Suk-in Chang. Modern Conversational Korean
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
330
Modern
Conversational
Korean
8)
o]
9)
<%
10)
4.
Read
the
paragraphs
below
and
then
answer
the
questions.
2)
^
3)
^i.
4)
H^.
5)
^oH'dsi
-^-fr
sfl
331
Appendix
Pronunciation
And
Articulation
Figure
1.
Vocal
Apparatus*
1.
nasal
cavity
2.
lips
3.
teeth
4.
alveolar
ridge
5.
hard
palate
6.
soft
palate
(velum)
7.
uvula
8.
blade
(tip)
of
the
tongue
9.
front
(top)
of
the
tongue
10.
back
of
the
tongue
11.
root of
the
tongue
12.
epiglottis
13.
vocal
chords
14.
wind
pipe
15.
esophogus
16.
pharynx
wall
15
1
Based
on
Ho
(1981)
and
Ladefoged
(1978).
332
Modern
Conversational
Korean
Vocalization
Of
Vowels
In
hangul
the
phonetic
value
of
some
vowels
and
consonants
change;
that
is,
they
are
composed
of
more
than
one
sound
or
phoneme.
Those
which
change
are
complex
consonants
and
vowels
(diphthongs),
and
those
which
do
not
change
are
simple
vowels
and
consonants;
that
is,
they
are
composed
of
a
single
sound
or
phoneme.
It
should
be
noted
that
complexity
of
pronunciation
is
not
related
to
complexity
of
writing.
Table
7.
Complexity
of
Korean
Phonemes
Vowek
SingleSounds
VH
Diphthong?
>
=1
Consonants
Single
Sounds
-ii-
Complex
Sounds
A^
1]
fl
-4
4
-rl
-J|
ea
eb
ha
*
In
modern
spoken
Korean
l-r\l
is
sometimes
enunciated
as
a
single
vowel
(e.g.
^,
^),
4}),
and
in
other
cases
as
a
dipthong
(e.g.
-?1,4|).
The
pronunciation
of
the
ten
simple
vowels
is
based
on
the
front/back
position
of
the tongue,
the
height
of
the
tongue,
the
openness
of
the
mouth,
and
the
shape
of
the
lips
as
shown
in
Figure
2
and
Table
8.
Roundness
of
the
Lips
unrounded
< >
rounded
■5
closed
o
2
5
O
I
open
high
ffi
mid
O
front
central
low
g
->
back
Position
of
the
Tongue
Figure
2.
Triangular
Representation
of
Vowels
Appendix
333
Table
8.
Condensed
Table
for
the
Vocalization
of
Korean
Vowels
Classification
Letters
Position
of
the
Tongue
F
(Front
Vowels)
1
fl
fl
~4
-r\
C
(Central
Vowels)
}
—
B
(Back
Vowels)
t
-L-
i
Height
of
the
Tongue
H
(High Vowels)
1
—
T
-ri
M
(Mid
Vowels)
fl
-1
J-
L
(Low
Vowels)
fl
y
-)
Openness
of
the
Mouth
O
(Open
Vowels)
V
HO
(Half-Open
Vowels)
fl
H
HC
(Half-Closed
Vowels)
fl
-I
J-
C
(Nearly
Closed
Vowels)
1
—
t
-r|
Roundness
of
the
Lips
R
(Rounded
Vowels)
-p
-•}
a.
-rl
S
(Spread-Out
Vowels)
y
1
—
1
fl
fl
Table
9.
Articulation
of
Korean
Consonants*
Place
of
Articulation
b
uh
sl
u
Bilabial
Articulated
by
closing
or
partly
closing
the
lips,
as
the
English
m,
and
b.
n
xx.
i=
a
Alveolar
Uttered
with
the
tip
of
the
tongue
touching
<**
&
t-
or
near
the
upper
alveola
similar
to
English
t,
d, n,
and
s.
X
7**
X
Palatal
Articulated
with
the
tongue
pressing
against
the
palate
(roof
of
the
mouth).
i
77
=7
o
Velar
Formed
with
the
back
of
the
tongue
on
or
near
the
soft
palate;
g
in
good,
k
in
cup.
^
Glottal
Articulated
in
the
epiglottis.
334
Modern
Conversational
Korean
Table
9.
Continued
uu
2L
n
h
-i
77
Manner
of
Articulation
Stop
Articulated
with
a
complete
obstruction
of
the
passage
of
breath,
similar
to
English
p,
fc,
t,
d,
k
and
g.
A
sound
produced
when
the
breath
stream
is
completely
stopped
and
then
released
for
example
the
t
plus
sh
in
churn
or
the
/
in
judge.
Articulated
by
forcing
the
breath
through
a
constricted
passage,
as
in
English
s
and
sh.
A
(O
U
1-
O
xx.
77
Affricate
Fricative
Liquids
flap
lateral
Nasal
Articulated
by
rounding
and
trilling
the
tip
of
the
tongue.
Articulated
breath
passing
along
one
or
both
sides
of
the
tongue.
Articulated
by
lowering
the
soft
palate
so
that
air
is
exhaled
through
the
nose,
as
in
sounding
m,
n,
and
ng.
Additional
Characteristics
i
Lax
Sounds
Articulated
without
effort.
Tense
sounds
The
glottis
is
nearly
closed
and
sound
is
then
released
all
at
once.
^
Aspriated
Breath
is
forced
through
a
constricted
passage
as
in
fricative
above.
o
t
Voiced
Articulated
with
vibration
of
the
vocal
cords.
*
Based
on
Yi
(1950)
and
Ho
(1981).
t
All
other
Korean
consonants
are
voiceless,
except
lax
sounds
between
vowels
and
after
nasal
and
liquid
sounds.
Appendix
335
Table
10.
Condensed
Table
for
Articulation
of
Korean
Consonants
Bilabial
Alveolar
Palatal
Velar
Glottal
LTAVLTA
VLTAVLTAVLTAV
Stop
tiBB
Ji
Utt
E
"1
T/E
Affircative
*>
**
*
Fricative
A^
-er
Liquid
flap
a(r)
lateral
s
(1)
Nasal
n
i—
o
L
=
Lax;
T
=
Tense;
A
=
Aspirate;
V
=
Voiced.
337
References
Buzo,
Adrian
Early
Korean
Writing
Systems,
Transactions
of
the
Royal
Asiatic
Society,
Korea
Branch,
1980,
55,
35-60.
Ch'oe,
Hy5n-bae[a)3M].-fiM
■£■&.
Seoul:
^-§-*h
1971.
Ho,
Ung
[
*]-§-].
mm
Hmm.
Seoul:
3**1-
1979.
Ho,
Ung
[*)-§-].
<i!<H*J-
(zl
tfl^M-
HMO-
Seoul:
^
-Sr^M-,
1981.
Kim,
Mun-su
[
^^r
].
mm
Sfc^ffe
.
Seoul:
jle=|
tH^M
**+,
1973.
Kim,
Sang-gi
[
^^7]
].
Communication^
,*fiJ*Hr
%S
ifc^i*,
W±
*&lfe^:,
Sdl:±»K
ifeW**^,
1976.
Klein,
Edward
F.,
Romanization
of
Korean:
Problems,
Experiments,
Suggestions.
In
McCann,
D.R.,
Meddleton,
J.,
&
Shuetz,
E.R.,
Studies
on Korea
in
Transition,
Honolulu:
Center
for
Korean
Studies,
University
of
Hawaii,
1979.
Ladefoged,
Peter.
A
Course
in
Phonetics,
NY:
Harcourt
Brace
JovanovicH
1975.
New
World
Comprehensive
Korean-English
Dictionary,
The.
Seoul,
Korea:
Si-Sa-Yong-O-Sa,
1979.
Park
Ch'ang-hai,
and
Pak,
Ki-dok
[
«+**«.
*W3
].
Korean
I:
An
Intensive
Course,
Seoul:
*^
°A^±.9
1973.
Park
Ch'ang-hai
[
^^*fl
]
An
Intensive
Course
In
Korean
Book
I,
Seoul;
Yonsei
University
Press,
1965.
Park
Yong-tuk
[
*HJ--^].
Speaking
Korean
I.
Seoul:
nfle)*^
«ov^j
M$
,
1979.
Sae
Hangul
Dictionary.
Hangul
Hak
Hoe
*]•£-,
Seoul:
^
°^1-.
Sanford, A.
Schane
Generative
Phonology,
Englewood-Cliffs,
NJ:
Prentice-Hall,
1973.
Yi
Hui-sung
[
m&M
]
mmmmm,,
Seoul:
K*«gg
,
1950.
Yi
Kye-sun
[
$^ll@].
Electidsm
^s.
H^V
fl
1
^,
11."
^-i-
tfl«l-jL,
1976.
339
Index
Active
Verbs
(AV),
7
Distinguished
from
Descriptive
Verbs
31, 63,
73,
75,
78
95, 97,
102,
123,
219,
233,
250
Adverbs
13,
45,
53,
57,
135,
148, 166,
177,
204,
212, 225, 236,
310
Adverbials
°]%n]
152
Causative
Verbs
-*M4
228
Compound
Nouns
91,
236
Compound
Particles
-
a\]^r
135
-oils.
134
-°iMt
135
-<HM.5L
135
Compound
Verbs
AVS
°\/°]
/°\
J2_4
204
AVSor/<HH
^4
102
DVSor/°1/^
*14
159
Conjunctions
711471-
287
JiefljE.
315
^JH
160,200
=^A
245
^8*1
ni
112
zl^\jl
98
Connective
Verb
Suffixes
AVS-Ml
186
DVS
W-S-tfl
186
-(.S.H4
326
-
(A)
«l
181
-(o.)njs]4
182
-
W)^
#5J4
182
-
(A)
^
322
-of/o-l/o^
*]
200,282
-°\/°\M
5-
304.
315
—
o)-/<^|/c^
o):
••'-'
.••;
-^1DJ:
111
159,
84,
193,
270,
,
81,
200,
115,
203,
282,
Days
of
the
Week
91
Copula
17,22,44.
Counting
Money
72
Declarative
Sentence
Ending
-
H
}J\v\
7
Descriptive
Verbs
(DV)
7,
141
Distinguished
from
Active
Verbs
52,
53, 62, 63,
124,
135,
141,
163,
169/200,201
Exclamations
10,
39,
145,
200,
204
Exclamatory
Endings
--J-J&.
7,178,241
-
M]
A
241
-TH-fiL
325
-RMJ.S.
325
Formal
Verb
Ending
73
Future
Tense
Insert
81
Honorific
Insert
77
Idiomatic
Expressions
$J]
°J°1^J4^1-
263
^•°r
^Ml-S-
179
^
DiMHr
4
^1]44
205
-4
7hH
148
-*l-aL
7J-0]
H8
■S
^r
Siti4|5.
254
Imperative
Sentence
Ending
-
(A)
^^\S-1
Indirect
Quotations
-4jl
%\x\
281
-4jl
f-^4
291
-cflA
315
-.(o|)E)-JL
§1-4
196
-M)bI1A
314
Informal
Verb
Endings
7,
30
Interrogative
Sentence
Endings
-
y
i]
7?\
7
-^/-gr
7f_&.
276
-
4iL
277
Irregular
Verbs
je.h.4
124
•i-4
249
til-tiH^
199