Сербин В.А. Термодинамика. Лекции (укр.яз)

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.



ihrbjx}lvkya r\b^dklxa\mdmZ

IjbZ



Z

afgZlbkdm[m^_^hoh^blb^h\bo^gh]hi_j_jam

khieZ^hlboijihdbg_\klZgh\blvky j\gh\Z]Z



Z Z





j



Ih^Zevr_af_gr_ggylbkdmj



j

g_afh`_i_j_^Zlbky^hajamkhieZg_afgblvlbkdgZ

ajaydbc^hj\gx}j

Lhfmr\b^dklv\bljZlZaZebrZxlvkyihklcgbfb

>eyagZoh^`_ggydjblbqgh]hki\\^ghr_ggy

j

j



 

lj_[Z\bgZclbiho^g mw

P

ydZ\ djblbqghfmklZg^hj\gx}gmex

Lh^















aZe_`blvlevdb\^Zlhfghkl]Zam}ch]hnabqghxdhgklZglhx

I^klZ\eyxqb

\ j\gyg gylZh^_j`bfhj\gygg y^eyh[qbke_ggydjblbqgh

r\b^dhkl\bldZggylZfZdkbfZevgh\blj Zl bjh[hqh]hleZq_j_aa\m`_g_khieh















 

PD[

I

























I









Aj\gygvZ^Z[Zlbj



j

lZ

h^_j`bfh









 

I^klZ\bfh\ Lh^



Z

<bkgh\hd djblbqgZ r\b^dklv \bldZggy ]Zam q_j_a a\ m`_g_ khieh ^hj\gx} r\b^dhkl

a\mdm\ pvhf m]ZaijbiZjZf_ljZoj

lZ

lh[lhfkp_\cr\b^dhkla\mdm\ \bo^ghfmi_j_j

a

khieZ

Hl`_ djblbqgoZjZdl_jbklbdb \bldZggy ]Zam aZe_`Zlv \^ ch]h Zlhfghkl lZ iZjZf_lj\

ihqZldh\h]hklZgm

AgZq_ggyoZjZdl_jbklbd



^eyjagbo]Za\gZ\_^_ggb`q_

DevdklvZlhf\

mfhe_dme]Zam

IjbdeZ^]Zam

IhdZagbdZ^Z[Zlb

H^bg

$U+H







>\Z



&2ih\ljy









 1+



 i_j_]jlZ

\h^ygZiZjZ







Ljb [evr_

gZkbq_gZ \h^ygZ

iZjZ







GZ jbk  gZ\_^_gh ko_fm a\ m`_gh]h khieZ Z afg m r\b^dhkl ihlhdm lZ a\mdm ih

^h\`bg khieZ [ ZlZdh` \bdhjbklZggy gZy\gh jh[hlb ^ey afgbdg_lbqgh kdeZ^h\h _g_j]

ihlhd m\

< i_jrbo^\ho\biZ^dZo





gZy\gZjh[hlZi

hlhdm\bdhjbklh\m}lvkyih\gklx

gZ ajhklZggy dg_lbqgh _g_j] < hklZggvhfm \biZ^dm levdb qZklbgZ gZy\gh jh[hlb

\bdhjbklh\m}lvky^ey h^_j`Zggydjblbqghr\b^dhkl

Ih^Zevr_iZ^ggylbkd m\^[ m\Z}lvky

aZkhiehf dhjbkghg_\bdhjbklh\m}lvky



Hl`_ a\m`_g_ khieh ^ha\hey} h^_j`Zlb fZdkbfZevgh djblbqgm r\ b ^d klv sh ^hj\gx}

fkp_\cr\b ^d hkla\ mdm

Ih^Zevr_ ajhklZgg y r\b^dhkl \bldZggy fh`eb\_ aZ mfh\b \bdhjbklZggy jharbj_gh

qZklbgbkhieZyd p_\bldZ}a j\gyggy

<bldZggyq_j_adhf[gh\Zg_khieh

>ey h^_j`Zggy fZdkbfZevgh fh`eb\h

r\b^dhkl gZ \bo^ghfm i_j_ja ihlj[gh

\bdhjbklh\m\Zlbd hf[g h\Zg_khieh\ ydhfma\m`_gZ

qZklbgZ ^ha\hey} h^_j`Zlb djblbqgm r\b^dklv Z

jharbj_gZ qZklbgZ



ih\gklx \bdhjbklZlb i_j_iZ^

lbkd\ j



 j





LZd_ khieh \i_jr_ [meh jhajh[e_gh

r\_^kvdbf\bgZo^gbdhfDEZ\Ze_f ghkblv

gZa\mkhiehEZ\Zey



Ko_fZ khieZ EZ\Zey lZ afgZ oZjZdl_jbklbd

ihlhd m\ gvhfmah[jZ`_ggZjbk

M gZcf_grhfm i_j_ja khieZ lbkd ^hj\gx}

djblbqghfmZ r\b^d klv



r\b^dhkla\md m

Dml d hgmkgh jha r b j_g h qZklbgb khieZ

kdeZ^Z}D





Ydsh D 



 ihkbex}lvky l_jly ihlhdm h[

klgdbkhieZgZsh\bljZqZ}lvkyqZklbgZihl_gpcgh

Jbkmghd

KhiehEZ\ZeylZ

ch]hoZjZdl_jbklbd b







Y



Y



Y





Y



Y



S

Y











<bljZlb

Jbkmghd

AZe_`gklvr\b^dhkl\bldZggylZ\bdhjbklZggygZy\ghjh[hl\^



[



_g_j]

Ijb D !



ihld \^jb\Z}lvky \^ klghd dZgZem ay\eyx l v ky aZ\boj_ggy gZ yd lZdh`

\bljZqZ}lvkyqZklbgZ_g_j]

< h[ho\biZ^dZor\b ^dklv\bldZggyaf_grm}lvky

F_lh^bdZ jhajZomg dm dhf[gh\Zgh]h khieZ lZdh` [meZ a Zijhihgh\ZgZ D EZ\Ze_f Yd

ijZ\behi_j_^ihqZldhfjhajZo mgd\\^hfi_j_iZ^lbkd\j



j



 l_fi_jZlmjZ



lZihlj[gZ

fZkh\Z\bljZlZ

P

Lj_[Z agZclb iehsm f g fZevgh]h lZ \bo^gh]h i_j_ja\ jharbj_gh qZklbgb khieZ lZ 

^h\`bgmaZ^ZxqbkvdmlhfdhgmkghklD



A j\gyggyg_jhajb\ghklihlhdmfh`gZh^_j`Zlb

I

PLQ

PY

Z

 Z

I



PY



Z



 [

1aki\\^ghr_ggyiZjZf_lj\klZgm\ Z^Z[Zlghfmijhp_k

FRQVW

Y



S



S



N

 Z



Y



S



S





N

 [

^_ j





j\gyggy

Iblhfbch[}fY



agZoh^ylva j\gyggyklZgm^_Zevgbo]Za\Z r\b^dhkl

lZ





a j\gygv

lZ\^ih\^gh

>h\`bgZjhar b j_g hqZklbgb

O G



 G

PLQ

>WJ

@ 

^_





^Zf_lj\bo^gh]hi_j_jam khieZ

PLQ



^Zf_ljfgfZevg h]hi_j_jam

Ke^fZlbgZ m\Zash khieh EZ\ZeyaZ^h\evgh ijZpx}levdb\ jhajZomgdh\hfmj_`bf

I^\bs_ggy lbkdm aZ khiehf j







\bdebdZ} kljb[hd lbkdm i_j_^ \bo^gbf i_j_jahf 

af_gr_ggyr\b^dhkl\bldZggyihj\gygha jhajZomgdh\bfagZq_ggyf

KhiehEZ\Zey\bdhjbklh\mxlv\iZjh\bolZ]Zah\bolmj[gZoelZdh[m^m\ZgglZdhkfqgc

l_ogp

G_h[hjhlg_\bldZggy]Za\ iZjb

Jmo j_qh\bgb \ dZgZeZo  khieZo kmijh\h^`m}lvky aZ\boj_ggyf ihl hdm l_jlyf f`

kljmfbgdZfbj^bgb\gmljrg}l_jlyZlZdh`a klgdZfbah\grg}l_jlyLhfmqZklbgZ_g_j]

ihlhd m \bljZqZ}lvky gZ ^heZggy pbo kbe hihjm  ^ckgZ r\b^dklv \bldZggy

[m^_ f_gr_

l_hj_lbqgh





<^ghr_ggy

Z





gZab\Z}lvkyr\b^dkgbfdh_np}glhf



>ey^h[j_h[jh[e_gbokhi_e

± 

<bljZlbdg_lbqgh_g_j]gZl_jlykdeZ^Zxlv

Z



 Z



 



Z



 



 

<_ebqbgZ







gZab\Z}lvkyd h_np}glhf\bljZlb_g_j]



?n_dlb\gklvjh[hlbkhieZhpgx}lvkydh_np}glhfdhjbkgh^khieZ

Z



Z



 



 

AZlbo`_mfh\^ckgZ\bljZlZq_j_akhieh

[m^_f_gr_h[qbke_ghl_hj_lb qgh

 P

<^ghr_ggy

P

P 



gZab\Z}lvkyd h_np}glhf\bljZlb khieZ

>jhk_ex\Zggy]Za\lZiZjb

GZreyom jmom]Za\ qbiZjb\ lmj[hijh\h^ZoZ[hl _iehl_ogqgboZiZjZlZoamkljqZxlvky

jaghfZglg fkp_\ hihjb \bfjx\Zevg rZc[b \_glbe deZiZgb aZkm\dblhsh Ijb o

ijhoh^`_gglbkd]Za\Z[hiZjbaf_grm}lvky[_a\bdhgZggyah\grgvhjh[hlb

Ijhp_k agb`_ggy lbkdm ihlhdm j_qh\bgb i^ qZk ijhoh^`_ggy fkp_\h]h hihjm [_a

\bdhgZggyah\grgvhjh[hlbgZab\Z}lvky^jhk_ex\Zggyf



Ydsh ^jhk_ex\Zggy a^ckgx}lvky [_a l _iehh[fgm a gZ\dhebrgf k_j_^h\bs_f 

T 

\^kmlgy l_ogqgZ jh[hlZ 

 ch]h jmo \^[m\Z}lvky gZ ]hjbahglZevgc ^eygp 

  lh

j\gyggyi_jrh]haZdhgml_jfh^bg Zfdb ^eyihlhdmgZ[m\Z}\b]ey^m



 L



Z



 Z





  

IjZdlbqg kihkl_j_`_ggy aZk\^qmxlv sh r\b^dklv ihlhd m ikey ^jhk_ex\Zggy



g_kmll}\h\^jagy}lvky\^ihqZldh\hr\b^dhkl



Lh[lhZ







Lh^a j\gyggy\bldZ}









 

<^hfh[sh 









K

L









Hl`_ijb^jhk_ex\Zgg











K

L







  

A j\gyggy  \b^gh sh ^ey ^_Zevgh]h ]Zam ijb Z^Z[Zlghfm ^jhk_ex\Zgg ch]h

_glZeviylZl_fi_jZlmjZg_afgx}lvky









 Z



7



 [

AfgZ oZjZdl_jbklbd ihlhdm ijb ijhoh^`_gg

q_j_afkp _\bchij^Z]njZ]fmihdZaZgZgZjbk

>jhk_ex\Zggyj_Zevgbo]Za\iZjbydp_[meh

\klZgh\e_gh > >`hme_f lZ F Lhfkhghf 

ijZdlbqgh aZ\`^b k mijh\h^`m}lvky afghx

l_fi_jZlmjbihlhdm

Y\bs_ afgb l_fi_jZlmjb j_Zevgbo ]Za\ ijb

^jhk_ex\ZgggZab\Z}lvky_n_dlhf>`hmey



LhfkhgZ

AZdhghfjgklv afgb l_fi_jZlmjb j_Zevgh]h

]Zamijb^jhk_ex\ZggoZjZdl_jbam}^bn_j_gpZevgbc

^jhk_ev



_n_dl

D wLw



L

 

sh y\ey} kh[hx \^ghkgm afgm l_fi_jZlmjb wL

 a

agb`_ggyflbkdmgZg_kdgq_ghfZem\_ebqbgmwj

\

[m^v



ydclhqpZ^Z[Zlgh]hijhp_km^jhk_ex\Zggy

K_j_^gyaZijhp_k\^ghkgZafgZl_fi_jZlmjb

hpgx}lvkygl_]jZevgbf^jhk_ev



_n_dlhf









 

>ey j_Zevgbo ]Za\ klZg yd bo  hibkm}lvky j\gyggyf <Zg



^_j



<ZZevkZ  \ ^hdeZ^gbo

i^jmqgbdZoihl_jfh^bgZfph^_j`ZghaZe_`gklv

wLw







 Z

Jbkmghd

Ko_fZ^jhk_ex\Zggyq_j_a

^ZnjZ]fm



Z[h

G7 



D

 [

Ijb ^jhk_ex\ZggaZ\`^b G

S   lZ K

!  Lh^  afgZ l_fi_jZlmjb ]Zam [m^_ aZe_`Zlb

levdb \^ agZdZ qbk_evgbdZ 

Z  57 E ydbc \k\hx q_j]m \

bagZqZ}lvky l_fi_jZlmjhx ihlhd m

i_j_^^jhk_ex\ZggyfL L





:gZeaj\gyggy[^ha\hey}ajh[blb lZd\bkgh\db

 ydsh ihqZldh\Z l_fi_jZl mjZ L



 ZE5

lh

G7   l_fi_jZlm jZ ihlhdm ijb ^jhk_ex\Zgg

[m^_af_grm\ZlbkyL



L





 ydsh ihqZldh\Z l_fi_jZlmjZL



! ZE5 lhG7 !  l_fi_jZlmjZ ihlhdm ijb ^jhk_ex\Zgg

[m^_ajhklZlbL



!L





 ydsh\bdhgm}lvkyj\gklvL



ZE5lhG7  l_fi_jZlmjZihlhdmijb^jhk_ex\Zgg[m^_

klZehxL



L



g\



L_fi_jZlmjZ j_Zevgh]h ]Zam ydZ g_ afgx}lvky ijb ^jhk_ex\Zgg lh[lh wLwj





 

gZab\Z}lvkyl_fi_jZlmjhxg\_jk



g\



g\

ZE5 

Ydsh dgp_\bc lbkd j



ikey ^jhk_ex\Zggy agZqghf_gr_ ihqZldh\h]hj



 lh[lh









fh`gZijbcfZlb^eyj_Zevgbo]Za\

g\

L

 

Hl`_ l_fi_jZlmjZ j_Zevg bo ]Za\ ijb ^jhk_ex\Zgg af_grm}lvky ydsh L



 L

g\

 Z[h

ajhklZ}ydshL



!L

g\



L_fi_jZlmjb g\_jk ^ey [ev rhkl j_Zevgbo ]Za\ fZxlv ^hkblv \bkhd_ agZq_ggy ^ey

dbkgxL

g\H

D^eyZahlm

g\

1

D^ey^\hhdbkm\m]e_px

g\KH

D^ey\h^

ygh

iZjb L

g\GH

  D Levdb ]_ec lZ \h^_gv fZxlv

^hkblvgbavdl_fi_jZlmjb g\_jk ]_ecL

g\G_

D

\h^_gv L

g\G

D

>_lZevgbf ZgZeahf ^jhk_ex\Zggy \klZgh\e_gh

sh j_Zevg ]Zab fZxlv [_aeq l_fi_jZlmj g\_jk \

aZe_`ghkl \^ ihqZ ldh\bo lbkdm lZ l_fi_jZl mjb

jbk 

Ajbk  fh`gZ ajh[blb \bkgh\hd sh dh`ghf m

^h\evghfmlbkdm\^ih\^Z}l_fi_jZlmjZg \_jkj^bgb

e\Zdjb\ZlZi_j_]jl hiZjbijZ\Zdjb\Z

Ydsh iZjZf_ljb j_qh\bgb i_j_^ ^jhk_ex\Zggyf

\^ih\^Zxlv lhqp : sh 

e_`blvm \gmljrgch[eZkl

g\_jkcgh djb\h D!

 lh

ijhp_k [m^_

kmijh\h^`m\Zlbkv iZ^ggyf

l_fi_jZlmjbihlhd m

Ydsh lhqdZ sh

oZjZdl_jbam} ihqZldh\bc

klZg j_qh\bgb [m^_ aZ f_`Zfb g\_jkcgh djb\h % Z[h & lh

l_fi_jZlmjZihlhd mijb^jhk_ex\ZggajhklZlbf_

Ijhp_k ^jhk_ex\Zggy aZ\`^b kmijh\h^`m}lvky l_jlyf lZ

aZ\boj_ggyf  } g_h[hjhlgbf Lhfm ]jZnqgh p_c ijhp_k

ah[jZ`m}lvkyimgdlbjgbfbegyfb

GZ jbk  \ LV



dhhj^bgZlZo ah[jZ`_gh mfh\gbc ijhp_k

^jhk_ex\Zggy ^_Zevgh]h ]Zam 

 lZ j_Zevgh]h   ijb i_j_iZ^

lbkd\\^j



^hj



Hkde

vdb^jhk_ex\Zggy



g_h[hjhlgbcijhp_klh



!

S

W



[Zj











Jbkmghd

1g\_jkcgZdjb\ZZahlm

7 FRQVW

L FRQVW



FRQVW



FRQVW







Jbkmghd

Mfh\g_

ah[jZ`_ggyijhp_km

^jhk_ex\Zggy^_Zevgh]h



lZj_Zevgh]h

]Za\









\gaZ\`^bkmijh\h^`m}lvkyajhklZggyf_gljhi

GV!

Ijhp_kb ih\yaZg a ^jhk_ex\Zggyf \h^yg h  iZjb ^hpevgh \b\qZlb aZ ^hihfh]hx LV



^Z]jZfb\h^yghiZjbGZjbkah[jZ`_gh^_devdZijhp_k\^jhk_ex\Zggysh\^jagyxlvky

ihqZldh\bf dgp_\bfklZghfiZjb

A gZ\_^_gbo gZ jbk  ijhp_k\ \bldZxlv lZd

\bkgh\d b

 \mko \biZ^dZo ijb ^jhk_ex\Zgg l_fi_ jZlmjZ iZjb

agb`m}lvky

 i_j_]jlZ iZjZ ydZ fZ} \bkhdm l_fi_jZlmjm ijb

^jhk_ex\ZggaZebrZ}lvkyi_j_]jlhxijhp_k



 i_j_]jlZ iZjZ ijb g_agZqghfm i_j_]j\ lhqdZ

 fh`_

ihke^h\ghklZ\ZlbkmohxgZkbq_ghx\heh]hxgZkbq_ghx

agh\mkmohxgZkbq_ghx i _j_]jlhxijhp_k



 \heh]Z gZkbq_gZ iZjZ \bkhdh]h lbkdm kihqZldm

a\heh`m}lvky ihlf i^kmrm}lvky lZ klZ} i_j_]jlhx

ijhp_k

 \heh]Z gZkbq_gZ iZjZ g_\bkhdh]h lb kd m kihqZldm klZ}

kmohxgZkbq_ghxZihlfi_j_]jlhxijhp_k



AZ ^hihfh]hx

LV

^Z]jZfb lZdh` \bagZqZxlv \ljZlm

gZy\ghjh[hlbiZjb\ j _amevlZl^jhk_ex\Zggy

GZjbk  gZ\_^_gh ^\Z fh`eb\ ijhp_kb

Z^Z[Zlgh]h jharb j_ggy iZjb \ lmj[g< i_jrhfm \biZ^dm

iZjZ a iZjZf_ljZfb



 W



Z^Z[Zlgh \bldZ} gZ ehiZldb

lmj[gb  lbkd af_grm}lvky ^h j



 GZy\gZ  jh[hlZ pv hfm

\biZ^dm^hj\gx}













Ydsh ihlj[gh af_grblb ihlm`gklv lmj[gb iZjm

kihqZldm ^jhk_exxlv 

 ^h f_

grh]h lbkd m j





lZ

l_fi_jZlmjb



 Lh^ gZy\gZ jh[hlZ Z^Z[Zlgh]h jharb j_g gy

iZjb^hlbkdmj



[m^_f_grhx kdeZ^Zlbf_



L



 L



L



 L





<ljZlZgZy\ghjh[hlbiZjb\ j_amevlZl^jhk_ex\Zggy

kdeZ^Zlbf_

O O



 O



L



 L





Yd \b^gh a \bdeZ^_gh]h g_h[hjhlgbc ijhp_k

^jhk_ex\Zggy\bdebdZ}\ljZlm_g_j]_lbqghpgghklihlhdm

:e_ijhklhlZdhgkljmdp^jhk_exxqboijbkljh\aZ[_ai_qbeZorbjhd_aZklhkm\Zggyaf_lhx

 \bfjmi_j_iZ^mlbkdm

 \bfjm\bljZlbj_qh\bgb

 agb`_ggylbkdm\ ki_pZevgboj_^mdlhjZo

 j_]mex\Zggyihlm`ghklihlhdmj _qh\bgb\ iZjh\bolZ]Zah \bolmj[gZo

 h^_j`Zggygbavdbol_fi_jZlmj\ oheh^bevgbomklZgh\dZolZaj^`_ggy]Za\

Jbkmghd

Ah[jZ`_ggy

ijhp_k\^jhk_ex\ZggygZ

LV

^Z]jZf





















jµ





Wµ

































[ 

Jbkmghd

>h\bagZq_ggy

\ljZlbgZy\ghjh[ hlb\h^yghiZjb

ijb^jhk_ex\Zgg



E1L?J:LMJ:



L_iehl_ogdZ1LR\_pv<1Lhem[gkvdbcFNDjZdh\kvdbclZgr

Db\<bsZrdheZ

k



:eZ[h\kdbc :G G_^m`bc B: L_ogbq_kdZy l _jfh^bg ZfbdZ b l_iehi_j_^ZqZ

Db_\ <bsZ

rdheZ

k



GZshdbg<<L_ogbq_kdZyl_jfh^bgZfbdZb l_iehi_j_^ZqZ

F<ukrZyrdheZ

k



FmjaZdh\<<Hkgh\ul_ogbq_kdhcl_jfh^bgZfbdb

FWg_j]by

k



Jb\dbg KE :e_dkZg^jh\ :: L_iehnbabq_kdb_ k\hckl\Z \h^u b \h^yg h]h iZjZ

F

Wg_j]by

k



<hjhg_p > Dhabq > <eZ`guc \ha^mo L_jfh^bgZfbq_kdb_ k\hckl\Z b ijbf_g_gb_

F

Wg_j]hZlhfba^Zl

k



=_evn_jYFBklhjbyb f_lh^heh]byl_jfh^bgZfbdbb klZlbklbq_kdhcnbabdb

F<ukrZy

rdheZ

k



L_iehl_ogbdZMq_[gbd^ey<MAh\<GEmd ZgbgF=RZljh\=FDZfn_jb^jih^j_^

<GEmdZgbgZ

F<ukrZyrdheZ

k



>h^ZlhdDhjhld[h]jZnqg\^hfhklijh \q_gboshkijbyebjha\bldm

l_jfh^bgZfdb

Ija\bs_dhjhld [h]jZnqg^Zg

<g_khd\ jha\blhd l_jfh^bgZfdb





Lhfkhg<evyf

ehj^D_ev\g

:g]eckvdbcnabdH^_j`Z\hk\lmm

D_f[jb^`kvdhfmmg\_jkbl_l



ijhn_khjnabdbmg



lm=e Za]h



ij_ab^_glEhg^hgkvdh]h

Dhjhe\kvdh]hlh\Zjbkl\Z



h^_j`Z\lblmeehj^ZD_ev\bgZaZ

gZmd h\aZkem]b

AZijhihg m\Z\h^gma nhjfmejh\hd^jm]h]h

aZdhgml_jfh^bgZfdb 

>Z\\bagZq_ggyZ[khexlghrdZebl_fi_jZlm jlZ

 ki\\^ghr_ggya rd Zehx]Zah\h]hl_jfhf_ljZ



rdZeZD_ev\gZ



<\\l_jfg³l_jfh^bgZfd Z´³\gmljrgy_g_j]y

kbkl_fb´

<by\b\jZahfa>>`hme_fafgml_fi_jZlmjb

]Zamijb^jhk_ex\Zgg_n_dl>`hmey



LhfkhgZ

Ki\Z\lhj]ihl_abijh³l_ieh\mkf_jlv<k_k\lm´



]ihl_aZLhfkhgZ



DeZmamkZ



Knhjfmex\Z\ihgyllyijh_g_j]x

G_jgkl<Zevl_j=_jfZg



Gf_pvdbc nabdh



ofdH^_j`Z\hk\lm\

mg\_jkbl_lZo;_jegZlZ<xjp[mj]Z

A 



ijb\Zl



^hp_glmg



lm=_lg]_gZ

a 



ijhn_khjmg



lm;_jegZ

EZmj_ZlGh[_e\kvdhij_fihnabp



jhdm

:\lhjl_ieh\hl_hj_fbG_jgklZ



Jhajh[b\ijbgpbig_^hky`ghklZ[khexlgh]h

gmey

AZijhihg m\Z\nhjfmeml_ieh}fghkll\_j^bole



nhjfmeZG_jgklZ



Eg^_fZgZ



IjZpx\Z\m h[eZkl_e_dljhoflZl_hj

jhaqbg\

>Z\\bagZq_ggyi_jrh]h^jm]h]hlZlj_lvh]h

aZdhg\l_jfh^bgZfdb

=[[k>`haZcyMeZj^

 

:f_jbdZgkldbcnabd



l_hj_lbdAZdgqb\

C_evkvdbcmg



lA 



ijhn_khj

fZl_fZlbdblZf`_

Jhajh[b\]_hf_ljbqgml_jfh^bgZfdm

l_jfh^bgZfqgnmgdphkgh\bofqgh

l_jfh^bgZfdbaZ]Zevgml_hjx j\g h\Z]b

ijZ\behnZal_hjxdZieyjghklf_lh^

ihl_gpZe\

:\lhj_gljhicgbo^Z]jZf³iZjZ^hdkZ=[[kZ

´

dZghgqgh]hjhaih^em=[[kZ

´³

Z^khj[pcgh]h

j\gyggy=[[kZ´



<\\ihgyllyijh_glZevix

Xg]LhfZk



:g]eckvdbcnabdedZjZkljhghfHk\lm

h^_j`Z\m Ehg^hgkvdhfmmg



lA 

ijhn_khjEhg^hgkvdh]hDhjhe\kvdh]h

1gklbl mlma 



edZj

:\lhjo\bevh\hl_hjl_iehlb

<\\l_jfg³_g_j]y´

;hevpfZgEx^\]



:\kljckvdbcnabd



l_hj_lb dAZdgqb\

<^_gkvdbcmg



lIjhn_khjmg



l\:\kljlZ

Gf_qqbgb

:\lhj[Z]ZlvhoijZpvihdg_lbqgcl_hj]Za\

:\lhjaZdhgmjhai h^ e_g g yfhe_dme]Zamih

r\b^dhklyoklZlbklbdZ ;hevpfZgZ

>hdZaZ\

klZlbklbqgbcoZjZdl_jlZ^Z\h^g_a \bagZq_gv

^jm]h]haZdhg ml_jfh^bgZfdbKnhjfmex\Z\G

l_hj_fm;hevpfZgZ

_j]h^bqg m]ihl_am

L_hj_lbqghh[]jmglm\Z\aZdhgKl_nZgZ



;hevpfZgZ



Ijh^h\`_ggy^h^Zldm





:fhglhg=evhf

 

NjZgpmakvdbcnabdqe_gIZjbavdh:G

KZfhhk\lZ

>Z\i_jr_\bagZq_ggyZ[khexlgh]hgmey

l_fi_jZlmj

Kdhgkljmx\Z\lZ\b]hlh\b\l_jfhf_lj:fhglhgZ



]]jhf_ljg_jlmlgbc[Zjhf_ljih\ljygbc

l_jfhf_lj

8

ih^[gbcfZghf_lj

<klZgh\b\lhqdmdbiggy\h^bijhihjpcgklv

f`Wja\yahd]mklbgbih\ljylbkdm

Ehfhghkh\FboZceh<Zkbevh\bq





Jhkckvdbc\q_gbc



_gpdehi_^bkl<qb\ky\

Fhkdh\kvdckeh\ygh



]j_dh



eZlbgkvdc

:dZ^_f\ Gf_qqbg:dZ^_fdijhn_khj

ofI_l_j[mjavdh:G

AZkgh\gbdfhe_d meyjgh



dbg_lbqghl_hj

aZdhgma[_j_`_ggy_g_j]

>Z\\bagZq_ggyZ[khexlgh]hgmeyl_fi_jZlmj

=Zee_c=Zee_h

 

1lZeckvdbcnabdf_oZgdZkljhghf<qb\ky

mmg



lZoIablZNehj_gp<bdeZ^Z\

fZl_fZlbdmmIaIZ^mJbf

<bgZo^gbdi_jrh]hijbkljhy^ey\bfj m

l_fi_jZlmjb

l_jfhkdhiZ=Zee_y

Gvxlhg1kZZd



:g]eckvdbcnabd fZl_fZlbdH^_j`Z\

hk\lmm D _f[j^`kvdhfmmg



lIjhn_khj

pvh]hmg



lZQe_gEhg^hgkvdh]h

Dhjhe\kvdh]hlh\Zjbkl\Za jhdm



ch]h

Ij_ab^_gl

Jhajh[b\l_jfhf_ljshfZ\]j Z^mk\

<b\qZ\ijhp_kbl_iehh[fgmgZ]jlbolea

gZ\dhebrgfk_j_^h\bs_f

Ki\Z\lhjaZdhgmGvxlhgZ



JofZgZ



<b\qZ\ihrbj_ggya\mdm\ ih\lj

NZj_bg]_cl>Zg_ev=Z[j_ev

 

=heZg^kvdbcnabdlZkdeh^m\qe_g

Ehg^hgkvdh]hDhjhe\kvdh]hlh\Zjbkl\Z

Jhajh[b\jlmlgbcl_jfhf_ljlZl_fi_jZlmjgm

rdZemNZj_g]_clZ



± 

)

<b\qZ\aZe_`gklvl_fi_jZlmjbdbiggy\^lbkdm

lZ\fklmjhaqbg_gbokhe_c

J_hfxjJ_g_:glmZgN_jrh



NjZgpmakvdbcahheh]lZf_lZemj]qe_g

IZjbavdhlZI_l_j[mjavdh:G

Jhajh[b\kibjlh\bcl_jfhf_ljlZl_fi_jZlmjgm

rdZemJ_hfxjZ

H

± 

5

P_evkc:g^_jk



R\_^kvdbcZkljhghf nabdijhn_khjmg



lm

\ MikZe

Jhajh[b\jlmlgbcl_jfhf_ljlZklh]jZ^mkgm

rdZemP_evky



± 

jd

 

Ka

jhdm

DeZi_cjhg;_gmZIhev?fev



NjZgpmavdbcnabd g`_g_jHk\lm

h^_j`Z\\ ihel_ogqgcrdheIjZpx\Z\m

I_l_j[mja\ gklblmlg`_g_j\reyo\

kihemq_gv

a 

ijhn_khj

Rdhebfhkl\ reyo\Qe_gIZjbavdh

I_l_j[mjavdh:G

:\lhjj\gyggyklZgmDeZi_cjhgZ



F_g^_e}}\Z

^ey^_Zevgbo]Za\

Jhajh[b\\i_jr_aZklhkm \Z\]jZnqg_

ah[jZ`_ggy l_jfh^bgZfqgboijhp_k\m SY



dhhj^bgZlZo

<by\b\aZe_`gklvl_fi_jZlmjbieZ\e_ggylZ

dbiggy\^lbkd m

Ki\Z\lhjj\gyggynZah\h]hi_j_l\hj_ggy

DeZi_cjhgZ



DeZmamkZ

<i_jr_\\\ihgyllyijhg_kdgq_gghfZe

d\ZaklZlbqgpbdeb^n_j_gpcg_qbke_ggy



Ijh^h\`_ggy^h^Zldm





DeZamkJm^hevnXe?fZgme



Gf_pvdfcnabdijhn_khjmg



l\PxjoZ

<xjp[mj]Z;_jegZ;hggZ

:\lhjijbgpbiZ_d\\Ze_glghkll_iehlb

jh[hlbl_ieh\hZdkhfbDeZma mkZ



fZl_fZlbqgh]haZibkmi_jrh]haZdhgm

l_jfh^bgZfdb

Ki\Z\lhj^jm]h]haZdhgml_jfh^bgZfdb

<\\l_jfg³_gljhiy´^Z\\bagZq_ggyihgylv

³h[hjhlgbclZg_h[hjhlgbcijhp_k´

Jhajh[b\fZl_fZlbqgbcaZibk^jm]h]haZdhgm

l_jfh^bgZfdb

maZ]Zevg_gbc gl_]jZe

DeZmamkZ



Ki\Z\lhjj\gyggynZah\h]hi_j_l\hj_ggy

DeZi_cjhgZ



DeZmamkZ



Ki\Z\lhjl_hj³l_ieh\hkf_jl<k_k\lZ´



]ihl_aZLhfkhgZ



DeZma mkZ



J_gvh:gj<dlhj



NjZgpmavdbcnabdofdaZdgqb\

Ihel_ogqgmlZ]jgbqmrdheb \ IZjb`A

jhdm

ijhn_khjp}rdheb iagr_

Dhe_^`^_NjZgkQe_gIZjbavdh:G

:\lhjlhgdbo^hke^`_gvnabqgbo\eZklb\hkl_c

]Za\ \h^yghiZjb

AZijhihg m\Z\l_jfg

³\g mljrgy_g_j]yleZ´

GZc[evrlhqgh\bagZqb\f_oZgqgbc_d\\Ze_gl

l_iehlb: d]kf ddZe

;hcevJh[_jl



:g]^ckvdbcnabdlZofdHk\lmh^_j`Z\m

NjZgplZ1lZeIj_ab^_glDhjhe\kvdh]h

lh\Zjbkl\Z

:\lhj]Zah\h]haZdhgm;hcey



FZjhllZ



Kdhgkljmx\Z\ijbeZ^\i_jr_aZijhihgm\Z\

l_jfg³[Zjhf_lj´

<i_jr_kihkl_j]Z\aZe_`gklvl_fi_jZlmjb

gZkbq_ggy\^lbkdm

FZjhll?^f



NjZgpmavdbcnabd1]mf_gfhgZklbjyK\

FZjlgZqe_gIZjbavdh:G

:\lhj]Zah\h]haZdhgm;hcey



FZjhllZ



>hdZaZ\a[evr_ggyh[}fm\h^bijbaZf_jaZgg

RZjev@ZdHe_dkZg^jP_aZj



NjZgpmavdbcnabdHk\lmh^_j`Z\

kZfhklcghIjhn_khjnabdb\ Dhgk_j\Zlhj

fbkl_pl\lZj_f_k_eQe_gIZjbavdh:G

<klZgh\b\aZdhgRZjey afgblbkdmaafghx

l_fi_jZlmjbijbklZehfmh[}f

=_cExkkZd@ha_nEm



NjZgpmavdbcnabdlZofdAZdgqb\

IZjbavdmIhel_og qgmrd hemIjhn_khjp}

rdheblZKhj[hggb

:\lhjdeZkbqgbo^hke^`_gvjharbj_ggy]Za\lZ

ol_ieh}fghkl_c 

:\lhj]Zah\h]haZdhgm=_c



ExkkZdZ lZ aZdhgm

h[}fgbo\^ghkbg



<klZgh\b\dh_np}glh[}fgh]hjharbj_g g y]Za  \

]jZ^agZq_ggyZ[khexlgh]hgmey

l_fi_jZlmj

± 

K

:\lhjaZdhgmdjZldbo\^ghr_gvlZ]ihl_ab=_c



ExkkZdZ

;_jp_emkZ

DZjghGdheZE_hgZj^KZ^



NjZgpmavdbcg`_g_j \q_gbcAZdgqb\

IZjbavdmIhel_ogqg mrdhemkem`b\m

g`_g_jgbo\ckvdZoA jhdmaZcfZ\ky

l_hj_lbqgbfb^hke^`_ggyfbIhf_j\^

ohe_jb

<k\hchkgh\gcijZp³Jha^mfbijhjmo\gm

kbem\h]gxlZijhfZrbgbsha^Zlgjha\b\Zlb

pxkbem´



knhjfmex\Z\hkgh\g^_^jm]h]haZdhgm

l_jfh^bgZfdb



jhajh[b\pbdeDZjgh





^Z\h^gma nhjfmejh\hd^jm]h]haZdhg m

l_jfh^bgZfdb



knhjfmex\Z\l_hj_fm DZjgh

