Suk-in Chang. Modern Conversational Korean
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150
Modern
Conversational
Korean
2)
^i/44
3)
Adding
Sounds
1.
Adding
i-
:
When
syllables
starting
with
o
follow
syllables
ending
with
the
voiced
consonants
n
,
il,
e,
or
o
,
the
helping
sound
*-
is
added.
Note
that
no
change
occurs
in
the
spelling.
Examples:
Spelling
Pronunciation
Meaning
a
blanket
quilt
made
of
cotton
batting
Seoul
Station
night
job
•i-^
—
^M=
liquid
medicine
2.
Adding
«
:
Syllables
which
precede
^,
*],
or
nfl
and
end
in
vowels
take
u
as
the
helping
sound.
In
the
following
examples
the
spelling
also
includes
the
added
sound.
Examples:
Separate
Parts
Spelling
Meaning
^
^
-*
^r^
hulled
rice
°fl
it
-»
^^
nonglutinous
rice
Mutinous
rice
new
rice
o|
rxj)
_♦
ojtc|)
this
time
^
«fl
-»
^
«H
that
time
3.
Adding
a
:
1)
Syllables
which
precede
-i,
n,
a
,
a
and
^
and end
in
vowels
take
a
as
the
helping
sound.
The
effect
is
to
make
a
tense
sound
out
of
-i,
e,
b
,
a
or
*
.
In
the
following
words
the
spelling
also
includes
the
added
sound.
Examples:
Separate
parts
Spelling
Meaning
vfl
7(-
-*
vg
7\
a
riverside
Lesson
38
151
sl
-§-
—
^-§-
the
ridge
of
the
nose
-71
^r
-*
^^
the
inner
ear
^
-I:
-
*-!:
candlelight
*]-
^V
—*
^^
a
cup
2)
Syllables
which
precede
the
voiced
sounds
t-
,
e,
u, o
,
and
end
in
vowels
also
take
the
helping
sound
a
.
The
effect
on
pronunci
ation
however,
is
to
change
the
a
to
i-
.
Examples:
Separate
Parts
Spelling
Pronunciation
Meaning
M~t-
°A
-*
*+5-
Si
-♦
M~S-
^
leaves
of
a
tree
3L
^
-*
-5*
^
-^^-^
ridge
of
the
nose
:2.
Jnefl
-►
^-
j^efl
-♦
-3-
^^
a
nasal
sound
*HSI
-►
38
Si
-♦
tf
^
a
sesame
leaf
4.
Adding
*
:
Aspiration
is
added
under
certain
circumstances,
es
pecially
when
the
voiced
t-
,
a,
n,
or
o
precede
the
unvoiced
-i
,
n,
or
«
.
The
pronunciation
is
reflected
in
the
spelling
of
the
compound
word.
Examples:
Separate
Parts
Spelling
Meaning
a
hair
(of
the
head)
°xJ-
A
—
°J-
^fl
a
female
dog
°J:
*
-*
°J:
*
the
inside
and
outside.
152
39.
^
3}
Interview
Cho
Ch'5l-su
went
to
the
university
to
see
the
dean.
how
(Note
108)
May
I
help
you?
(Lit:
How
did
you
come?)
a
dean
in
order
to
(Note
109)
I
came
here
to
meet
the
dean.
after,
later
(Note
96:
Lesson
32)
about
(Note
110)
He's
in
a
meeting.
It
will
finish
in
about
fifteen
minutes.
Thank
you.
Well
then,
I'll
wait
here
a
while.
Grammar
Notes
Note
108.
°]%A
adverbial
how
A)
The
descriptive
verb
<H^^
has
been
previously
studied
in
Lesson
llyand
17.
H-)
Other
adverbs
can
also
be
formed
out
of
descriptive
verbs
by
adding
-71]
to
the
verb
stem.
That
is,
an
adverbial
is
formed
when
the
suffix
-
A
is
attached
to
the
descriptive
verb
stem.
Examples:
Basic
Verb
VS
+
A
Meaning
how
<*!]««_
711
beautifully
7]*±7]]
happily,
cheerfully
inexpensively
expensively
Lesson
39
153
How
do
you
spend
the
day?
<H
"4
*1
*
*
H
77V
?
How
do
you
say
(this)
?
7}
s_*l
*fl
-SL.
Please
teach
it
that
way.
5U*1
-3-^RM^-.
I
enjoy
my
studies.
(Lit:
I
study
in
terestingly)
I
found
a
bargain.
(Lit:
I
buy
cheaply).
It's
a
bargain.
(It's)
so
pretty.
(I)
had
a
good
time.
Note
109.
AVS
+(.£.)
^
verb
suffix
for
the
purpose
of:
in
order
to
7\)
The
verb
suffix
-(^.)
^
indicates
purpose
and
is
always
followed
by
7\v\
(to
go),
$jo\
(to
come),
or
^H^-
(go
to
and
from)
or
their
compounds.
*+)
AVS
+
(^_)
v\
expresses
the
purpose
of
the
coming
or going.
Examples:
I
come
here
to
work
everyday.
I
came
to
meet
a
friend.
I'm
going
to
school
to
study.
What
did
you
come
to
do
in
Korea?
He
goes
back
and
forth
to
work.
He
goes
to
(school)
to
learn
Korean.
-^-^
HM
He
came
into
the
room
to
eat
lunch.
Note
110.
-
^r
suffix
about:
some
7\)
-
^
is
added
to
nouns
to
denote
an
approximation
of
time
or
quantity.
Examples:
vfl
o_)s,
*&^a]
cf.
Let's
meet
tomorrow.
1
Al
7JHlr
7lt^-^<H^..
I
waited
about
an
hour.
"JJ^r
-T-
^^
°>^^-.
I
drink
about
two
bottles
of
beer.
4)
Two
words
similar
to
3r
are
the
prefixes
IV
-
and
*-}
-.
Examples:
tr
10^:
^^-2..
It
takes
about
ten
minutes.
^
30^^
7lx+^<H^-.
I
waited
about
30
minutes.
154
Modern
Conversational
Korean
-
^may
be
used
with
the
prefix
-<$,
-th
for
emphasis.
Examples:
^-S..
It
takes
about
ten
minutes.
7lcf5i<H.SL.
I
waited
about
thirty
minutes.
nWi
I
drink
about
two
bottles
of
beer.
Pattern
Practice
Additional
Vocabulary
*fl^^V^-
to
solve
■iroj
Af
a
vice-consul
to
get
a
job
an
electric
fan
s
:
l.
jL7]:
2.
3.
1)
1)
3)
2)
2)
2
)
a
person
in
charge
to
repair
iron
(for
ironing
clothes)
3)
3)
4
.
3)
S
I
2)
15-S-
5.
Lesson
39
st:i5*
sa:
^
155
2)
3)
and
-f-
become
and
Changes
In
Initial
Sound
We
have
seen
that
e
is
a
consonant
which
changes
its
sound
fre
quently
according
to
the
context;
that
is,
it
can
be
either
I
or
r.
In
the
initial
position
it is
either
silent
or
changed
to
*-
(n)
except
in
borrowed
words
where
l/r
is
the
initial
sound.
1)
In
the
initial
position
of
a
word
af
•T-»
respectively.
a
paradise
an
old
person
a
tall
building
is
silent
in
the
initial
sounds
of
good
history
studying
away
from
home
3)
i-
becomes
silent
as
an
initial
sound
in
4HE—•••fc*
2)
tomorrow
a
thesis,
treatise
and
&\.
conscience
cooking
a
haircut
,
14
,
and
tt
with
the
exception
of
such
borrowed
words
as
news
Of
-^1).
^
^V-*
^
^1-
woman
^
Bi
-*
^
5^
age
(of
a
person)
4)
Words
of
foreign
origin:
radio
«^1°>
Russia
156
40.
A
Brush
with
Grammar
1.
Translate
the
suggested
English
word
for
each
of
the
sentences
below
and
fill
in
the
blanks;
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
^^t(
HI
^^^f
£\*
32.^
(
)
<>\)
^
*£o]
3J^
Si^M
4.
(inside)
^H^-^
^J
( )
ch]
^]>
(interior;
outside)
nr-S-^-cr
*fl
(
)°11
^1'
^1
(
)<5fl
£J*V7]-
il^1
(right
side;
left
side)
:l-7f
Si^H^.
(front)
rM1^.
(center)
HI
Sl^1-!^.
(beside)
<Hi
*_}-
^i^g^o|
7?]^ji^i4.
(between)
U4r^l^?
(behind)
>|
5i^q
cf.
(the
very
bottom)
Mjl,
oM^l-fe-
(
HI
3p*M^.
U
^
cf.
(beside)
2.
Tell
about
the
various
locations
you
see
in
the
picture
below.
Lesson
40
157
3.
Answer
the following
questions:
2)
3)
5)
6)
7)
4.
Fill
in
the
blanks.
.
10*(
Elongation
Of
Vowels
As
seen
in
the
introduction
(page
4
),
the
meaning
of
some
words
changes
with
the
length
of
the
vowel.
Below
are
some
additional
examples
of
the
same
phenomenon.
Short
Long
■i-
»1
oyster
eye
horse
night
foot,
leg
field
tooth
*
cave
snow
speech
chestnut
a
bamboo
blind
bee
two
158
41.
U^
*8
%
Living
In
Korea
It's
now
six
months
since
John
Doe
came
to
Korea.
How
are
you
spending
your
time
these
days?
grace;
assistance
(Note
111)
very
I'm
getting
along
fine.
(Lit:
Due
to
your
gracious
assistance...)
to
live
verbal
suffix
(Note
112)
How
is
life
in
Korea?
very
to
become
skilled;
become
fa
miliar
with
compound
verb
to
become
(Note
113)
SO
(Note
114)
°fl,
6l^l
^
^^-^il^BM-S..
I've
become
accustomed
to
it,
so
it's
HEJ|>v|
jafln]
5$^JL#
very
interesting.
Grammar
Notes
Note
111.
^^
noun
indebtedness;
favor;
grace
A)
The
noun
^
literally
means
grace
or
favor,
but
it is
frequently
used
in
conversation
to
express
gratitude.
Its
use
is
much
more
limited
than
ji^^H
*4
,
but
it
has
a
definite
place
in
Korean
conversation,
especially
greetings.
M-)
Either
-(.£-)
3.
or
-
ofl
are
the
particles
generally
used
with
Lesson
41
159
Examples:
K
Thanks
to
my
teacher,
I
did
well
in
my
studies.
Thanks
to
my
parents,
I
did
some
sightseeing.
Note
112.
A
VS
+
7l
a
verbal
suffix
to
(do),
to
(be)
7\)
One
way
of
making
a
noun
out
of
a
verb
is
to
attach
the
suffix
-7l
to
the
verb
stem.
The
verbal
noun
made
in
this
way
cor
responds
to
the
English
-ing
or
the
infinitive
to
(do)
or
to
(be).
*■+)
Verbal
nouns
made
with
the
suffix
-
7l
are
used
in
many
ways:
as
a
subject
or
object
and
in
adverbial
phrases
and
idiomatic
expressions.
Examples:
Basic
Verb
Meaning
Verbal
noun
Meaning
A^
to
go
7\7]
going
Q*}^
to
work
°^l-7l
working
to
read
H
7]
reading
to
study
iHMW
studying
to
be
517]
being
Verbals
formed
in
this
way
conform
to
grammatical
rules
for
nouns.
1.
When
used
as
a
subject
-
7l
takes
the
particles
-
°]l-
?}9
-
-8r/-
-b.
Examples:
71"^.*)
7l7\
^^r^l
tf.
I
like
to
teach.
(Teaching
is
good.)
%]
7l7>
4i<H-£L.
I
hate
to
read.
(Reading
is
distasteful.)
2.
When
used
as
an
object,
it
takes
the
particle
--§-/--!-
Examples:
1711-
^g-
*fl^
He
teaches
well.
^sfl-S-.
I
like
to
work.
31711-
#^>sfl_S_
I
like
to
be
at
home.
Note
113.
DVS
+
^/oi/^^l^f
compound
verb
to
become
(passive);
tend
toward.
7J-)
VS
+<=>)-/<H/
*H
+
auxiliary
verb
has
been
studied
in
Lesson
24.
The
auxiliary
verb
*14
is
used
most
often
in
a
descriptive
mode.