Scott W. See. The History of Canada. Second Edition

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NEWFOUNDLAND & LABRADOR

The Arms of Newfoundland were granted by Royal Letters Pat

ent dated January 1, 1637 by King Charles I. The heraldic de

scription is as follows: Gules, a Cross Argent, in the first and

fourth quarters a Lion passant guardant crowned Or, in the sec

ond and third quarters an Unicorn passant Argent armed and

crined Or, gorged with a Coronet and a Chain affixed thereto re

flexed of the last. Crest: on a wreath Or and Gules a Moose

passant proper. Supporters: two Savages of the clime armed

and apparelled according to their guise when they go to war.

The motto reads QUAERITE PRIMEREGNUM DEI (seek ye first

the kingdom of God).

The official flag of Newfoundland, adopted in 1980, has primary

colours of Red, Gold and Blue, against a White background. The

Blue section on the left represents Newfoundland’s Common

wealth heritage and the Red and Gold section on the right repre

sents the hopes for the future with the arrow pointing the way.

The two triangles represent the mainland and island parts of the

province.

Floral Emblem: Pitcher Plant (Sarracenia Purpurea). Adopted

June 1954.

Provincial Bird: Atlantic puffin.

NORTHWEST TERRITORIES

The Arms of the Northwest Territories were approved by Her

Majesty Queen Elizabeth II on February 24, 1956. The crest

consists of two gold narwhals guarding a compass rose, sym-

bolic of the magnetic north pole. The white upper third of the

shield represents the polar ice pack and is crossed by a wavy

blue line portraying the Northwest Passage. The tree line is re-

flected by a diagonal line separating the red and green seg-

ments of the lower portion of the shield: the green symbolizing

the forested areas south of the tree line, and the red standing for

the barren lands north of it. The important bases of northern

wealth, minerals and fur, are represented by gold billets in the

green portion and the mask of a white fox in the red.

The official flag of the Northwest Territories was adopted by the

Territorial Council on January 1, 1969. Blue panels at either side

of the flag represent the lakes and waters of the Territories. The

white centre panel, equal in width to the two blue panels com-

bined, symbolizes the ice and snow of the North. In the centre of

the white portion is the shield from the Arms of the Territories.

Floral Emblem: Mountain Avens (Dryas Integrifolia). Adopted

by the Council on June 7, 1957.

Provincial Bird: Gyrfalcon. Adopted June 1990.

Flags and Emblems xxiii

NOVA SCOTIA

The Arms of the Province of Nova Scotia were granted to the

Royal Province in 1625 by King Charles I. The complete Armo

rial Achievement includes the Arms, surmounted by a royal helm

with a blue and silver scroll or mantling representing the Royal

cloak. Above is the crest of heraldic symbols: two joined hands,

one armoured and the other bare, supporting a spray of laurel

for peace and thistle for Scotland. On the left is the mythical

royal unicorn and on the right a 17th century representation of

the North American Indian. The motto reads MUNIT HAEC ET

LTERA VINCIT (one defends and the other conquers). En

twined with the thistle of Scotland at the base is the mayflower,

added in 1929, as the floral emblem of Nova Scotia.

The flag of the Province of Nova Scotia is a blue St. Andrew’s

Cross on a white field, with the Royal Arms of Scotland mounted

thereon. The width of the flag is three-quarters of the length.

The flag was originally authorized by Charles I in 1625. In 1929,

on petition of Nova Scotia, a Royal Warrant of King George V

was issued, revoking the modern Arms and ordering that the

original Arms granted by Charles I be borne upon (seals)

shields, banners, and otherwise according to the laws of Arms.

Floral Emblem: Trailing Arbutus, also known as Mayflower

(Epigaea Repens). Adopted April 1901.

Provincial Bird: Osprey. Adopted Spring, 1994.

NUNAVUT

The dominant colours blue and gold are the ones preferred by

the Nunavut Implementation Commissioners to symbolize the

riches of the land, sea and sky.

Red is a reference to Canada. In the base of the shield, the

inuksuk symbolizes the stone monuments which guide the peo-

ple on the land and mark sacred and other special places. The

qulliq, or Inuit stone lamp, represents light and the warmth of

family and the community. Above, the concave arc of five gold

circles refers to the life-giving properties of the sun arching

above and below the horizon, the unique part of the Nunavut

year. The star is the Niqirtsuituq, the North Star and the tradi-

tional guide for navigation and more broadly, forever remains un

changed as the leadership of the elders in the community.

In the crest, the iglu represents the traditional life of the people

and the means of survival. It also symbolizes the assembled

members of the Legislature meeting together for the good of

Nunavut; with the Royal Crown symbolizing public government

for all the people of Nunavut and the equivalent status of

Nunavut with other territories and provinces in Canadian Con-

federation. The tuktu (caribou) and qilalugaq tugaalik (narwhal)

refer to land and sea animals which are part of the rich natural

heritage of Nunavut and provide sustenance for people. The

compartment at the base is composed of land and sea and fea-

tures three important species of Arctic wild flowers.

Floral Emblem: Purple Saxifrage (Saxifraga oppositifolia).

dopted May 1, 2000.

xxiv Flags and Emblems

ONTARIO

The Arms of the Province of Ontario were granted by Royal War

rants on May 26, 1868 (shield), and February 27, 1909 (crest

and supporters). The heraldic description is as follows: Vert, a

Sprig of three leaves of Maple slipped Or on a Chief Argent the

Cross of St. George. Crest: upon a wreath Vert and Or a Bear

passant Sable. The supporters are on the dexter side, a Moose,

and on the sinister side a Canadian Deer, both proper. The

motto reads: UT INCEPIT FIDELIS SIC PERMANET (loyal in the

beginning, so it remained).

The flag of the Province of Ontario was adopted under the Flag

Act of May 21, 1965. It incorporates parts of the Royal Armorial

Ensigns, namely the Union and Red Ensign; the badge in the fly

of the flag is the shield of the Arms of the province. The flag is of

the proportions two by length and one by width, with the Union

Jack occupying the upper quarter next the staff and the shield of

the armorial hearings of the province centered in the half farthest

from the staff.

Floral Emblem: White Trillium (Trillium Grandiflorum). Adopted

March 25, 1937.

Provincial Bird: Common loon. Proposed, but not officially

adopted.

PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND

The Arms of the Province of Prince Edward Island were granted

by Royal Warrant, May 30, 1905. The heraldic description is as

follows: Argent on an Island Vert, to the sinister an Oak Tree

fructed, to the dexter thereof three Oak saplings sprouting all

proper, on a Chief Gules a Lion passant guardant Or. The motto

reads: PARVA SUB INGENTI (the small under the protection of

the great).

The flag of the Province of Prince Edward Island was authorized

by an Act of the Legislative Assembly, March 24, 1964. The de-

sign of the flag is that part of the Arms contained within the

shield, but is of rectangular shape, with a fringe of alternating

red and white. The chief and charge of the Arms occupies the

upper one-third of the flag, and the remainder of the Arms occu-

pies the lower two-thirds. The proportions of the flag are six,

four, and one-quarter in relation to the fly, the hoist, and the

depth of the fringe.

Floral Emblem: Lady’s Slipper (Cypripedium Acaule). Desig-

nated as the province’s floral emblem by the Legislative Assem-

bly in 1947. A more precise botanical name was included in an

amendment to the Floral Emblem Act in 1965.

Provincial Bird: Blue Jay (cyanocitta cristata) was designated

as avian emblem by the Provincial Emblems Acts, May 13,

1977.

Flags and Emblems xxv

QUÉBEC

The Arms of the Province of Québec were granted by Queen

Victoria, May 26, 1868, and revised by a Provincial Or

der-in-Council on December 9, 1939. The heraldic description is

as follows: Tierced in fess: Azure, three Fleurs-de-lis Or; Gules,

a Lion passant guardant Or armed and langued Azure; Or, a

Sugar Maple sprig with three leaves Vert veined Or. Surmounted

with the Royal Crown. Below the shield a scroll Argent, sur

rounded by a bordure Azure, inscribed with the motto JE ME

SOUVIENS Azure.

The official flag of the Province of Québec was adopted by a

Provincial Order-in-Council of January 21, 1948. It is a white

cross on a sky blue ground, with the fleur-de-lis in an upright po-

sition on the blue ground in each of the four quarters. The pro-

portion is six units wide by four units deep.

Floral Emblem: Iris Versicolor. Adopted November 5, 1999.

Provincial Bird: Snowy owl. Adopted December 17, 1987.

SASKATCHEWAN

The complete armorial bearings of the Province of Saskatche-

wan were granted by Royal Warrant on September 16, 1986,

through augmentation of the original shield of arms granted by

King Edward VII on August 25, 1906. The heraldic description is

as follows: Shield: Vert three Garbs in fesse Or, on a Chief of the

last a Lion passant guardant Gules. Crest: Upon a Helm with a

Wreath Argent and Gules a Beaver upholding with its back Our

Royal Crown and holding in the dexter fore-claws a Western

Red Lily (Lilium philadelphicumandinum) slipped all proper Man-

tled Gules doubled Argent. Supporters: On the dexter side a

Lion Or gorged with a Collar of Prairie Indian beadwork proper

and dependent therefrom a six-pointed Mullet faceted Argent

fimbriated and garnished Or charged with a Maple Leaf Gules

and on the sinister side a White tailed deer (Odocoileus

virginianus) proper gorged with a like Collar and dependent

therefrom a like Mullet charged with a Western Red Lily slipped

and leaved proper. Motto: Beneath the Shield a Scroll entwined

with Western Red Lilies slipped and leaved proper inscribed with

the motto MULTIS E GENTIBUS VIRES.

The official flag was dedicated on September 22, 1969, and fea-

tures the Arms of the province in the upper quarter nearest the

staff, with the Western Red Lily, in the half farthest from the staff.

The upper green portion represents forests, while the gold sym-

bolizes prairie wheat fields. The basic design was adopted from

the prize-winning entry of Anthony Drake of Hodgeville from a

province-wide flag design competition.

Floral Emblem: Western Red Lily (Lilium philadelphicum var.

andinum). Adopted April 8, 1941.

Provincial Bird: Prairie sharp-tailed grouse. Adopted March 30,

1945.

xxvi Flags and Emblems

UKON

The Arms of the Yukon, granted by Queen Elizabeth II on Febru

ary 24, 1956, have the following explanation: The wavy white

and blue vertical stripe represents the Yukon River and refers

also to the rivers and creeks where gold was discovered. The

red spire-like forms represent the mountainous country, and the

gold discs the mineral resources. The St. George’s Cross is in

reference to the early explorers and fur traders from Great Brit

ain, and the roundel in vair in the centre of the cross is a symbol

for the fur trade. The crest displays a Malamute dog, an animal

which has played an important part in the early history of the Yu

kon.

The Yukon flag, designed by Lynn Lambert, a Haines Junction

student, was adopted by Council in 1967. It is divided into thirds:

green for forests, white for snow, and blue for water.

The flag consists of three vertical panels, the centre panel being

one and one-half times the width of each of the other two pan-

els. The panel adjacent to the mast is coloured green, the centre

panel is coloured white and has the Yukon Crest disposed

above a symbolic representation of the floral emblem of the terri

tory, epilobium angustifolium, (fireweed), and the panel on the fly

is coloured blue. The stem and leaves of the floral emblem are

coloured green, and the flowers thereof are coloured red. The

Yukon Crest is coloured red and blue, with the Malamute dog

coloured black.

Floral Emblem: Fireweed (Epilobium Angustifolium). Adopted

November 16, 1957.

Provincial Bird: Common raven. Adopted October 28, 1985.

Flags and Emblems xxvii

National Anthem: O Canada

From “Chapter 5, Statutes of Canada 1980; proclaimed July 1, 1980.” Composed by Calixa Lavallée; French

lyrics written by Judge Adolphe-Basile Routhier; English lyrics written by Robert Stanley Weir (with some

changes incorporated in 1967).

O Canada! Our home and native land!

True patriot love in all thy sons command.

With glowing hearts we see thee rise,

The True North strong and free!

From far and wide, O Canada, We stand on guard for thee.

God keep our land glorious and free!

O Canada, we stand on guard for thee.

O Canada! Terre de nos aïeux!

Ton front est ceint de fleurons glorieux!

Car ton bras sait porter l’épée, Il sait porter la croix!

Ton histoire est une épopée Des plus brillants exploits.

Et ta valeur, de foi trempée,

Protégera nos foyers et nos droits,

Protégera nos foyers et nos droits.

Participants to the First Ministers’ Constitutional Conference

on Patriation of the Constitution

(Held in Ottawa from September 2 to 5, 1981)

•

The Right Honourable Pierre Elliott Trudeau,

P.C., Q.C., M.P., Prime Minister of Canada;

•

The Honourable Will iam G. Davis, Q.C.,

Premier of Ontario;

•

The Honourable René Lévesque, Premier of

Québec;

•

The Honourable John M. Buchanan, Q.C.,

Premier of Nova Scotia;

•

The Honourable Richard B. Hatfield, Premier

of New Brunswick;

•

The Honourable Sterling R. Lyon, Q.C.,

Premier of Manitoba;

•

The Honourable W.R. Bennett, Premier of

British Columbia;

•

The Honourable J. Angus MacLean, P.C.,

D.F.C., C.D., Premier of Prince Edward Island;

•

The Honourable Allan Blakeney, Q.C., Premier

of Saskatchewan;

•

The Honourable Peter Lougheed, Q.C.,

Premier of Alberta;

•

The Honourable Brian Peckford, Premier of

Newfoundland.

xxviii Anthem

Fathers of Confederation

Three conferences helped to pave the way for Confederation - those held at Charlottetown (September,

1864), Québec City (October, 1864) and London (December, 1866). As all the delegates who were at the

Charlottetown conferences were also in attendance at Québec, the following list includes the names of all

those who attended one or more of the three conferences.

*Hewitt Bernard was John A. Macdonald’s private secretary. He served as secretary of both the Québec and London

conferences.

DELEGATES TO THE CONFEDERATION CONFERENCES, 1864–1866

LEGEND:

Charlottetown, 1 September, 1864 C

Québec, 10 October, 1864 Q

London, 4 December, 1866 L

CANADA

John A. Macdonald C Q L

George E. Cartier C Q L

Alexander T. Galt C Q L

William McDougall C Q L

Hector L. Langevin C Q L

George Brown C Q

Thomas D’Arcy McGee C Q

Alexander Campbell C Q

Sir Etienne P. Taché Q

Oliver Mowat Q

J.C. Chapais Q

James Cockburn Q

W.P. Howland L

*Hewitt Bernard

NOVA SCOTIA

Charles Tupper C Q L

William A. Henry C Q L

Jonathan McCully C Q L

Adams G. Archibald C Q L

Robert B. Dickey Q

J.W. Ritchie L

NEW BRUNSWICK

Samuel L. Tilley C Q L

J.M. Johnson C Q L

William H. Steeves C Q

E.B. Chandler C Q

John Hamilton Gray C Q

Peter Mitchell Q L

Charles Fisher Q L

R.D. Wilmot L

PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND

John Hamilton Gray C Q

Edward Palmer C Q

William H. Pope C Q

A.A. Macdonald C Q

George Coles C Q

T.H. Haviland Q

Edward Whelan Q

NEWFOUNDLAND

F.B.T. Carter Q

Ambrose Shea Q

Fathers of Confederation xxix

Prime Ministers of Canada

Sir John A. Macdonald Conservative 1867–1873

Alexander Mackenzie Liberal 1873–1878

Sir John A. Macdonald Conservative 1878–1891

Sir John Abbott Conservative 1891–1892

Sir John Thompson Conservative 1892–1894

Sir Mackenzie Bowell Conservative 1894–1896

Sir Charles Tupper Conservative 1896

Sir Wilfrid Laurier Liberal 1896–1911

Sir Robert Laird Borden Conservative 1911–1917

Sir Robert Laird Borden Union 1917–1920

Arthur Meighen Conservative 1920–1921

William Lyon Mackenzie King Liberal 1921–1926

Arthur Meighen Conservative 1926

William Lyon Mackenzie King Liberal 1926–1930

Richard Bedford Bennett Conservative 1930–1935

William Lyon Mackenzie King Liberal 1935–1948

Louis St. Laurent Liberal 1948–1957

John George Diefenbaker Progressive 1957–1963

Conservative

Lester Pearson Liberal 1963–1968

Pierre Elliott Trudeau Liberal 1968–1979

Charles Joseph Clark Progressive 1979–1980

Conservative

Pierre Elliott Trudeau Liberal 1980–1984

John N. Turner Liberal 1984

Brian Mulroney Progressive 1984–1993

Conservative

Kim Campbell Progressive 1993

Conservative

Jean Chrétien Liberal 1993–2003

Paul Martin, Jr. Liberal 2003–2006

Stephen J. Harper Conservative 2006

Prime Ministers of Canada xxxi

xxxii Prime Ministers of Canada

Prime Ministers of Canada xxxiii