Scott W. See. The History of Canada. Second Edition

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Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR), 105,

106–7, 108–9, 117, 148

Canadian Reform and Conservative

Alliance (Canadian Alliance), 230, 239

Canadian Shield. See Shield

Canadian Women’s Army Corps, 159

Canadiens, 52, 55, 64, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82,

126, 184

Canals, 86

Candu nuclear reactors, 174

Cape Breton, 31, 58, 61, 62, 72, 73, 81

Capital punishment, 192

Caribbean, 63, 64, 218; immigrants from,

20, 82, 178, 225; slaves from, 54

Carignan-Salières regiment, 49–50

Carleton, Sir Guy, 69, 72

Carnegie Endowment for International

Peace, 152

Carrey, Jim, 258

Carter, Jimmy, 202

Cartier, Sir George-Étienne, 92, 93, 95, 96,

100, 107, 264–65, 315–16

Cartier, Jacques, 32–34, 42, 265

Casgrain, Thérèse, 265

Censitaires,51

Central Powers, 123

Champlain, Samuel de, 34–37, 38, 39,

265–66, 291–92

Champlain and St. Lawrence Railroad, 86

Charest, Jean, 266

Charles II, 53

Charlottetown, 95

Charlottetown Accord, 215–16, 222, 223,

226, 227

Charter of Rights and Freedoms, 15,

206–7, 215, 222, 225, 233, 235, 256,

257, 258, 377–78. See also Constitution

Château Clique,78

Châteauguay River, 77

Chignecto Bay, 60

China, 174, 196, 225, 231, 256; immi-

grants from, 20, 118, 383–85; trade, 17,

220; World War II, 152

Chinese, 109, 117

Chrétien, Jean, 204, 207, 209, 223,

226–27, 228, 238, 246, 248, 249–50,

251, 266–67

Christian Heritage Party, 241

Church of England, 79, 84. See also

Anglican church

Churchill, Winston, 162

Churchill River, 104

Cité Libre, 181

Civil Marriage Act, 257

Civil War (U.S.), 93, 94, 98, 102, 109

Clarity Act, 229, 238

Clark, Joseph, 202–3

Climate, 11–12

Clinton, Bill, 246

Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 47

Cold War, 141, 162, 163, 165, 170,

171–76, 184, 193–95, 197, 209, 218,

219, 220, 246, 359–60

Colombo Plan, 174

Columbus, Christopher, 31

Commercial enterprises, 85, 141–42, 145,

243. See also Bank of Canada

Commonwealth, 136, 144, 152, 170, 172,

174, 193, 219

Commonwealth Games, 193

Communism, 147, 150, 181

Company of New France (Company of

Hundred Associates), 38, 40–41

Confederation, 110, 113; causes of,

91–94; debates, 94–95; opposition to,

95–97, 317–19; support for, 97, 313–16

Confederation of Regions party, 232, 241

Congo, 173

Conquest, 63–65, 74, 82, 126

Conscription: World War I, 126–27,

337–39; World War II, 159–60

Conservative party: nineteenth

century, 100–1, 107, 108, 115–16;

pre-Confederation, 91–92; twentieth

century, 122, 126, 130, 144, 169–71,

174, 195, 196, 230, 231, 232; twenty-

first century, 239–40. See also prime

ministers Bennett, Richard Bedford;

Borden, Sir Robert; Campbell, Kim;

Clark, Joseph; Diefenbaker, John

George; Harper, Stephen; Macdonald,

Sir John A.; Meighen, Arthur;

Mulroney, Brian

Conservative Party of Canada, 92, 239

Index 407

Constitution, 13, 15, 205–8, 214, 215,

216, 257. See also British North

America Act; Charlottetown Accord;

Charter of Rights and Freedoms; Meech

Lake Accord

Constitution Act (1982). See Constitution

Constitutional Act (1791), 73

Convention of 1818, 78, 87

Co-operative Commonwealth Federation

(CCF), 148–49, 190, 349–50

Corte-Real brothers, 32

Coureurs de bois, 38, 52–53

Coutume de Paris,49

Cree, 104, 105, 106, 215, 224

Crerar, T.A. (Thomas Alexander), 131

Cronenberg, David, 258

Cronyn, Hume, 258

Cross, James, 199

Crysler’s Farm, 76

Cuba, 175, 199, 221, 246

Cuban Missile Crisis, 175–76

Culture, 134–35, 144–45, 178–80,

258–60, 289, 369–71, 397–99

Curé, 51

Currie, Sir Arthur, 124, 267

Cyprus, 173, 193

Czechoslovakia, 154

Dandurand, Raoul, 152, 153

Davies, Robertson, 259

Davis, Bill, 205

Day, Stockwell, 230, 239

Defence, Department of, 147

De Gaulle, Charles, 191

Denmark, 248, 254

Department of Indian Affairs, 256

Department of Regional Economic

Expansion (DREE), 196

Depression. See Great Depression

Detroit, 73, 76

Devils Lake, North Dakota, 255

Diefenbaker, John George, 169–71,

174–76, 183, 185, 193, 214, 267–68,

359–60

Dieppe, 155–56

Dion, Céline, 259

Dion, Stéphane, 239

Diseases, 41–42, 83

Distant Early Warning network (DEW),

174, 220

Dominion Lands Act, 107

Donnacona, 33

Dorion, Antoine-Aimé, 92, 96

Douglas, Lord, the Fifth Earl of

Selkirk, 75

Douglas, Tommy, 149, 190, 268

Doukhobors, 118

Drake, 259

Drapeau, Jean, 191

Dumont, Gabriel, 105–

Duplessis, Maurice, 150, 153, 157,

181, 268

Durham, Earl of, 80, 81

Dutch, 31, 45, 53; immigrants, 20, 83,

178; World War II, 156

Eaton’s, 134

Economic Council of Canada, 189–90

Economy, 16–18, 133–34, 141–43,

166–68, 169–70, 196, 197, 208,

213–14, 217–18, 226, 227, 231.

See also Mohawk

410 Index

Israel, 173, 202

Italians, 161

Italy: immigrants from, 20, 178, 181;

World War II, 152, 155, 156

James I, 37

James Bay, 224

Japan, 135, 151, 161; immigrants from,

118; trade, 17, 219; World War II, 152,

155, 156

Japanese Canadians, 160–61, 353–55

Jay’s Treaty, 74

Jennings, Peter, 258

Jesuits, 41–42

Jesuits’ Estates Act, 115

Jewish immigration, 153, 178

Johnson, Daniel, 184, 198, 228

Johnson, Lyndon, 194

Johnson, Pierre Marc, 214

Judicial Committee of the British Privy

Council. See Privy Council

Judicial system, 15–16

Juno Awards, 258

Juno Beach (Normandy), 156

Kabul, 233

Kahnewake, 224

Kandahar, 248, 249

Keenleyside, Hugh, 369–71

Kellogg-Briand Pact, 152

Kennedy, John F., 175, 193, 253

Khadr, Omar, 252

Khrushchev, Nikita, 175–76

King, William Lyon Mackenzie, 165,

269; foreign policy, 152, 153, 154,

161, 162; in Great Depression, 143,

146, 150; in 1920s, 130, 131, 132,

136; in World War II, 155, 157,

159, 160

King George’s War, 59

King William’s War, 57–58

Kirke brothers, 38

Klein, Ralph, 231

Klondike, 121

Knights of Labor, 133

Korean War, 172–73

Kuwait, 219

Kyoto protocol, 253, 254

Labor, 125, 132–33, 158, 167–68, 169,

192, 201. See also American Federation

of Labor; Labour Congress; Industrial

Workers of the World; Knights of

Labor; One Big Union; Trades and

Labor Congress

Labrador, 30, 32, 33, 166; geography, 9

Lachine, 33, 57

Lachine Canal, 86

L’Action française, 150

LaFontaine, Louis-Hippolyte, 81, 91

Lake Champlain, 36, 50, 56, 76, 77, 78

Lake Erie, 73, 76, 82, 86

Lake Huron, 36, 53

Lake Michigan, 53

Lake of the Woods, 78

Lake Ontario, 48, 60, 73, 86

Lake Superior, 78, 104

L’Anse aux Meadows, 30

Lapointe, Ernest, 131, 157, 165

Laporte, Pierre, 199

Laurence, Margaret, 259

Laurier, Sir Wilfrid, 4, 115, 116, 117, 120,

121, 122, 126, 127, 177, 233, 270

Laval, François de, 48, 270

Lawrence, Charles, 61

Leacock, Stephen, 119, 270

League for Social Reconstruction, 148–49

League of Nations, 128, 152, 153

Lesage, Jean, 182, 183, 184, 198, 200

Lévesque, René, 182, 200–1, 204, 205–6,

214, 270–71, 363–64

Liberal party: in Quebec, 182, 183, 184,

198, 199, 200, 204, 214, 227–28;

nineteenth century, 100, 101, 107,

108, 116–17; pre-Confederation, 92;

twentieth century, 122, 126, 127, 130,

131, 132, 143, 150, 189–91, 208–9,

226–27, 232; twenty-first century,

238–39. See also prime ministers

Chrétien, Jean; King, William Lyon

Mackenzie; Laurier, Sir Wilfrid;

Mackenzie, Alexander; Martin, Paul, Jr.;

Pearson, Lester; St. Laurent, Louis;

Trudeau, Pierre Elliott; Turner, John

Liberal-Conservative party, 92. See also

Conservative party

Lightfoot, Gordon, 259

Index 411

Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), 255

Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 62

Lougheed, Peter, 202, 203

Louis XIII, 38, 40

Louis XIV, 47

Louisbourg, 57, 58, 59, 62

Louisiana, 62, 63

Lower Canada, 73, 82, 85, 87;

Rebellions, 78–81

Loyalists, 72–73, 81, 82, 92, 305–6

Lumbering. See Timber industry

Lunenburg, Nova Scotia, 82

MacArthur, Douglas, 173

Macdonald, Sir John A., 100, 101,

102, 103, 106, 107, 115, 116, 271;

Confederation, 92, 95, 313–15;

National Policy, 108–9; Washington

Treaty, 109–10

Mackenzie, Sir Alexander (explorer),

74, 271

Mackenzie, Alexander (prime minister),

107–8

Mackenzie, William Lyon, 80, 130, 272,

307–8

Mackenzie-Papineau battalion, 153

Mackenzie River, 11

Maclean’s, 135

MacNeil, Robert, 258

Macphail, Agnes, 129, 272

McClung, Nellie, 129, 273, 342–43

McGee, Thomas D’Arcy, 273

McKenna, Frank, 232

McKinney, Louise, 223

McLuhan, Marshall, 209

McNaughton, General Andrew, 147,

155, 160

Madison, James, 76

Magazine Publishers Association of

Canada, 135

Maillet, Antonine, 259

Maine, 35, 77, 87, 93, 255

Maisonneuve, Paul de Chomedey, 42

Maliseet, 83

Mance, Jeanne, 42

Manchuria, 152

Manhattan, 221

Manitoba, 105, 129, 215, 230, 231,

242, 255; Confederation, 13, 104;

geography, 10

Manitoba Act, 104, 115

Manitoba schools controversy, 115, 116

Manley Commission, 249

Manley, John, 249

Manning, Preston, 229, 230

Manufacturing, 85, 108, 121, 122, 125,

133, 134, 142, 157, 158, 169, 170, 177,

193, 220, 242–43

Marijuana, 252–53

Maritime provinces, 81, 108, 142. See also

New Brunswick; Nova Scotia; Prince

Edward Island

Marshall Plan, 167

Martin, Paul, Jr., 238, 248, 250, 251

Massachusetts, 57, 61, 70

Massey, Vincent, 166, 179, 272–73, 361

Massey Report. See Royal Commission on

National Development in the Arts,

Letters, and Sciences

Medical Care Act, 190

Medicare, 190, 253

Meech Lake Accord, 214

–15, 227

Meighen, Arthur, 130, 131, 160

Mennonites, 118

Mercantilism, 40, 47, 55–56

Mercer, Rick, 397–99

Merchant, Livingston, 194

Mercredi, Ovide, 223, 273–74

Methodist church, 84

Métis, 74–75; North-West Rebellion,

104–5; Red River resistance, 102–4

Mexico, 87, 153; trade, 17, 214, 217, 219,

221, 227, 250

Mi’kmaq, 33, 57, 60, 83

Middle East, 173, 218, 219, 233, 237, 247

Middle Power, 162, 171–72, 173, 193,

194, 218, 246

Military, 126, 218, 219, 351–52, 391–92.

See also Afghanistan conflict, Gulf War;

Korean War; South African War; World

War I; World War II

Military Service Act, 126

Mineral production, 134, 142, 157, 218,

232

412 Index

Minnesota, 93

Miquelon, 63

Miramichi River, 82

Mississauga, 83

Mississippi River, 59, 63, 70

Mitchell, Joni, 259

Mitchell, W.O., 259

Mohawk, 50, 224

Molson brewery, 245

Molson, John, 85, 86

Montagnais, 34, 35

Montana, 104

Montcalm, Marquis de, 60, 62, 63, 301–2

Montgomery, Lucy Maud, 231

Montgomery, Richard, 71

Montreal: in late eighteenth century, 63,

71; in New France, 42, 48, 52, 53, 54; in

nineteenth century, 74, 82, 84, 85, 86,

87, 93, 103, 109, 110, 120; in twentieth

century, 127, 177, 181, 191, 199, 200,

224, 228, 259, 260

Montreal Expos, 259–60

Montreal Stock Exchange, 199

Monts, Sieur de, 35

Moodie, Susanna, 274

Morissette, Alanis, 259

Mormons, 118

Mowat, Farley, 259

Mulroney, Brian, 203, 209, 213–17,

226, 274

Munich Agreement, 154

Munro, Alice, 259

Murphy, Emily, 275

Murray, Anne, 259

Music industry, 258, 259

Mussolini, Benito, 152

NAFTA. See North American Free Trade

Agreement

Napoleonic wars, 75, 76, 77

Nasser, Colonel Gamal Abdel, 173

National Action Committee on the Status

of Women (NAC), 192, 222

National Energy Program (NEP), 203,

208, 214

National Film Board, 145, 179

National Gallery, 174

National Hockey League, 259

National Library, 179

National Policy, 108–9, 113, 115, 117,

121, 122, 245

National Productivity Council, 169

National Resources Mobilization Act

(NRMA), 160

National Selective Service, 158

Native peoples, 10, 19, 20, 26, 27, 45, 81,

82, 83, 102, 118, 223–25, 256–57; BNA

Act, 98; Constitution, 206, 208, 215,

216; contact period, 32–37, 291–92;

economic systems, 28–29; English-

French struggle for continent, 55, 56,

57, 58, 59, 60, 69; fur trade, 28, 53, 74,

75; Loyalists, 72, 73; North-West

Rebellion, 104–6; population figures,

27; precontact, 26–30; Red River

Rebellion, 102–4; slaves, 54; War of

1812, 76. See also under names of

specific groups

Nativism, 118

NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty

Organization

Naval Service Act, 122

Navvies, 109

Nazism, 153

Nelson River, 104

Netherlands.

See Dutch

New Brunswick, 62, 74, 82, 85, 87,

101, 129, 192, 205, 215, 229, 232,

255; Confederation, 13, 95, 96, 98;

Loyalists, 72, 73, 305–6; responsible

government, 91

“New Deal” (Bennett), 146

New Democratic Party (NDP), 149, 203,

230, 231, 232, 241, 248

New England, 58, 59, 60, 61, 70, 71, 81,

118, 180, 261

New France: early settlement, 34–43,

293–94, 295–97; economy, 40–41, 54;

governance, 47–49; peoples of, 49–50;

population figures, 57, 64; religion,

41–42, 299–300; seigneurial system,

50–52; towns, 54; wars, 55–65

New National Policy, 131

New York, 57, 58, 86, 224

Index 413

New Zealand, 99

Newfoundland, 58, 63, 73, 82, 168, 215,

231, 232, 242, 247; Confederation era,

96, 97; exploration, 31, 32; joins

Canada, 13, 166, 357–58, responsible

government, 91

Niagara, 73, 76, 80, 86

Nickelback, 259

9/11, 245, 246, 247, 248, 251

Ninety-Two Resolutions, 79

Nisga’a, 257

Nixon, Richard, 196, 197

Normandy invasion, 156

Norsemen, 30–31

North American Air Defense Agreement

(NORAD), 174, 175, 198, 220, 252

North American Free Trade Agreement

(NAFTA), 6, 17, 217–18, 226, 244,

256. See also Free Trade Agreement

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

(NATO), 172, 193, 195, 197, 219, 246,

248, 249

North Vietnam. See Vietnam

North Warning System, 220

North West Company (Nor’Westers),

74, 75

North-West Mounted Police, 105. See also

Royal Canadian Mounted Police

North-West Rebellion, 103, 104–6, 224,

325–27

Northwest passage, 254

Northwest Territories, 13, 102, 169, 224;

geography, 9, 10

Norway, 248

Nova Scotia, 37–38, 73, 81, 82, 85,

107, 129, 133, 229, 232; American

Revolution, 70, 71; Confederation,

13, 96, 97, 98, 101; Loyalists, 72;

responsible government, 91

Nunavut, 9, 13, 224–25, 257

Obama, Barack, 245, 253

October Crisis, 198, 199, 200

Official Languages Act, 192

Ogdensburg, New York, 161, 174

Ohio, 59, 74

Old Age Pension Plan, 143

Olympic Games (1976), 200, 260

Olympic Games (1988), 260

Olympic Games (2010), 3–4, 260, 285–88

Ondaatje, Michael, 259

One Big Union, 133

Ontario: Confederation , 13, 98, 100;

geography, 9, 10; nineteenth century,

73, 103, 106, 108; twentieth century,

126, 129, 144, 178, 191, 203, 205, 216,

224, 225, 226, 229, 230, 231; twenty-

first century, 256, 261

On-to-Ottawa Trek, 148

Orange Order, 103

Oregon controversy, 87, 93, 109

Organization of American States, 219

Organization of Petroleum Exporting

Countries (OPEC), 196, 197

Orthodox Catholic church, 118

Oshawa, 150

Ottawa, 13, 18, 86, 100, 101, 102, 106,

108, 121, 162, 174, 206, 247

Ottawa River, 73, 85, 86

Pacific Northwest, 261

Pacific Rim, 89, 196

Pacific scandal, 107, 108

Padlock Act, 181

Papineau, Louis-Joseph, 79, 275

Parent Commission, 183

Parizeau, Jacques, 228, 229

Parliament, 13, 14, 15, 101, 104, 119,

122, 131, 202, 206, 207, 215, 227.

See also Canada Pension Plan; Old Age

Pension Plan

People’s Republic of China. See China

Permanent Joint Board of Defense, 161

414 Index

Perrault, Joseph, 317–18

Peterson, Oscar, 259

Petro-Canada, 197, 202, 208

Petroleum production, 167, 168, 169,

196, 197, 202, 221, 231, 232, 243

Philippines, 225

Pickford, Mary, 145

Pitt, William, 59, 62, 63

Plains of Abraham, 63

Poland, 154, 155, 193; immigrants from,

20, 178, 181

Polar Sea, 221

Political system, 13–16

Polk, James K., 87

Pond, Peter, 74

Population, 18–20, 81, 100, 111, 176–77,

225, 226, 260

Port-Royal, 35, 37, 55, 58

Porter, John, 190, 365–67

Portugal: exploration, 31, 32, 34;

immigrants from, 20

Poundmaker, Chief, 105, 276

Poutrincourt, Sieur de, 37

Prairie provinces, 134, 142, 261. See also

Alberta; Manitoba; Saskatchewan

Prairies, 118, 129; geography, 10

Presbyterian church, 84

Prince Edward Island, 61, 73, 75, 81, 129,

231–32; Confederation, 13, 96, 97, 101;

responsible government, 91

Prince Rupert, British Columbia, 117

Privy Council, 15, 107, 115, 143, 166

Progressive Canadian Party, 241

Progressive Conservative party, 202, 209,

213, 226, 227, 230, 232. See also

Conservative party; Conservative Party

of Canada

Progressive party, 130, 131, 134, 148

Protestants, 115. See also Anglican church;

Baptist church; Methodist church;

Presbyterian church

Public Archives of Canada, 179

Qaeda, al-, 246, 247, 248, 249, 252

Quebec, 103, 104, 106, 108, 129, 132,

166, 178, 191, 200, 203, 229; American

Revolution, 70, 71; Confederation, 13,

98; Constitution, 205, 206, 207,

214–16; geography, 9; Great

Depression, 144, 150; language

legislation, 200, 201, 215; migration

from, 118, 180; Native peoples, 224,

228; Quiet Revolution, 167–68,

180–84; referendum (1980), 203–4;

referendum (1995), 228; sovereignty

issues, 198–201, 203–4, 214–16,

227–29, 260, 261, 363–64, 373–76;

World War I, 126, 127; World War II,

153, 159, 160. See also Charlottetown

Accord; Meech Lake Accord; Parti

Québécois; Quiet Revolution

Quebec Act, 69–70, 73

Quebec City, 71, 82, 127, 162, 199, 201,

217, 228; Confederation debates, 95; in

New France, 35–

36, 52, 54, 58, 62, 63

Québécois, 182, 183, 184, 191, 198, 200,

201, 204, 207, 211, 216, 226, 230

Queen Anne’s War, 58

Queen Elizabeth II, 13, 168, 206

Queenston Heights, 76

Quiet Revolution, 168, 180–84, 198, 200,

201, 204

Radio-Canada, 199. See also Canadian

Broadcasting Corporation

Radisson, Pierre-Esprit, 53

Railroads, 86, 93, 101, 108–9, 116–17,

125. See also Canadian National

Railways; Canadian Northern Railway;

Canadian Pacific Railway; Champlain

and St. Lawrence Railroad; Grand

Trunk Pacific Railway; Grand Trunk

Railway; St. Lawrence and Atlantic

Railway

Reagan, Ronald, 213, 217, 220

Rebellions (1837–1838), 78–81, 307–8

Recession (2008), 233, 242, 243, 244

Reciprocity agreement (1911), 121,

122, 217

Reciprocity Treaty (1854), 87, 93

Récollets, 41

Red River, 75, 102, 105

Red River resistance, 102–4

Red River settlement, 75, 93, 102

Reform party, 226, 227, 229, 230

Reformers, 91

Index 415

Regina, 106, 148

Regina Manifesto, 148–49

Regionalism, 19, 260–61

Regulation 17, 126

Religion, 83–84. See also under names

of specific churches

Responsible government, 80, 81, 91

Revolutionary War. See American

Revolution

Richelieu, Cardinal, 38, 40

Richelieu River, 50, 56, 76, 79

Richler, Mordecai, 259

Riddell, Dr. W.A., 152, 153

Rideau Canal, 86

Ridings (electoral districts), 14

Riel, Louis, 103, 104, 105, 106, 276,

325–27

Riots, 118, 120, 127, 198

Roberval, Jean-François de la Rocque de,

33, 34

Rocky Mountains, 10, 78, 87, 109

Roman Catholic church, 69, 84, 92, 103,

115, 116, 129; in New France, 41–42,

48, 70; in Quebec, 150, 153, 180, 181,

182, 183–84. See also Jesuits; Jesuits’

Estates Act; Manitoba schools contro-

versy; Récollets; Sulpicians; Ursulines

Romanow, Roy, 230–31

Roosevelt, Franklin D., 153–54, 161, 162

Roosevelt, Theodore, 121

Rouges, 92, 96, 107. See also Parti rouges

Rowell-Sirois commission. See Royal

Commission on Dominion-Provincial

Relations

Roy, Gabrielle, 259

Royal Canadian Air Force, 156, 172, 175

Royal Canadian Air Force Women’s

Division, 159

Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP),

3, 105, 161, 225, 238. See also North-

West Mounted Police; Royal North-

West Mounted Police

Royal Canadian Navy, 123, 155, 156, 172

Royal Commission on Bilingualism and

Biculturalism, 191–92

Royal Commission on Canada’s Economic

Prospects, 169–70

Royal Commission on Dominion-

Provincial Relations, 150–51

Royal Commission on National

Development in the Arts, Letters, and

Sciences, 179, 180, 258, 361–62

Royal Commission on the Status of

Women, 192

Royal Flying Corps, 123, 124

Royal North-West Mounted Police, 133

Royal Proclamation (1763), 69, 70

Royal Twenty Centers. See Unemployment

relief camps

Rupert

’s Land, 53, 74, 93, 102

Rush-Bagot agreement, 78

Russia, 102, 123, 133, 153, 254, 256;

immigrants from, 118. See also

Soviet Union

Ryan, Claude, 204

Ryerson, Egerton, 84

Sable Island, 232

Saguenay, 33

Saguenay River, 34

St. Charles, 79

St. Croix River, 35

St. Eustache, 79

St. John River, 72

St. Laurent, Louis, 165, 168, 169,

171, 179

St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railway, 93

St. Lawrence River, 71, 73, 86, 87, 110;

exploration, 33, 34, 35; geography, 9,

12; settlement, 35, 36, 37; struggle for

control of, 59, 62, 63

St. Lawrence Seaway, 168

St. Pierre, 63

Saint-Jean Baptiste Day, 198

Saint John, New Brunswick, 72, 82

Sainte-Foy, 63

Salaberry, Charles de, 77

Saskatchewan, 129, 142, 149, 225,

230–31, 242; Confederation, 13, 118;

geography, 10

Saskatchewan River, 104, 105

Scandinavia: immigrants from, 20, 118

Scotland: immigrants from, 37, 81, 82, 83

Scots, 60, 74, 75, 84, 100, 102

416 Index