2.2 7 15 22 29 3744 9 182735 44 53 11 21 324253 63
2.4 8 15 2330 3845 91827364554112233 43 5465
2.6 8 15 2331 3846 9 1828374655 11 22 33 44 55 66
2.8 8 16 24 31 3947 9 1928374756112234455667
3 8162431 394710192938485
7112334455768
Source: U.S. EPA (1991) Guidance Manual for Compliance with the Filtration and Disinfection Required for Public Water Systems Using Surface
Water Sources, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
TABLE D-6
Ct values (mg · min/L) for inactivation of Giardia cysts by free chlorine at 25 C
Chlorine concentration
(mg/L)
pH < 6
Log inactivation
pH 6.5
Log inactivation
pH 7.0
Log inactivation
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
< 0.4 4 8 12 16 20 24 5 10 15 19 24 29 6 12 18 23 29 35
0.6 4 8 13 17 21 25510 15 20 25 30 6 12 18 24 30 36
0.8 4 9 13 17 22 26 5 10 16 21 26 31 6 12 19 25 31 37
14913 17 22 26 5 10 16 21 26 31 6 12 19 25 31 37
1.2 5 9 141823 27 5 11 16 21 27 32613 19 25 32 38
1.4 5 9 141823 27 6 1117222833 713 20 26 33 39
1.6 5 9 141923 28 6 1117222833 713 20 27 33 40
1.8 5 10 15 19 24 29 6 11 17 23 28 34 7 14 21 27 3441
2 5 10 1
5 19 24 29 6 12 18 23 29 35 7 1421273441
2.2 5 10 15 20 25 30 6 121823 29 35 7 14212835 42
2.4 5 10 15 20 25 30 6 12182430 36 7 14 22 29 3643
2.6 5 10 16 21 26 31 6 121925 31 37715 22 29 3744
2.8 5 10 16 21 26 31 6 121925 31 37815 2330 3845
3 5 11 16 21 27 32613 19 25 32 38815 2331 3846
Source: U.S. EPA (1991) Guidance Manual for Compliance with the Filtration and Disinfection Required for Public Water Systems Using Surface
Water Sources, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY CT VALUES FOR DISINFECTANTS D-7
TABLE D-5 (continued)
Ct values (mg · min/L) for inactivation of Giardia cysts by free chlorine at 20 C
pH 7.5
Log inactivation
pH 8.0
Log inactivation
pH 8.5
Log inactivation
pH 9.0
Log inactivation
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
10 21 314152621225 3749627415 3045597489183553 70 88 105
11 21 3243 53 64 13 26 39 51647715 31466177921836 55 73 91 109
11 22 33 44 55 66 13 26 40 53 66 79 16 324863 79 95 19 38 5775 94 113
11 22 344556671427415468811633 49 65 82 98 20 39 59 78 98 117
12 2335 46 586914284255 69 83 17 33 506783 100 20 40 60 80 100 120
12 2335 47 5870142843 5
77185 17 34 526986103 21 41 62 82 103 123
12 24 3648607215 29 44 5873 87 18 3553 70 88 105 21 42 63 84 105 126
12 25 3749627415 30455974891836 54 72 90 108 22 43 65 86 108 129
13 25 38 5063 75 15 30466176911837 55 73 92 110 22 44 66 88 110 132
13 26 39 516477163147627893 19 38 5775 94 113 23 45 68 90 113 135
13 26
39 5265 78 16 324863 79 95 19 38 587796115 23 46 69 92 115 138
13 27 40 53 67 80 16 324965 81 97 20 39 59 78 98 117 24 47 71 94 118 141
14 27 41 5468811733 506683 99 20 40 60 79 99 119 24 48 72 95 119 143
14 28 42 55 69 83 17 34 51 67 84 101 20 41 61 81 102 122 24 49 73 97 122 146
TABLE D-6 (continued)
Ct values (mg · min/L) for inactivation of Giardia cysts by free chlorine at 25 C
pH 7.5
Log inactivation
pH 8.0
Log inactivation
pH 8.5
Log inactivation
pH 9.0
Log inactivation
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
714212835 4281725 33 42 50102030 394959122335 47 5870
71422293643 917263443 51102031415161122437496173
715 22 29 3744 9 182735 44 53 11 21 324253 63 13 25 38 5063 75
815 2330 3845 91827364554112233 43 5465 13 26 39 5265 78
815 2331 3846 9 18283
74655 11 22 3445566713 27 40 53 67 80
8162431 3947101929384857122335 46 586914274155 68 82
81624324048101929394858122335 47 5870142842567084
81625 33 41 49 10 20 30405060122436486072142943 577286
81725 33 42 501020314151611225 3749627415 29 44 5973 88
917263443 5110213141526213 25 38 5063 75 15 3045 60 75
90
9172635 43 521121324253 63 13 26 39 51647715 3146617792
9182735 44 53 11 22 33 43 5465 13 26 39 5265 78 16 314763 78 94
91827364554112233 44 55 66 13 27 40 53 67 80 16 3248648096
9182837465411223445566714274154688116324965 81 97
D-8 WATER AND WASTEWATER ENGINEERING
TABLE D-7
Ct values (mg · min/L) for inactivation of viruses by free chlorine
pH 6 to 9
Log inactivation
Temperature, C
0.55 10 15 20 25
2.0 6 4 3 21 1
3.0 9643 21
4.0 12 8 6 4 3 2
pH 10
Log inactivation
Temperature, C
0.55 10 15 20 25
2.0 45 302215 11 7
3.0 66 44 33 22 16 11
4.0 90 60 45 302215
Source: U.S. EPA (1991) Guidance Manual for Compliance with the Filtration and Disinfection Required for
Public Water Systems Using Surface Water Sources, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
TABLE D-8
Ct values (mg · min/L) for inactivation of Giardia cysts by chloramine, pH 6–9
Log
inactivation
Temperature, C
1 5 10 15 20 25
0.5 635 365 310 250185 125
1 1,270 735 615500 370 250
1.5 1,900 1,100 930750 550 375
22,535 1,470 1,230 1,000 735500
2.5 3,170 1,8301,540 1,250915 625
33,800 2,200 1,8501,500 1,100 750
Source: U.S. EPA (1991) Guidance Manual for Compliance with the Filtration and Disinfection Required for
Public Water Systems Using Surface Water Sources, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
TABLE D-9
Ct values (mg · min/L) for inactivation of viruses by chloramine
Log
inactivation
Temperature (C)
1 5 10 15 20 25
2 1,243 857643 428 321 214
3 2,063 1,423 1,067 712 534 356
4 2,883 1,988 1,491 994 746 497
Source: U.S. EPA (1991) Guidance Manual for Compliance with the Filtration and Disinfection Required for Public Water
Systems Using Surface Water Sources, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.