Trent E.M., Wright P.K. Metal Cutting
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443
general observations, 271
of gun metal, 265
improvement in, 315
of iron, 269
of magnesium, 252
of nickel and nickel alloys, 296
non free-cutting, 271
of steel, 270-290, 339
of titanium and titanium alloys, 303
of zirconium, 307
Machined surfaces, 47
Machining, of cast iron, use of ceramic tools, 229
of steel, built-up edge in, 291
Magnesium, machinability of, 252
oxide, 227
tool forces, 252
Manganese sulphide, 283
in free machining steels, 278
Martensite, 134
Merchant’s analysis, 62, 374, 417
Metal cutting industry, 1-8
Metallographic methods for measurement of tem-
perature distribution, 116-130
Metallography, 120
Metals and alloys, forces in cutting, 57-60
Metal-transfer, 92
Micro-hardness methods for measurement of
temperature distribution, 116
Microstructure in steel tools, changes in, 116-120
Milling, 14, 377
cutting fluid for, 313
Milling cutters, 14, 377
design, 16, 17
Minimum energy theory, 62-65, 67-69
Modeling, 371-410, 416, 417
finite elements, 385
Nanolayers, 214, 414
Negative rake angle, 11, 216
Nickel, alloys, 296
in aluminum bronze, 266
bonding with carbides, 296-301
machinability of, 296, 315, 319
tool forces, 296-303
Niobium carbide, 205
Non-metallic inclusions influence on tool wear,
160, 415
Nose of tool, 10, 50-54
Notching wear, 161
Optical interferometry, 184
Optical microscopy, 31
Orthogonal cutting, 22
Oxidation of tools, 325
Oxley’s analysis, 66, 374, 417
P series, in ISO classification, 182, 207
Parting off, 14
Pattern of flow, 21, 105
Photoelasticity, 85-94
Physical vapor deposition, 167-173, 211-215
Planing, 16
Plastic deformation, 73
under compressive stress, 153-154
by shear at high temperature, 150-152
Powder metallurgy processing, 167
liquid-phase sintering technology, 176
Precipitation hardening, 140
Proof stress, 146
Properties of high-speed steels, 144-150, 167
PVD, see Physical vapor deposition, 211-215,
224, 412
Quick-stop method, 35
results, 36-38, 262, 266, 349
Radiation methods in tool-temperature measure-
ment, 116
Radiation pyrometer, 116
Radio-activity, use on wearing surfaces of tools,
166
Rake angle, 10, 128, 129
Rate of metal removal, 11
Reaming, 11
Red hardness, 132-140, 146
Rowe-Spick analysis, 67-73, 374, 417
Scanning electron microscope, see SEM, 24
Segmented chip, 352
Seizure at the tool/work interface, 40
influence of lubricants, 232
occurrence, 40, 92-94
wear under conditions of, 40, 158, 193
Selenium as additive, 293
Self-hardening tool steel, 138
SEM, 25, 208
Serrated chip, 352
Shape of chip, 25, 341, 352
Shaping and planing, 16
Shear at high temperature, 347
444 INDEX
Shear plane, 22, 426
definition, 27
force on, 58
heat generated on, 98
stress on, 58-62
Shear plane angle, definition, 27, 426
measurement, 26
relation to chip thickness, 27, 60
relation to shear strain, 28, 72
relation to tool forces, 58-62
Shear strain, 27
in built-up edge, 43
in cratering, 150-154
in flow-zone, 92, 105
in relation to shear plane angle, 28, 99, 352
Shear stress on tool, 62, 79
Shear yield strength, 59
Shearing force, 58, 92-96, 341
Si
3
N
4
, see Silicon nitride
Sialon, 231
Silicates, effect on machinability of steel, 308,
415-416
Silicon, in aluminum alloys, 255
Silicon carbide whiskers, 230
Silicon nitride, 231
Skiving, 19
Sliding wear, conditions, 161
occurrence at tool/work interface, 161
Slip-stick action in cutting of steel, 352-365
Solid phase welding, 38, 95
Spear Mermaid, 133
Specific gravity of cemented carbides, 180
Speed of cutting, 210, 339-369
and temperature, 271
Spheroidal graphite irons, 294-296
Spheroidized steel, structure of, 273
Spray deposition, 168
Steel, de-oxidation, 415
free-machining, 293
heat treatment, 271
high-speed cutting, 339, 369
properties, 271
structure and composition, 279
machinability of, 270-290, 339
need for coolants in machining, 315-338
non free-cutting, 271
self-hardening, 132-134
turning speeds for, 308
use for cutting, 175-180
Steel cutting grades of carbide,
advantages, 283
hardness and compressive strength, 207
properties of, 205
Strain, 28, 343
compressive, 352
distribution, 105, 352-356
in flow-zone, 105
proof, 146
on shear plane, 27-28
Strain rate, 28, 343
Stresses on tools, 57-62, 80-95, 403
Sulphur, in free-cutting steels, 287
Super Hydra, 133
Surface damage, 49-54
Surface finish, 47, 330, 379, 399
Syndite, 236
TaC, 205
Tantalum carbide, 202
Tapping, cutting fluid for, 313
Taylor equation, 164, 373
Taylor tool-life curves, 165, 373
Tellurium, in free-cutting steels, 278
TEM, see Transmission electron microscopy , 233
Temperature, of body of chip, 98-100, 402
changes in chip formation, 102
contours, 118-129, 247, 248, 251
and cutting speed, 270-272
distribution, in tools, 121-130, 251-309, 317-
320
measurement, 114
effects of, 97, 161-162
generated during cutting of nickel, 319
gradients in tools, when cutting titanium alloys,
304-305
heat flowing from flow-zone, 105
interface, 102
measurement of, 114-130
Terminology, 1, 9, 50-54
Tests, fracture toughness, 147
tranverse rupture, 147
Thermal conductivity, 243
Thermal fatigue, 343
Thermal infinite element, 392
Thermocouple, tool/work, 114
445
Thermocouples, inserted, in tool-temperature mea-
surement, 116
Thermoelectric e.m.f., 114
Thermoplastic shear band, 108
Threshold speed, 357
Throw-away tool tips, 215-223
alumina, 227
Titanium and its alloys, machinability of, 210,
303, 361
tool forces, 361-364
Titanium carbide, TiC, 202, 210
in cemented carbide, 182, 202, 210
coatings on tools, 211-216
inclusions in steel, 160
properties, 202-206, 210
TiC-Ni alloys, 211
Titanium nitride, TiN, 413
Titanium oxide, 227
Tool angles, clearance angle, 10, 11
definitions, 9-12
rake angle, 10, 11
Tool clearance face, heat flow, 314-315
Tool forces, 364
Tool geometry, 10, 11
Tool life, 50, 149, 163, 186, 223, 248, 400
abrasive wear, 159, 162, 200
attrition wear, 157, 162, 195
cubic boron nitride, 184
curves, Taylor, 373
diffusion wear, 155, 162, 188
increasing, 50-54, 162
plastic deformation under compressive stress,
153, 162, 186
plastic deformation by shear at high tempera-
ture, 150-152, 162, 186
tests, 163
wear under sliding conditions, 161, 162
Tool materials, ceramic and ultra-hard, properties
of, 227-250
and cutting speeds, 401
Tool temperatures, copper and brass, 260
cutting iron and steel, 269-274, 316
cutting nickel, 319
and cutting speed, 129, 400
cutting titanium, 305, 361
distribution of, 121-130, 316, 319
heat sources, 97-113
influence of coolants, 316-338
measurement, 114
Tool tips, 401
alumina, 227
indexable inserts, 215-225
throw-away, 216
Tools,
carbon steel, 133-138
stresses on, 57-62
temperature distribution in, 123-130
tungsten carbide-cobalt, performance of, 186
Tool/work thermocouple, 114, 322, 402
method, 116
Tooth load, 16
Toughness of tool materials, 147, 148, 181, 207,
228
Transmission electron microscopy, 34, 41, 194,
233
Transverse rupture strength, cemented carbide,
180
ceramics, 228
high speed steel, 147
Tungsten, in high speed steel, 143
Tungsten carbide, 175, 186
grain size, 177-187
properties, 182
Tungsten carbide-cobalt alloys, 176, 209
compressive strength, 180
fracture toughness tests, 181-183
hardness, 180
properties, 209
structure, 175-180
Tungsten carbide-cobalt tools, abrasive wear, 200
attrition wear, 195
cratering of, 188
diffusion wear, 188
flank wear in, 50, 162
fracture in, 200
performance of, 209
thermal fatigue in, 201
Tungsten/chromium tool steels, 139
Tungsten-titanium-tantalumcarbidealloys,bonded
with cobalt, 202-205
performance of tools, 205-209
structure and properties, 206
Turning, 9-12
cutting fluid for, 313
446 INDEX
Turning speeds for steel, 270-290
Turning tool, features, 12
Ultra-hard tool materials, properties of, 227
Vanadium, in high speed steels, 143
Vanadium carbide, 140-144
Vapor deposition, 169
Vickers diamond pyramid indentation hardness
test, 118
Vickers Hardness, 118
Vickers pyramidal diamond, 118
Water-based coolants, 312
Water-based cutting fluids, 312
Water-based lubricants, 312
Water fittings, production of, using copper-based
alloys, 261
Water-miscible cutting fluids, 312-322
Wayland Smith, 133
Wear, abrasive, 159, 162, 200
attrition, 157, 162, 195
diffusion, 155, 162, 188
effect of lubricants on, 260
flank, 50, 162
grooving, 161, 162
notching, 161
resistance, 162
resistant coatings, by physical vapor deposition,
169, 211, 412
under sliding conditions, 161, 162
of tool edge, 50, 162, 365
in tungsten carbide-cobalt tools,186, 188, 202
Web, 13
Whiskers, silicon carbide, 230
Work hardening, 49, 292
YAG, 233
Young’s modulus,
cemented carbide, 177-187
high speed steel, 144
Yttria, 233
Yttrium-aluminum garnet, 233-235
Zinc, alloyed with copper, 261
Zirconium, machinability of, 307
oxide, 230