Water and Wastewater Engineering
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U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY CT VALUES FOR DISINFECTANTS D-9
TABLE D-10
Ct values (mg · min/L) for Cryptosporidium inactivation by chlorine dioxide
Log
credit
Water temperature, C
< 0.5 12 3 5 71015 20 25 30
0.25 159153 140 128 107 90 69 45 29 19 12
0.5 319 305 279 256 214 180 1388958 3824
1637 610 558 511 429 360 277 179 116 75 49
1.5 956915 838 767 643 539415 268 174 113 73
2 1,275 1,220 1,117 1,023 858 719 55335723215098
2.5 1,594 1,525 1,396 1,278 1,072 899 691 447 289 188 122
3 1,912 1,830 1,675 1,5
34 1,266 1,079 830 536 347 226 147
Source: (2006) Code of Federal Regulations, 40 CFR 141.720.
TABLE D-11
Ct values (mg · min/L) for Cryptosporidium inactivation by ozone
Log inactivation
Water temperature, C
< 0.5 123 5 71015 20 25 30
0.25 6.0 5.8 5.2 4.8 4.0 3.3 2.5 1.6 1.0 0.6 0.39
0.5 12 12 10 9.5 7.9 6.5 4.9 3.1 2.0 1.2 0.78
12423 21 19 16 13 9.9 6.2 3.9 2.5 1.6
1.5 36 35 3129242015 9.3 5.9 3.7 2.4
248464238 32 26 20 12 7.8 4.9 3.1
2.5 60 58 52484033 25 16 9.8 6.2 3.9
3 72 69 63 574739 30 19 12 7.4 4.7
Source: (2006) Code of Federal Regulations, 40 CFR 141.720.
TABLE D-12
UV dose table for Cryptosporidium, Giardia lamblia, and virus inactivation credit
Log credit
Cryptosporidium
UV dose (mJ/cm
2
)
Giardia lamblia
UV dose (mJ/cm
2
)
Virus
UV dose (mJ/cm
2
)
0.5 1.6 1.5 39
1.0 2.5 2.1 58
1.5 3.9 3.0 79
2.0 5.8 5.2 100
2.5 8.5 7.7 121
3.0 12 11 143
3.5 15 15 163
4.0 22 22 186
Source: (2006) Code of Federal Regulations, 40 CFR 141.720.
D-10 WATER AND WASTEWATER ENGINEERING
TABLE D-13
Ct values (min · mg/L) for 3-log inactivation of Giardia cysts
Inactivation by
Temperature, C
1 5 10 15 20 25
Chlorine dioxide63 26 23 19 15 11
Ozone 2.9 1.9 1.43 0.95 0.72 0.48
Source: U.S. EPA (2003) EPA Guidance Manual, Appendix B, Ct Tables, LT1ESWTR Disinfection Profiling
and Benchmarking, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
TABLE D-14
Ct values (min · mg/L) for 4-log inactivation of viruses
Inactivation by
Temperature, C
1 5 10 15 20 25
Chlorine dioxide 50.1 33.4 25.1 16.7 12.5 8.4
Ozone 1.8 1.2 1 0.6 0.5 0.3
Source: U.S. EPA (2003) EPA Guidance Manual, Appendix B, Ct Tables, LT1ESWTR Disinfection Profiling and
Benchmarking, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
INDEX
A/O, 23-10, 23-11
A
2
/O™, 23-11, 23-12, 23-75–23-95
Accelerated growth, log-growth curve,
22-10
Acceptable (or allowable) operating
region (AOR), 3-28
Acetogenesis, 27-33–27-35
Acid fermentation, 27-34
Acidogenesis, 27-33–27-35
Action implementation (for security),
16-34
Activated alumina, 14-5, 14-8, 14-21,
15-47, 15-48
Activated carbon (char
coal):
and NOM removal, 14-17
in wastewater treatment, 26-12–26-14
in water treatment, 13-22, 14-18, 14-19,
14-20, 14-21, 14-29–14-31,
14-33, 26-12
Activated sludge:
ASM 3, 28-25
completely mixed process, 23-5–23-7,
23-15
defined, 23-3
design parameters, 23-39–23-40
F/M ratio, 23-35–23-36
growth constants
, tables of, 23-18, 23-50
IFAS, 24-13–24-14, 25-11
kinetic coefficients, 23-50
models, 23-15–23-23
and nitrogen:BOD ratio, 22-10
oxygen demand, 23-29–23-35
and phosphorus:BOD ratio, 22-10
process alternatives, 23-5–23-13
return activated sludge (RAS), 23-24
secon
dary clarifier, 25-2–25-15
and selectors, 22-16, 22-24
sludge problems, 22-18–22-19
sludge production, 23-27–23-29
sludge return, 23-24–23-26
sludge volume index (SVI), 23-38–23-39
specific denitrification rate (SDNR),
23-36–23-38
suspended growth, 23-2
volu
metric loading, 23-39
waste activated sludge (WAS), 23-4
wasting, 23-4
Actual oxygen transfer rate (AOTR),
23-32
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP), 22-5
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 22-5, 22-10
Adjustable frequency drive (afd), 3-18
Adsorbate, 14-29
Adsorbent, 14-29
Adsorption:
and charge neutralization, 6-9
and interpartic
le bridging, 6-9
isotherm, 14-29
and membranes, 12-3
Adsorption-destabilization, 6-9, 6-36,
6-17, 6-25, 6-26
Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs),
13-9
Advanced wastewater treatment (AWT),
26-2
Aerated grit chamber:
air supply, 20-31
baffles, 20-31
capacity, 20-30
design criteria, 20-33
de
sign tools, 20-32–20-34
detention time, 20-30
geometry, 20-30–20-31
location 20-30,
removal equipment, 20-32
velocities, 20-31
Aerated lagoon, 23-2, 23-3
Aeration and carbon dioxide, 7-12
Aeration, post-, 25-21
Aeration systems:
blowers, 23-67, 23-83
brush, 23-53
cascade, 25-21
coarse bubble, 20-43
design, 23-53–23-54, 23-66–23-67,
23-82–23-83
diffused air, 20-43, 23-33, 23-67
fine bubble, 20-43, 23-82
headlosses, 23-84–23-85
jet, 23-67
mechanical, 20-43, 23-82
membrane diffusers, 23-82
multiple tray, 14-6
and noise, 23-84
piping, 2
3-84–23-85
and variable frequency drives, 23-83
Aeration tank, activated sludge, 23-4,
23-81, 23-83, 23-89
Aerobacter aerogenes, 2-25
Aerobes, obligate, 22-2
Aerobic:
decomposition, 22-9, 22-15
defined, 22-2
digestion, 27-27–27-32
lagoons, 23-2, 23-3
oxidation, 22-16, 22-17
ponds, 23-2, 23-3
system energy, 22-5
Air bin
ding in filters, 11-36
Air flotation, 6-2, 15-17–15-23, 27-18,
27-21–27-23
Air mixing, 20-43
Air pollution control, 24-4
Air scour and backwashing, 11-29
Air stripping, 7-12, 14-6, 14-21,
14-22–14-29
Algae:
growth requirements, 22-3
and oxidation ponds, 22-3, 23-48
and taste and odor, 2-23
Alkaline stabilization:
chemical reactions, 27-23
design practice, 27-24–27-26
Alkalinity:
bi
carbonate, 6-12
carbonate, 6-12
and coagulation, 6-14–6-16, 6-20
defined, 6-11
and denitrification, 22-20, 23-66, 23-80
and hardness, 7-3–7-5
and nitrification, 22-18, 23-54, 23-82
and softening, 7-3
units, 6-12
wastewater, 18-9
Alpha factor (α) in aeration, 23-32
I-1
Alum:
and coagulation, 6-14–6-22
and control of phosphorus
in wastewater, 26-3–26-4
sludge concentration, 15-7, 15-21
specific gravity,
sludge, 15-21
solids, 15-7, 15-21
Ammonia:
and anaerobic decomposition,
27-51–27-52
discharge limits, 18-12
feed for chloramines, 1
3-28, 13-29
oxidation, 22-17–22-18, 23-50–23-51
reaction with chlorine, 13-4, 13-11–13-12
safety, 13-28
in sewers, 19-40
Anabolic, 22-4
Anabolism, 22-6
Anaerobes:
facultative, 22-3
obligate, 22-3
Anaerobic:
decomposition, 22-9, 22-16
defined, 22-3
digestion, 27-33–27-52
digestion biochemistry, 27-34–27-35
digestion m
icrobiology, 27-34
lagoons, 23-2, 23-3
ponds, 23-2, 23-3
process description, 27-33–27-38
system energy, 22-5
Anchor ice, 3-33
Anionic polymer, 6-23, 15-28
Anoxic:
decomposition, 22-9, 22-15
denitrification, 22-3, 23-65
and secondary settling tank, 22-25
system energy, 22-5
Annual maxima, 2-12
Annual minima, 2-12
Annual series, 2-12
Antennas on water towers, 17-31–17-32
Anthracite filter medium, 11-4, 11-7
AOC, 13-20, 13-23
AOP, 13-9
AOTR, 23-32
Appurtenances:
equalization basin, 20-45
rapid filters, 11-39–11-40
Aquiclude, 2-19
Aquifer:
confined, 2-18–2-20
h
ydraulic properties, 2-20
porosity, 2-20
recharge, 2-21
unconfined, 2-21
Archimedes screw, 20-2
Array, RO/NF, 9-8, 9-10, 9-15
Arsenic in drinking water, 2-23
Arsenic removal:
comparison of technologies, 14-9,
14-10, 14-11
decision tree, 14-7
oxidation states, 14-2
oxidation-reduction reactions,
14-2–14-3
preoxidation pro
cesses, 14-2
process selection guide, 14-8
residuals, 15-45
and softening, 7-26
treatment strategies, 14-2–14-6
ASM 3, 28-25
Asset management system, 1-22
Assimilable organic carbon (AOC),
13-20, 13-23
Atmospheric pressure and altitude,
table of, 3-23
Atomic weight,
table of, insi
de front cover
ATP and bacterial growth, 22-5
Attached growth process, 23-2, 24-2
Authorization estimate, 1-15
Automatic fire sprinkler systems,
17-3–17-7
Autotroph, 22-2
Average daily flow rate, wastewater,
18-3, 18-5
Average daily water consumption, 2-6
Average day demand, 17-2
Average dry weather flow, 18-6
AWWA goals, 2-37
Axial-flow impeller, 6-33, 6-3
4, 6-41
Bacillus anthracis, 13-13
Backwashing:
granular filters, 11-4, 11-16–11-19,
11-28–11-35
ion exchange columns, 8-11, 8-16
MF and UF filters, 12-7, 12-16, 15-9
Bacteria:
biochemistry of, 22-4–22-10
discharge limits, 18-12
growth, 22-10–22-15
growth requirements, 22-10
in wastewater, 18-12, 22-3
in water, 2-25, 2-35–2-36
Baffle:
aerated grit chamber, 20-31
chamber for
mixing, 6-41, 6-42
and disinfection, 13-30–13-34
and flocculators, 6-37–6-41
and rapid mixing, 6-33
and settling tanks, 10-25, 21-15–21-16
and Solver program, 6-38–6-41
Baffled channel, 6-41, 6-42
Ballasted flocculation, 6-23
Ballasted settling, 10-16, 10-23–10-25,
10-38
Band screens, 20-21
Bank filtration, 16-10
Bar racks (
screens):
bar design, 20-13, 20-17–20-20
capacity, 20-11
channel, 20-13
cleaning mechanism, 20-10
comparison, table, 20-12
intake, lake and river, 3-10
location, 20-13
screenings, 20-20
stop logs, 20-13
stop plates, 20-13
velocities, 20-13
water intake, 3-10
Bardenpho™ :
(4 stage), 23-10
(5 stage), 23-12
Bar screens, 20-21
Basket bowl centrifuge, 15-36
Batch flux curve, 15-18, 15-19
Batch reactor, 23-19–23-21
See also Sequencing Batch Reactor
(SBR)
Becquerel (Bq), 15-49, 15-50
Bed volumes per hour (BV/h), 8-16
Bernoulli’s equation, 11-36, 17-12,
20-17
Best available technology (BAT), 2-30
for SOCs and VOCs substances, 14-22
Best efficiency point (BEP), 3-27
I-2 INDEX
INDEX I-3
Beta (β) factor in aeration, 23-32
Bicarbonate:
alkalinity, 6-10–6-14
buffer system, 6-10
See also Carbonate, buffer system
defined, 6-10
Bid estimates, 1-15
Bid letting, 1-20
Binary fission of bacteria, 22-10
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD),
18-7–18-9
and carbonaceous (CBOD), 18-11
and COD, 18-7
digester supernatant, 27-58
discharge limit
s, 18-11
and nitrogen ratio, 22-10, 22-25
oxidation, 23-2
and phosphorus ratio, 22-10
and settling tank, 21-4, 21-7
and suspended solids, 22-2, 23-22
and waste strength, 18-9
Biodegradable organic matter (BOM),
13-19
Biofilter, 24-4
Biological nutrient removal (BNR),
22-9–22-21, 23-2, 23-8–23-9,
23-40, 23-62–23-75
Biological phosphorus removal (BPR),
22-16, 22-21–22-24, 23-10–23-12,
23-40, 23
-75–23-86, 26-2
Biological threats, 16-31
Biologically active filter (BAF), 13-23
Biomass, 22-13–22-14
Bio-P, 22-21
Biosolids:
defined, 27-2
dewatered, 27-60
land disposition, 27-59–27-60
liquid, 27-60
Bleach as a disinfectant, 4-13, 13-42
Blocking laws, 12-7, 12-8
Blowdown, 7-34
Blower power, 23-83
Blower room:
noise abatement, 23-84
ventilation, 23-84
Blowers, 23-67, 23-83
Blue baby syndrome, 2-24
BNR, 23-2
BOD, see Biochemical oxygen demand
Boil water advisory, 13-42
Booster station, 17-34
Bowl, pump, 3-17, 3-18
BPR, 22-16, 22-21–22-24, 23-10–23-12,
23-40, 23-75–23-86, 26-2
Break power, pump, 3-19
Breakpoint chlorination, 13-11–13-12
Breakthrough:
granular filters
, 11-3, 11-4
ion exchange, 8-4
Brine, 9-11, 15-9
Bromide, 13-9, 13-19, 13-22
Buffer:
capacity, 6-12
carbonate, 6-10
defined, 6-10
Build-out, 2-3
Bulking sludge, 22-24–22-25
Bump, denitrification filter, 26-9
Bypass, split treatment, 7-14, 7-22–7-25
Byproducts, disinfection, 2-34–2-35
CA membrane, 9-6, 12-9
Cake formation, mem
brane, 12-3
Cake, sludge, 15-5, 15-16, 15-39, 15-40
Calcium:
hardness, 7-2
scale, 7-2
Calcium carbonate,
alkalinity, expressed in mg/L as, 6-12
Calcium hydroxide:
and coagulation, 6-20
and softening, 7-7–7-9
Calcium hypochlorite, 4-13, 13-2, 13-6,
13-25
Calc
ium oxide:
and alkaline stabilization,
27-23–27-25
and coagulation, 6-20
and phosphorus removal, 26-3
and softening, 7-7
Caldwell-Lowrence diagrams, 7-25
CALWET, 15-47
Capacity, design, 2-2
Capacity, pump, 3-19
Capital cost, 1-15–1-16
Carbon:
adsorption, 26-12–26-14
and algal growth, 22-3
and bacterial growth, 22-2
Carbon dioxide:
a
s carbon source, 22-2, 22-3
and carbonate buffer system, 6-10–6-11
and coagulation, 6-10–6-11
as electron acceptor, 22-5
estimating concentration in water,
7-15–7-17
and recarbonation, 7-14–7-15, 7-38
and safety, 7-38
in sewers, 19-40
and softening, 7-8, 7-12
and stabilization, 7-36–7-38
stripping, 6-10, 7-12, 14-6
Carbon monoxide, 19-40
Carbon sou
rce for microorganism, 22-2
Carbonaceous BOD (CBOD):
design SRT, 18-11
Carbonate:
alkalinity, 6-11–6-14
buffer system, 6-10–6-14
defined, 6-10
Carbonate hardness (CH):
bar chart of, 7-4
defined, 7-2, 7-3
formation of, 7-3
precipitation of, 7-8
Carbonic acid, 6-10
Carmen–Kozeny equation, 11-13
Carousel system, ion exchange, 8-13
Cascade aerator, 25-21
Casing, well, 4-4, 4-6–4-9, 4-34
Cas
ing materials, 4-6–4-7
Catabolic, 22-4
Catabolism, 22-6
Cationic polymer, 6-23, 15-28
Cavitation, pump, 3-21
C
D
:
paddle flocculator, 6-44, 6-45
particle, 10-3, 10-4, 11-17
See also Drag coefficient
Cell debris, fraction, 23-29
Cellular antennas, 17-31–17-32
Cellulose acetate (CA) membrane, 9-6
Cement grout, 4-8
Cementing shoe, 4-8, 4-9
Centrate, 15-36
Centrifugal pump, nonclog, 20-2
Centrifuging sludge, 15-16, 15-36–15-38,
27-54
CFD, 13-34, 20-33, 21-1
5
I-4 INDEX
CFR, see Code of Federal Regulations
CH, 7-2, 7-3
Chain-and-flight sludge collector, 10-21,
10-28, 21-4
Characteristics of particles, 6-3–6-5
Chemical compatibility, 5-14–5-15
Chemical delivery and handling:
dry, 5-2
liquid, 5-3
gas, 5-3
Chemical feeding s
ystems:
dry, 5-3–5-10
gas, 5-12–5-13
liquid, 5-10–5-12
Chemical oxidant demand, disinfection,
13-11
Chemical oxygen demand (COD),
defined, 18-7
Chemical storage:
dry, 5-3–5-5
gas, 5-7
liqui
d, 5-5–5-6
Chemical threats, 16-31
Chemically enhanced backwashing
(CEB), 11-30
Chemically enhanced primary treatment
(CEPT), 21-25
Chemotrophs, 22-2
Chick’s law, 13-13
Chick-Watson model, 13-14
Chloramines, 13-4–13-5, 13-8, 13-21
Chloride:
in drinking water, 2-24
in was
tewater, 18-9
Chlorination and chlorine, 13-2–13-4
Chlorinator, 5-12
Chlorine:
and ammonia reactions, 13-4–13-5,
13-11–13-12
and arsenic reactions, 14-2
demand, 13-11–13-12
disinfectant properties, 13-21
disinfection, 13-13
dose, 13-36
feed, 13-25, 13-29
weight percent, 13-25
and zebra m
ussels, 3-33
Chlorine dioxide, 13-2, 13-5, 13-9, 13-13,
13-21, 13-29
lower explosive limit, 13-5
Citric acid cycle, 22-6, 22-8
Clarifier:
circular, 21-4
defined, 10-2
horizontal flow, 10-10
reactor, 10-20
sludge blanket, 10-20
upflow, 10-9
See also Secondary settling tank;
Sedimentation basin; Settling tank
Class A pathogen requirements, 18-17,
27-24, 27-39
and
fine screens, 20-23
Class B pathogen requirements, 18-17,
18-18, 27-24, 27-28, 27-38
Clean Water Act (CWA), 18-12
Cleaning, membrane files, 23-98
Clean-in-place (CIP), 12-16, 15-9, 23-98
Clear well, 16-17, 16-18, 16-19, 16-25
Clorite, 13-9
Closed circuit television (CCTV), 16-34
Coagulants:
alum, 6-6, 6-14
recovery, 15-13–15-14
aluminum sulfate, 6-6, 6-14
characteristics, 6-5–6-6
ferric
chloride, 6-15
ferric sulfate, 6-15
inorganic, table of, 6-7
iron, 6-15
organic, table of, 6-7
polymers, 6-22, 6-23
selection of, 6-22
Coagulation:
aids, 6-23
and alkalinity, 6-11–6-16
chemistry, 6-10–6-22
of color, 6-22
and compression of double layer,
6-8–6-9
defined, 6-2
DLVO model, 6-5, 6-8, 6-9
and dose, 6-16–6-22
enhanced, 6-22
floc, 6-2
G and Gt values
, 6-26
mixing time, 6-26
and NOM, 6-2, 6-3, 6-22
and pH, 6-16–6-22
physics, 6-6–6-10
and polymer, 6-22, 6-23
and radionuclide removal, 14-21
sludge, 15-6–15-7, 15-11, 15-13–15-14
of softening precipitate, 7-27
sweep, 6-9, 6-16, 6-17, 6-26, 6-33
and turbidity, 6-22
Coarse screens,
intake structures, 3-10
wastewater treatment, 20-10–20-12,
20-17–20-20
Co
current flow, 8-10
Code of Ethics, 1-2–1-9
Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), 2-26,
18-13, 18-14–18-20
Codisposal of sludge, 15-51
Coefficient of variation (COV), 6-30
Cofiring of sludge, 27-59
Coliform:
group, 2-25
limits, 2-36
rule (CR), 2-36, 16-6
test, 2-25, 2-36
Colisure technique, 2-36
Color:
apparent, 2-23
coagulation of, 6-22
second
ary MCL, 2-37
and softening, 7-26
sources of, 2-23
Column pipe, pump, 3-17, 3-18, 4-4, 4-6
Combined available chlorine, 13-5
Combined sewer overflow (CSO), 18-4
Combined sewers, 18-4, 21-6
Comminutors, 20-24
Community sewer system, 18-7
Community water system (CWS), 2-29
Complete series analysis, 2-9–2-12
Completely mixed activated sludge, 23-5,
23-15–23-20
Completely mixed flow reactor (CMF),
23-5, 23-15–23-20
Completely stirred tank reactor (CSTR),
23-5, 23-15–23-20
Composting of sludge, 27-59
Compression settling, 10-2, 10-15–10-16,
1
5-7
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD),
13-34, 20-33, 21-15
Concentrate, membrane, 9-2, 12-2, 15-2,
15-3, 15-9
INDEX I-5
Concentrate, RO/NF, 9-9
Conceptual design, 1-10–1-16
Conditioning, sludge, 15-16, 27-2, 27-4,
27-52–27-53
Conduit, intake:
defined, 3-8
protection, 3-14
size, 3-11–3-12
slope, 3-15
Cone of depression, well, 4-16
Confined aquifer, 2-18–2-21
Confined space, 19-40
Confining layer (aquiclude), 2-19
Constant speed pump drive, 3-18
Construc
tion management:
-agent, 1-10
-at risk, 1-10
Construction process, 1-19–1-23
Contact chamber, disinfection, 13-29–13-36
Contact stabilization, 23-7
Continuity equation, 17-13
Continuous belt filter press (CBFP),
15-39–15-40, 27-55–27-56
Conventional filters, 11-3, 11-5,
26-5–26-8
Conventional pollutants, 18-9
Conventional treatment, 11-3, 11-5,
13-20, 23-2, 2
3-8
Copper in drinking water, 2-29
Corrosion, 7-34–7-38, 9-16–9-17
Cost estimates, 1-15
Countercurrent flow, 8-12
CR, 2-36, 16-6
Crane:
bridge, 19-34
circular bridge, 3-3
traveling, 3-4
Crib, intake 3-11
Cross-baffled contact chamber,
13-33–13-34
Cross collector, sludge, 10-21
Crown corrosion, 19-11
Crustaceans, 22-4
Cry
ptosporidium, 2-35, 13-19–13-21,
13-33, 15-8
Ct tables, Appendix D
CSO, 18-4
Ct:
concept, 13-14, 13-16
and pH, 13-16
and temperature, 13-16
values, tables of, Appendix D
Cumulative frequency distribution:
of sand, 11-5
Cyber threats, 16-31
Cycle time:
ion exchange, 8-19
m
embrane filtration, 12-16
DAF, 6-2, 15-17, 15-23, 27-18,
27-21–27-23
Day tank, 5-6
DBP, 2-34–2-35
DBP formation potential (DBPFP), 13-20,
13-23
DBPR, 2-34, 16-6
Death phase, log-growth curve, 22-11
Decanting, sludge, 15-28
Decay rate c oefficients, disinfection,
13-9
Dechlorination, 25-15–25-20
Decomposition of waste, 22-15–22-16
Deep bed filter, 11-5, 11-20, 11-44, 26-5,
26-8
Deep well injection, 15-44
Demand, water:
average, 2-6–2-8
defined, 2-2
maximum day, 2-7
peak hour, 2-7, 2-8
variation, 2-6–2-8
Denitrification:
anoxic, 22-3
anoxic decomposition, 22-16
growth kinetics, 22-21
microbiology, 22-19–22-21
and oxygen concentration, 22-21
processes, 23-40, 23-48–23-93, 26-9
and secondary s
ettling, 22-25
Density:
organic compounds, table of,
Appendix A
water, table of, Appendix A
Density currents, 10-20
Dental caries and fluoride, 2-24
Depressed sewer, 19-7
Design, final, 1-17–1-18
Design, preliminary, 1-16–1-17
Design-build, 1-10
Design capacity, 2-2
Design criteria:
A
2
/O™, 23-40, 23-75–23-86
aerated grit chamber, 20-33
aeration basins, 23-77, 23-80, 23-81
aerators, 23-53–23-54, 23-66–23-67,
23-82–23-83
aerobic digestion, 27-29–27-32
alkaline stabilization, 27-24–27-26
anaerobic digestion, 27-42–27-52
table of, 27-50
baffle wall, 6-37, 10-25
bar rack, 20-13, 20-17–20-18
biological phosphorus removal, 23-40
BOD oxidation and nitrifi
cation,
23-39
carbon adsorption, 26-13–26-14
carbonaceous BOD oxidation and
nitrification, 23-39
cascade aeration, 25-21
chain-and-flight sludge collectors,
10-21, 10-28
CO
2
and softening, 7-12, 14-6
contact chambers,
chlorine, 13-29–13-32
ozone, 13-33–13-35
denitrification, 23-40
denitrification filters, 26-9–26-10
diffuser wall, 10-25, 10-29, 10-33
disinfection, 13-36–13-42
tables, 13-20, 13-37
dissolved air flotation (DAF),
27-22–27-23
facultative oxidation ponds,
23-41–23-48
filters, gran
ular, 11-40–11-45,
26-6–26-10
tables, 11-40–11-45, 26-6–26-9
fine screens, 20-22–20-23
flash mixing for coagulation, 6-25,
6-26–6-36
flash mixing for softening, 7-28
flocculation basin, 6-37
flocculation for coagulation, 6-25,
6-36–6-48
Gt table, 6-37
flocculation for softening, 7-30
fluoridation, 13-44
grit chamber for wastewater, 20-33,
20-36
grit chamber for water intake, 3-3
2
I-6 INDEX
Design criteria:—(Cont.)
high-rater settlers, 10-33–10-35
impellers, 6-34
in-line blending, 6-27
in-line mechanical mixer, 6-27
in-line static mixer, 6-30
intake structures, 3-8–3-16
integrated fixed-film activated sludge
(IFAS), 24-14
ion exchange backwash, 8-16
ion exchange pressure drop, 8-16,
8-21
ion e
xchange regeneration, 8-19
ion exchange resin, 8-10, 8-11
life, 8-24
ion exchange vessel, 8-15, 8-20–8-21
lime stabilization, 27-24–27-26
magnesium hardness, 7-2, 7-3, 7-8–7-9
membrane array, 9-8, 9-10, 9-15
membrane bioreactors (MBR),
23-95–23-98
membrane element, 9-8, 9-15
membrane filters for wastewater,
26-10–26-12
membrane filters for water, 12-9, 12-18
moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBR),
24-14
nitrification, 23-39
oxi
dation ditch, 23-48–23-54
oxidation pond, 23-41–23-48
packed tower, 14-26
paddle flocculator, 6-44–6-49
table, 6-45
performance, 1-11, 1-12
phosphorus removal, 23-40, 26-3–26-5
prescriptive, 1-11
pressure, water distribution system,
17-9–17-10
rapid mixing for coagulation, 6-25,
6-26–6-36
rapid mixing for softening, 7-28
recarbonation ba
sin, 7-38
reverse osmosis/nanofiltration, 9-6, 9-9,
9-11–9-17
screw pumps, 20-3
sequencing batch reactor, 23-62–23-67
settling tanks, primary, 21-6–21-8, 21-11,
21-15–21-17, 21-20–21-24
settling tanks, secondary, 25-9–25-14
settling tanks, water, 10-25–10-38
tables, 10-26, 10-29, 10-33, 10-35
sludge lagoon, 15-25–15-27
static mixer, 6-30
stripping tower, 14-26
surface wash, 11-29
sewer, 19-12–19-20
thickner, 15-16, 15-21
traveling bridge sludge collector,
10-28, 10-29
trickling filter, 24-7
turbidity, 2-35–2-36, 11-2, 13-20
upflow solids contact basin,
7-30–7-32
well,
casing, 4-29
drawdown, 4-17
pump, 4-27
screen, 4-30–4-33
wet well, 3-16
Design-engineer/construction
manager, 1-10
Des
ign flow rates for:
commercial districts, 18-3, 18-4
domestic sources, 17-9, 18-3, 18-4
fire protection, 17-3–17-8
industrial sources, 18-2, 18-4
infiltration, 18-5–18-7
intake structures, 3-8
maximum day, 2-7, 18-5
minimum day, 18-5
peak hour, 2-7, 2-8, 18-5
primary
treatment, 21-6
secondary settling, 25-9
secondary treatment, 23-49, 23-62,
23-76, 23-95
variation, 2-6–2-8
Design life, 2-2–2-3, 18-2
Design period, 2-2, 2-3, 18-2
Detention time (t
o
):
activated sludge aeration tank, 23-17,
23-39
aerobic digester, 27-29
anaerobic digester, 27-38
biological nitrogen removal, 23-40
biological phosphorus removal, 23-40
coagulation, 6-25
defined, 6-25, 10-10
disinfection of water, 13-36
disinfection of wastewater, 25-17
feedwell, 21-15
flash mixing, 6-25
flocculation, 6-25
grit
chambers, 20-30
lime stabilization, 27-24
and mixing, 6-25
oxidation ponds, 23-43–23-44
primary settling tank, 21-2, 21-7
rapid mixing, 6-25
settling tank, water, 10-10, 10-13
high-rate, 10-34
and scale-up, 10-13
softening, 7-28–7-29
Dewatering sludge,
mechanical, 15-36–15-44
nonmechanical, 15-24–15-35
Dichlora
mine, 13-4, 13-11
Diffuse layer, particle, 6-3
Diffuser, coarse bubble. 27-30
Digester, heating, 27-46–27-50
Digester gas, 27-36, 27-40, 27-45
Digestion, stabilization of sludge,
27-4, 27-27–27-28,
27-33–27-34
Direct filtration, 11-5
Discharge, pump, 3-18
head, 3-18
pressure, 3-18
Disinfectant;
chemistry, 13-2–13-12
kinetics, 13-9–13-11
primary, 13-22, 13-23
properties, 13-21
secondary, 13-22, 13-23
selection, 13-21–13-23
Disinfection:
and bromide, 13-9, 13-22
byproducts (DBPs), 2-34–2-35,
13-8–13-9, 13-22
and Chick–Watson model, 13-14
and Chick’s law, 13-13
conta
ct facilities, 13-29–13-36, 13-41
emergency, 13-42
Hom-Haas model, 13-17
kinetics, 13-13–13-18
mechanisms, 13-12–13-13
practice, 13-18–13-36
reactors, 13-29–13-36, 13-41
regulatory context, 13-19–13-21
requirements, 2-36, 1
3-20
storage tanks, 17-38
wastewater, 25-15–25-20
water mains, 17-39
well, 4-13
INDEX I-7
Dissociation:
table of constants, Appendix A
of weak acids, Appendix A
Dissolved air flotation (DAF), 6-2,
15-17, 15-23, 27-18,
27-21–27-23
Dissolved organic carbon (DOC), 13-9
Dissolved oxygen (DO):
and denitrification, 22-21
and nitrification, 22-19
and oxidation, 22-17
and oxygen demand, 23-29
saturation, table of, Appendix
A
Distribution main, 17-2
Distribution system, 17-2, 17-10, 17-16,
17-20, 17-36
District, in distribution system, 17-2
DLVO model, 6-5, 6-8, 6-9
DNA and bacterial growth, 22-10
DOC, 13-9
Domestic:
sewage, 18-2
wastewater, 18-2, 18-3
wastewater characteristics, 18-7–18-10
Donnandialysis, 15-14
Drag coefficient (C
D
):
filter backwash, 11-17, 11-18
filter headloss, 11-13
paddle, 6-44, 6-45
settling, 10-3, 10-4
Drawdown:
confined aquifer, 2-19–2-20
estimation, 2-19–2-20, 4-17–4-26
unconfined aquifer, 2-21
Drilling methods, well, 4-5, 4-7, 4-8
Drive, pump:
adjustable frequency (afd), 3-18
constant speed, 3-18
variable frequency (vfd), 3-18
variable speed (vsd), 3-18
Drop manhole, 19-6
Dru
m screens, 20-21
Dry weather flow, 2-14, 18-6
Dry well, 19-7, 19-37
Drying bed, sludge, 15-28–15-35,
27-53–27-54
Dual media filter, 11-4, 11-7, 11-20–11-24,
11-42
Duration curve, 2-9–2-12
Dynamic equilibrium of microorganisms,
22-12
Dynamic viscosity:
water, table of, Appendix A
E, 8-10, 11-5, 11-7
EBCT, 8-14, 8-15, 26-3
Ec
onomic analysis, 1-15–1-16
Economic analysis primer, see Chapter 1
at text Web site
EDCs, 14-20
Effective size (E):
defined, 8-10, 11-5
of filter media, 11-7
of ion exchange resin, 8-10
of sand, 11-5
Efficiency, disinfection, 13-19–13-20
Effluent:
BOD, 18-3
limitations, 18-3
suspended solids, 18-3
E. histolytica, 13-16–13-17
Electrodialysis, 9-10
Electron acceptor and decomposition,
22-15–22-16
Electron carrier, 22-4
Electrophoresis, 6-3
Element, membrane, 9-8, 9-15
Emergency disinfection, 13-42
Empty bed contact time (EBCT):
carbon adsorption, 26-13
denitrification filter, 26-9
ion exchange, 8-14, 8-15
End products of waste decomposition,
22-9
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs),
14-20
Endogeneous decay, 22-7, 22-14
Energy capture, microbial, 22-4
Energy carrier, bacterial metabolism,
22-5
Energy dissipating inlet (EDI), 21-15
Energy loss coefficient (K):
defined,
3-20
table of, Appendix C
Energy source, microorganism, 22-2
Enhanced coagulation, 6-22, 12-14,
14-17
Enhanced lime softening, 14-5
Enmeshment of particles, 6-9
Environmental ethics, 1-7
Enzymes, 22-4
EPANET2, 17-37
Epi-DMA, 6-7, 6-23
Equalization basin:
air requirements, 20-43–20-44
appurtenances, 20-45
geometry, 20-42
location and
configuration, 20-37
mixing, 20-43–20-44
and primary sedimentation, 21-6
volume, 20-38
Equivalent length of pipe, 17-21–17-22,
Appendix C
Escherichia coli, 2-25, 13-13, 18-12,
22-3, 25-15
Estimating methods for softening, 7-25
Ethics:
environmental, 1-7
professional, 1-3–1-10
Exchange capacity, 8-5
Exogenous c
arbon, 22-20
Expanded porosity, 11-16–11-17
Explosion hazard, 13-5, 13-27,
27-44–27-45
Explosive limits for vapors, 13-5,
27-44–27-45
Exponential growth, log-growth curve,
22-11
Exposed intake, 3-5, 3-6, 3-18
Extended aeration, 23-8
Extreme-value analysis, 2-12
503 regulations, 18-14–18-21
Facultative:
anaerobe
s, 22-3
ponds , 23-2, 23-3, 23-14,
23 -41–23-46
thermophiles, 22-3
FAD, 22-6, 22-7
FADH, 22-7, 22-9
Fats, oils, and grease (FOG), 20-22
Fecal coliform group (FC):
in drinking water, 2-36
in wastewater, 18-12, 25-15
Fee structures, 1-6
Feedback control, 16-27
Feedforward control, 16-27
Feeding system
s, chemical, 5-3–5-13
Feedwell, settling tanks:
detention time, 21-15
energy dissipating inlet (EDI), 21-15
Fermentation and anaerobic
decomposition, 22-16, 27-34
I-8 INDEX
Fermentation tube method, 2-36
Ferric chloride:
as coagulant, 6-15, 6-22, 7-27
sludge, 15-7, 15-11, 15-14
and phosphorus removal, 6-22, 26-3
and softening, 7-27
Ferrous sulfate as coagulant, 6-7
Field bus, 16-30
Filamentous organisms, 22-24
Filter:
backwash sludge, 15-8, 15-
35
blocks, 11-26–11-27
box, 11-22
cake, 15-5, 15-16, 15-38, 15-40
cells, 11-22
continuous belt press, 15-16,
15-39–15-40, 27-55–27-56
deep-bed, 11-5, 11-44, 26-8
denitrification, 26-9
dimensions, 11-22–11-24
dual media, 11-4, 11-7, 11-20–11-24,
11-42, 26-6
grain size, 11-5–11-6
gullet, 11-33–11-34
headloss, 11-3, 11-36–11-37
hydra
ulics, 11-12–11-20
loading rate, 11-4, 11-41–11-44
maturation, 11-3
media properties, 11-7, 11-24
See also Membrane: Microfiltra-
tion and Ultrafiltration
number of, 11-21
press, 15-6, 15-40–15-42, 27-4, 27-57
rapid sand, 11-4, 11-13–11-20
ripening, 11-3
run, 11-3
slow sand, 11-4
support, 11-26–11-28
trimedia, 26-7
and turbidity, 11-2, 11-3
type, selection of, 11-20
underdrains, 11-26–11-28
vacuum, 15-16, 15-38
washwater,
pressure, 11-29
rate, 11-29
recycle, 11-46
troughs, 11-22, 11-30–11-31
to waste, 11-39
wastewater, 11-39
Filtration:
contact, 11-5
conventional, 11-5
direct, 11-5
in-line, 11-5
and iron removal, 14-13
and manganese removal, 14-13
mechanisms, 11-9–11-12
rate, 11-4, 11-41–11-44
roughing, 11-5
Final clarifier,
see Secondary settling tank
Final d
esign, 1-10, 1-17–1-19
Financing projects, 1-19
Fine screens, 20-21–20-23, 21-26
Finger baffle, 21-21
Fire protection: and anaerobic digesters,
27-44–27-45
flow rates, 17-3–17-8
needed fire flow (NFF), 17-6
sprinkler systems, 17-3–17-6
First-order reaction, disinfection, 13-9
Fish protection, 3-33–3-34
Fitting headlosses, 3-20
table of, Appendix C
Flash mixer, 6-26–6-36
Float shoe, 4-8, 4-9
Floc:
activated sludge, 23-3
coagulation, 6-2, 6-22, 6-23
defined, 6-2
settling, 6-24, 10-12–10-15
Flocculation:
absorption and destabilization, 6-9,
6-16, 6-17, 6-25, 6-26
aids, 6-23
ballasted, 6-23, 10-16, 10-23–10-25
basin, 6-37–6-41
centerwell, 21-14
chemical sequence, 6-24
define
d, 6-3
DLVO model, 6-5
double layer compression, 6-8–6-9
Gt values, 6-26, 7-30
orthokinetic, 6-23
perikinetic, 6-23
and softening, 7-28–7-30
sweep, 6-9, 6-16, 6-17
velocity gradient (G), 6-24–6-25
and water temperature, 6-37
Flocculator design, 6-41–6-49
Flotation of tanks, 21-8–21-11
Flotation thickening of sludge, 6-2, 15-17,
15-23, 27-18, 27-21–27-23
Flow apportionment, filters, 11-35
F
low balance, 8-12
Flow distribution, 21-20–21-21
Flow equalization, 20-2, 20-36–20-45
Flow measurement,
location, 20-8–20-9
magmeter, 20-8
Parshall flume, 20-8
Flow rate, see Design flow rate
Flow splitting box, 21-4, 21-11–21-12
Fluidized bed reactor (FBR), 14-19
Fluoridation,
chemistry, 13-42–13-43
dose, 13-44
feed systems, 13
-44
safety, 13-45
and softening, 13-45
and TOC removal, 13-45
Fluoride in drinking water, 2-24, 13-44
Fluorosilicic acid, 13-42–13-44
Fluorosis, 2-24
Flux:
batch, 15-18, 15-19
granular filter, see Filtration rate
limiting, 25-4
MF/UF, 12-5
NF/RO, 9-5–9-6
solids, 15-18, 15
-19
Foaming on aeration tank, 22-25
Food to microorganism ratio (F/M),
23-35–23-36
Footprint, equipment, 20-3
Force main, 19-2, 19-6
design, 19-31
Fouling, membrane, 9-8, 9-9, 12-6–12-8
irreversible, 12-6
reversible, 12-6
Fraction of nitrifying organisms (f
N
),
23-19
Frazil ice, 3-31–3-33
Free available chlorine, 13-2, 13-3
Freeboard, 6-36, 6-44, 10-26, 11-31,
21-11, 21-20
Freeze treatment of sludge, 15-35
Frequency of occurrence, hydrologic, 2-8,
2-12–2-15