Scott W. See. The History of Canada. Second Edition
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The History of Canada
(c) 2011 Grey House Publishing, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
The History of Canada
S ECOND E DITION
Scott W. See
(c) 2011 Grey House Publishing, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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Publisher's Cataloging-In-Publication Data
(Prepared by The Donohue Group, Inc.)
See, Scott W., 1950–
The History of Canada / Scott W. See. — 2nd ed.
p. : ill., maps ; cm.
First ed. published: Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Press, 2001.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN: 978-1-59237-610-0
1. Canada—History. I. Title.
F1026 .S44 2010
971
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For Mylese
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Contents
Foreword ..........................xiii
Preface ........................... xv
Introduction .........................xvii
Flags and Emblems .....................xix
National Anthem and Participants to the First
Ministers’ Constitutional Conference . . .......xxviii
Fathers of Confederation ................. xxix
Prime Ministers of Canada ................ xxxi
Governors General of Canada ..............xxxiv
Maps. . ..........................xxxvi
Chapter 1
One of the Best Countries on Ear th ...............1
Against Formidable Odds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
An Overwhelmin g Landscape: The Geography of Canada . . . . .8
Canada’s Political System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Canada’s Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
The Peoples of Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Canada in a New Century: A Product of Its Past. . . . . . . . . 20
Chapter 2
Native Peoples, Europeans, and a Clash of
Cultures (Prehistory–1663) .................23
Canada Before the Contact Period. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Migration of Native Peoples to Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Native Groups, Economies, and Cultures . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
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Norsemen: Exploration and Settlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
The New World: Early Exploration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Cartier’s Voyages: An Attempted French Foothold . . . . . . . . 32
Champlain and the Establishment of New France . . . . . . . . 34
Acadia: Early French-English Rivalry in Canada . . . . . . . . . 37
A European Foothold in the New World . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
The French Design for the New World . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
New France to 1663 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
New France by 1663 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Chapter 3
The Age of New France (1663–1763) ..............45
The Rise and Fall of New France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Royal Control and Governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
The Peoples of New France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
The Seigneurial System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
The Fur Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Towns and Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
New France Before the Conquest: A Distinctive Society . . . . . 55
Contest for the Continent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
New France: Strengths and Weaknesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Colonial Wars to the Conquest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
The Seven Years’ War and the Conquest . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
The Acadian Expulsion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
The Conquest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
The Conquest’s Impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
New France Becomes Quebec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Chapter 4
British North America (1763–1850s) ..............67
Britain at the Helm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
The Quebec Experiment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
The American Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
The Arrival of the Loyalists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
British North America at the Turn of the Nineteenth Century . . 73
The War of 1812 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Rebellions in the Canadas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Life in British North America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
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Boundary Issues and Trade with the United States . . . . . . . . 86
British North America at Midcentury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Chapter 5
Confederation and National Expansion (1850s–1890s) ......89
A Critical Juncture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
The Impulse for Confederation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
The British North America Act: A Constitution for a Dominion . 97
Challenges for a New Dominion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Western Expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Politics, The Economy, and International Affairs. . . . . . . . 107
Late Nineteenth-Century Canada: A Nation of Contrasts . . . 110
Chapter 6
A New Century (1890s–1929) ................113
Canada’s Century? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Conservatives and Liberals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Immigration and Western Expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Canada and the British Empire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Canada and the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Canada and the Great War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Women and the Vote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Canada in the Twenties: Roaring or Whimpering? . . . . . . . 129
Workers and the Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Canadian Culture in the 1920s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Canada and the Triangle in the Postwar Era. . . . . . . . . . 135
Canada Through War and Peace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Chapter 7
Trial of Nationhood: The Great Depression and
the War (1929–1945) ...................139
Canada Comes of Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
A Global Depression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Governmental Responses to the Depression . . . . . . . . . . 143
The Human Dimension of the Great Depression . . . . . . . . 146
Political Storms: Left, Right, and Center . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Another Global Conflict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Canada at War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
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The Home Front . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Canada in the Immediate Postwar World . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Chapter 8
Cold War Canada (1945–1960s) ...............163
A New World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Political Changes in the Late 1940s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
1949: A Remarkable Year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
The Postwar Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Politics: Liberal Style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
The Conservative Plan: Diefenbaker’s One Canada . . . . . . 169
The Middle Power Ideal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Korean War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Suez and Peacekeeping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Continental Defense and Relations with the United States . . . 174
Life in Cold War Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
A “Quiet Revolution”?....................180
Canada in the Mid-1960s: A Tumultuous Time . . . . . . . . 184
Chapter 9
One Nation or Two? (1960s–1984) ..............187
Competing Nationalisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
The Liberals and the Social State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Canadian Nationalism Triumphant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Bilateralism or Multilateralism? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Trudeaumania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Trudeau’s Foreign Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Quebec and the Question of Sovereignty. . . . . . . . . . . . 198
The Parti Québécois and Sovereignty-Association . . . . . . . 200
Trudeau’s Travails and the Clark Interlude . . . . . . . . . . 202
Quebec’s 1980 Referendum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
A New Constitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Constitution Act (1982) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
The Close of the Libera l Era . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
The End of Cold War Canada? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
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Chapter 10
Late Twentieth-Century Canada (1984– 2000) . ........211
The Challenges of Nationhood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
The Conservative Impulse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
A Distinct Society? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Going with the Flow: Free Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Canada and the World at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century 218
Canada and the United States: Defense and Sovereignty Issues . 220
Canada’s Complex Face. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Chrétien and the Return of the Libera ls . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Quebec and the Question of Sovereignty. . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Western Thunder: the Reform Movement . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Canada’s Regions and Provinces at the Century’s End . . . . . 230
Canadians Look to a New Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Chapter 11
Contemporary Canada (2001–2010) .............235
Canadians Greet a New Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
The Nuances of Modern Politics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
The Cycles of Capitalism and Trade in a New Century . . . . 242
A Foreign Policy in the Post–Cold War Era . . . . . . . . . . 246
Canadian Citizens Exercise their Rights . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
Contemporary Canadian Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
Canada and the Twenty-First Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Notable People in the History of Canada . . ........263
Timeline of Historical Events ................279
Primary Documents.....................285
Bibliographic Essay .....................401
Index . ...........................405
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List of Primary Documents
................
L-1