Sioshansi F.P. Smart Grid: Integrating Renewable, Distributed & Efficient Energy
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components and field-test storage systems in diverse
applications.
The Renewable and Distributed Systems Integration (RDSI)
program within the OE focuses on integrating renewable
energy, distributed generation, energy storage, thermally
activated technologies, and demand response into the electric
distribution and transmission system. This integration is
aimed toward managing peak loads, offering new value-added
services such as differentiated power quality to meet
individual user needs, and enhancing asset use. The program
goal is to demonstrate a 20% reduction in peak load demand
by 2015, through increased use of both utility- and
customer-owned assets.
The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA)
allocated $185 M for deploying and demonstrating the
effectiveness of utility-scale grid storage systems. The goal is
provide a ten-fold increase in energy storage capacity to
improve grid reliability and facilitate the adoption of variable
and renewable generation resources. Three projects on large
battery systems (total 53 MW) will address the variable
nature of wind energy and aid in the integration of wind
generation into the electric supply. The additional projects
include two CAES (450 MW), one frequency regulation (20
MW), five distributed projects (9 MW), and five technology
development projects.
Other ARRA-funded energy storage projects have been
awarded by the Advanced Research Projects Agency–Energy
(ARPA-E), which funds high-risk, translational research
driven by the potential for significant commercial impact in
the near-term. The funded projects under the “Grid-Scale,
Rampable, Intermittent Dispatchable Storage (GRIDS)” topic
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area include nine battery (e.g., sodium-beta, liquid metal,
flow batteries, metal-air), one SMES, two flywheel, one
CAES, and one fuel cell.
The EERE also funds stationary energy storage projects
through the SETP and Wind and Water Power Program, as
discussed earlier in this chapter. SEGIS projects range from
optimizing interconnections across the full range of emerging
PV module technologies to lowering manufacturing costs
through integrated controls for energy storage and
development of new inverter designs. In the area of
sustainable pumped storage hydropower, the DOE intends to
provide $11.8 million in funding toward projects that begin
construction by 2014 and integrate wind and/or solar.
The Office of Science also supports energy storage R&D
through its Basic Energy Sciences (BES) program. The core
program conducts fundamental research to understand the
underlying science of materials and chemistry issues related
to electrical energy storage. BES will be initiating a Batteries
and Energy Storage Hub in FY 2011 with a planned funding
amount of $35 million. This particular Energy Innovation
Hub will address specific areas of research that were
identified in the BES workshop report titled “Basic Research
Needs for Electrical Energy Storage” that include efficacy of
materials architectures and structure in energy storage, charge
transfer and transport, electrolytes, multi-scale modeling, and
probes of energy storage chemistry and physics at all time and
length scales. Fundamental research on electrochemical
storage technologies is also funded through Energy Frontier
Research Centers across the United States.
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Conclusions
As the fastest growing renewable energy sources worldwide,
solar PV and wind power are gaining a stronghold in the
electric grids of the United States and the world. The issues
surrounding their intermittency need to be addressed so that
this growth can be sustained, especially in the context of
integration with smart grids that are being planned and
deployed. Variations in energy output at 20–30% penetration
levels of renewables may cause reliability problems in the
electric grid, such as voltage fluctuations, and require a
significant amount of reserves for capacity firming. The
challenge of renewable resource intermittency can be met
using a variety of energy storage technologies in lieu of
conventional generators. The energy storage capacity for
renewable generation varies from kW to hundreds of MW,
depending on whether it will be used for power or energy
management, (e.g., frequency regulation or capacity firming).
The optimal technologies for addressing renewable energy
integration will be application-specific and will scale with the
size of variable generation, ranging from pumped hydropower
and CAES for centralized, bulk storage at PV plants and wind
farms to batteries and electric vehicles for distributed storage
near rooftop PV installations. The increasing amount of
distributed renewables has triggered an evolution from
centralized to distributed storage. Smart grid deployment is
facilitating this transition since integration of distributed
storage requires more intelligent control, advanced power
electronics, and two-way communication. Both central and
distributed energy storage are required for source-load
matching in a smart grid with high levels of renewable
penetration. A cost-benefit analysis needs to be done to
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determine whether certain storage applications should address
the supply or demand side.
Key benefits of energy storage include providing balancing
services (e.g., regulation and load following), which enable
the widespread integration of renewable energy; supplying
power during brief disturbances to reduce outages and the
financial losses that accompany them; and serving as
substitutes for transmission and distribution upgrades to defer
or eliminate them. A smart grid is needed to maximize
benefits from load shifting and ancillary services. To
maximize these benefits and minimize costs, each energy
storage technology needs to be optimized for certain
applications. In particular, battery technologies are promising
due to their wide range of chemistries and operating
conditions for providing services that cover several
applications. Over $380 million in federal funds are
supporting energy storage R&D in the United States to lower
their cost and improve performance.
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Chapter 6. The Smart Grid Vision and
Roadmap for California
Heather Sanders, Lorenzo Kristov and Mark A.
Rothleder
Chapter Outline
Introduction 127
Operational Challenges and Market Impacts of
Renewable Integration 132
The CAISO Smart Grid Objectives 143
Advanced Forecasting 145
Synchrophasors 148
Advanced Grid Applications 149
Enabling Demand Response, Storage, and Distributed
Energy Resources 153
Cyber Security 156
Conclusions 157
Acronyms 158
The “smart grid” is a broad umbrella that encompasses emerging technologies spanning the entire value
chain, from electricity production and transportation to ultimate consumption In this context, the
California Independent System Operator envisions a future that captures the full potential benefits of
smart grid technologies while meeting California's ambitious environmental, renewable, and energy
efficiency policy goals The chapter describes California ISO's roadmap for promoting the evolution of
the smart grid in all its dimensions by focusing on our core functions, namely reliable grid operation,
efficient spot markets, open-access transmission service, grid planning, new generation interconnection,
and integration of renewable resources to achieve California's environmental targets
California, smart grid roadmap, California ISO, Advanced Technology, Transmission System
Operation
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Introduction
Two parallel forces have been converging in recent years and
are now driving major changes in the power industry. The
first of these two forces is the growing demand for cleaner
sources of energy, now manifest in ambitious renewable and
greenhouse gas policy mandates and the increasing adoption
of distributed renewable generation. The second force is the
accelerated emergence of new technologies that are capable
of transforming all aspects of electricity production,
transportation, and consumption. A major contributor to this
convergence of forces is the broad array of emerging
technologies and capabilities referred to as smart grid, which
promises to be a key enabler of momentous industry
advances.
For several years now the California ISO (CAISO) has
recognized that the changes underway require a thorough
inquiry into all areas of our core responsibilities, including
reliable grid operation, efficient spot markets, open-access
transmission service, grid planning, new generator
interconnection, and integration of large amounts of
renewable resources into the supply fleet—to determine how
our rules and practices should be revised to align with and
support the broader evolution of the industry. In this context
the CAISO views its role as twofold.
• First, the CAISO is the entity responsible for operating a
reliable grid and efficient spot markets, and as such we
must continue performing these functions at the highest
level of excellence throughout the coming changes.
• Second, the CAISO is an engaged participant in and
facilitator of these industry changes.
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