Schmitt C.B. (ed.) The Cambridge History of Renaissance Philosophy
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Biobibliographies
817
ECK,
JOHANNES
(Eckius)
b.
Egg (near Memmingen), i486;
d.
Ingolstadt, 1543. German
theologian
and
philosopher. Studied
at
Rothenburg, Heidelberg, Tubingen.
M.A.,
1501.
Studied theology
at
Cologne.
In
1502-10
studied theology, mathematics
(under
Gregor
Reisch),
geography,
law
(under
Ulrich Zasius)
and
taught philosophy
at
University
of
Freiburg; 1510 doctor theologiae there. Professor
of
theology
at
University
of
Ingolstadt,
1510-43.
Participated
in
disputations
of
Bologna 1515, Vienna 1516
and
Leipzig 1519.
Participated
in
Reichstag, Augsburg, 1530.
In
1540-1
attended
religious conferences
at
Hagenau, Worms, Regensburg. Prominent Catholic opponent
of
Luther. Wrote several
Aristotelian works.
I DHGExiv, pp.
1375-9;
DTCiv, cols. 2056-7; Lohr
1976,
pp.
722-3;
NDBiv,
pp. 272-4;
Prantl
in, pp. 284-90.
II Seifert 1978; Iserloh 1981.
ERASMUS,
DESIDERIUS
b. Rotterdam,
1466/9;
d.
Basle,
1536. Dutch humanist and
theologian. Educated
by
Brethren
of
the
Common
Life
at
Deventer.
In
1487 became
Augustinian canon
at
Steyn. Ordained priest, 1492.
In
1495 studied
at
Collège
de
Montaigu,
Paris.
In
Oxford 1499; Louvain 1502-4; Italy
1506—9;
England again
1509—14,
teaching
at
Cambridge and establishing contact with More/Colet circle.
In
Louvain
1517-21;
Basle and
Freiburg
1529—36.
Wrote didactic and satirical works promoting
a
combination
of
learning
and piety (philosophia Christi)
and
urging church reform: e.g., Enchiridion militis christiani
(published
1503);
Moriae encomium
(1511);
Colloquiafamiliaria
(1518-33).
Opposed Luther,
with whom he debated
on
freedom
of
the
will.
Edited the Greek New Testament with Latin
translation, patristic works
and
classical texts, e.g., Aristotle, Cicero, Seneca.
His
writings
were posthumously placed
on the
Index.
I
CTCiv,
pp.
221-2;
DTCv,
cols. 388-97;
FF11,
cols.
913-15;
NDBiv,
pp. 554-60; Totok,
pp. 283-314.
II Bibliotheca Erasmiana
1893-1908;
P. Smith
1923;
Bataillon
1937;
Renaudet
1954;
Margolin
1963,
1977;
D.
F.
S.
Thomson
and
Porter 1963; Kohls 1966; Bene 1969; Halkin 1969;
Mesnard 1969; Tracy 1972, 1978; Trinkaus 1976; Stupperich
1977;
Essays
. . .
Erasmus
1978;
Chantraine 1981; Chomarat 1981; O'Rourke
Boyle
1983; Rummel 1985.
FICINO,
MARSILIO
b.
Figline (Valdarno), 1433;
d.
Careggi (Florence), 1499. Italian
Neoplatonic philosopher. Educated in Florence in humanities, philosophy, medicine. Began
studying Greek
c. 1456.
Cosimo de' Medici commissioned him
to
translate
corpus
Hermeticum
(completed
1463)
and
Plato (published 1484). Leading spirit
in
Florentine Platonic
Academy.
Ordained priest, 1473. Wrote influential commentary
on
Symposium
(1469),
explaining Platonic theory
of
love;
Theologia platonica
(1469-74),
on immortality
of
the soul;
De
triplici
vita
(1489), touching
on
magic
and
astrology;
translated
and
commented
on
Plotinus (1492). Retired to the country after the Medici were expelled from Florence in 1494.
I
CTCi,
p.
139;
DTCv,
cols.
2277-91;
EF11,
cols.
1327-31;
Lohr
1971,
pp. 322-3; Totok,
pp. 154-9.
II Festugière
1941;
Kristeller
1953a,
1956a
ad indicem,
1983a;
Garin 1954, pp.
288-311;
Saitta
1954;
Marcel 1958; Walker 1958, pp. 3-59; Tarabochia
1971-2;
Zambelli
1973a;
Collins
1974;
Platon etAristote
1976,
pp.
59-77
(Kristeller); Zanier
1977;
M.J. B.
Allen
1980, 1982,
1984a,
1984b;
M.J. B.
Allen
and White
1981;
Copenhaver
1984,1986
and forthcoming b;
Marsilio Ficino 1984.
FILELFO,
FRANCESCO
b.
Tolentino, 1398;
d.
Florence, 1481. Italian humanist. Studied
at
Padua
under
Gasparino Barzizza. Taught
at
Padua, Venice, Vicenza. Secretary of Venetian
Republic
at
Constantinople,
1421-7:
studied
under
Johannes
Chrysoloras; collected Greek
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
8i8
Biobibliographies
manuscripts; served on various embassies. Taught
at
Bologna, 1428.
In
1429
called
to
teach
at
the Florentine Studio, where
he
quarrelled with many prominent citizens; exiled
in
1434
for
conspiring against Cosimo de' Medici.
In
1434-9 taught
at
Sienna.
In
Milan
1439-81,
where
he served
the
Visconti
and
Sforza families; except during
1475-6,
when
he
taught
at the
Sapienza
in
Rome. Recalled
to
Florence
in
1481
by
Lorenzo
but
died soon after
his
arrival.
Translated Plutarch, Xenophon, pseudo-Aristotelian Rhetorica
ad
Alexandrum; wrote
De
morali disciplina,
a
treatise
on
moral philosophy; also,
the
dialogues
De
exilio
and
Convivium
Mediolanense; Greek
and
Latin letters
and
poems.
I CTC 1, pp.
214-15,
in, p. 445; EF
11,
col. 1341; EI xv, p. 281.
II
De'
Rosmini 1808; Onoranze
. . .
Filelfo 1905; Calderini 1913,
1915;
Firpo 1967; Kraye
1979,
1981; Zippel 1979,
pp.
215-53;
Umanesimo
e
Rinascimento
1980, pp.
33-44
(Giustiniani); Franceso Filelfo 1986; Adam forthcoming.
FONSECA,
PEDRO
DA,
S.J. b. Corticada (now Proenca-a-Nova), 1528; d. Lisbon, 1599.
Portuguese
Jesuit
philosopher
and
theologian. Entered order
at
Coimbra, 1548.
In
1551
joined newly founded University
of
Evora;
1552-5
studied theology. From 1555
to
1561
professor
of
philosophy
in
Colegio
das Artes, Coimbra, where he conceived idea for a Cursus
Conimbricensis, which
was
delegated
to
Emmanuel
de
Goes;
main series
of
commentaries
was
published
in
Coimbra
1592-8.
Administrative duties
in
Order,
1561-4.
From 1564
to
1566
professor
of
theology
at
Evora; 1570 doctor theologiae
and
chancellor
of
University.
Official
duties
at
Rome
1572-82,
including contribution to
Jesuit
Ratio
studiorum.
Visitor
of
Portuguese province
of
Jesuits,
1589-92.
In
1592 delegate
to
Jesuit
General Congregation,
Rome.
Wrote
Institutionum
dialecticarum libri VIII
(1564);
Isagoge philosophica
(1591);
In
universam
dialecticam (published posthumously 1606).
I EF
11,
cols.
1451-2;
Lohr 1976, pp.
739-41;
Solana in, pp. 339-66; Totok, pp.
567-9.
II Cenal 1943; Abranches 1953; Santos
Alves
1955; Sousa
Alves
1961; introduction
to
Fonseca 1964; Ferreira Gomes 1966;
Ash
worth
1974a.
FOX-MORCILLO,
SEBASTIAN
b.
Seville, 1526/8;
d. at sea, 1560. Spanish philosopher,
humanist, political theorist. Early education
in
Spain;
then
studied philosophy
at
Lou
vain.
In
1560
summoned
to
Spain
by
Philip
II as
tutor
to
Don
Carlos,
but
perished
in
shipwreck.
Wrote Ethicesphilosophiae
compendium
(1554);
De
demonstratione eiusque necessitate
ac
vi
and
In
Platonis
Timaeum
commentarii
(both
1556);
De
naturae
philosophia seu de Platonis
et
Aristotelis
consensione (1560),
in
which
he
developed his syncretistic approach
to
the
doctrines
of
Plato
and Aristotle.
I Lohr 1976, pp.
741-2;
Solana 1, pp.
573-627.
II
U.
Gonzalez
de la
Calle
1903; Honecker
1914;
Lueben
1914;
Bernal Zurita
1945;
Purnell
1971,
pp. 68-70.
FRACASTORO,
GIROLAMO
b. Verona,
1470;
d.
Verona,
1553.
Italian physician
and
natural
philosopher. Studied mathematics, medicine
(under
Leonico Tomeo
and
Pomponazzi)
at
Padua;
met
Copernicus
there
c.
1501; B.A. 1502;
then
taught logic
and
medicine. Later
practised medicine
in
Verona. Physician
at
Council
of
Trent. Wrote various works
on
medicine
and
natural
philosophy: e.g.,
the
poem Syphilis
(1521);
Homocentricorum sive
de
stellis liber
and
De
causis criticorum
dierum
(both
1538);
De
contagione
(1546),
the
first work
of
systematic epidemiology. Contributed
to
the
debate
on
immortality
of
the soul; favoured
a
Democritean corpuscular theory.
I DSB v, pp.
104-7;
EF
11,
cols. 1494-5;
Saitta 1, pp.
177-212.
II
G.
Rossi 1893; Pellegrini 1948;
Di
Leo
1953;
P.
Rossi 1954; Peruzzi 1980.
GAETANO
DA
THIENE
(Caietanus
de
Thienis)
b.
Gaeta, 1387;
d.
Padua, 1465. Italian
philosopher
and
physician. Studied
arts
and
medicine,
1412,
Padua;
1417
M.A.; 1418 doctor
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Biobibliographies
819
artium;
1429 doctor
artium
et medicinae; 1430-62 taught
natural
philosophy. Canonicus, Padua,
1437.
A
moderate Averroist
in
tradition
of
Paul
of
Venice;
sought
to
harmonise Averroism
and Christian doctrine. Wrote
De
intensione
et
remissione
formarum;
commented
on
William
Heytesbury's Regule
and on
several works
of
Aristotle,
e.g., De
caelo
and
Physics.
I CHLMP,
p. 860; EF
11,
cols.
1557-9;
Lohr 1967,
pp.
390-2.
II Sartori 1938; Valsanzibio 1949; Clagett 1959,
pp.
651-2;
Di
Napoli 1963,
pp.
97-105;
Poppi 1966,
pp.
124-9;
Wallace
1972-,
1,
pp.
127-30;
Scienza
e
filosofia 1983
ad
indicem.
GALILEI, GALILEO
b.
Pisa, 1564;
d.
Arcetri (near Pisa), 1642. Italian scientist. Studied
at
Pisa, becoming lecturer
in
mathematics, 1589. Began work
on
dynamics, writing
De
motu
(1590-2).
From 1592
to
1610 lecturer
in
mathematics
at
Padua; developed research
on
motion, made scientific instruments;
1593-1600
still taught Ptolemaic cosmology,
but
1597
letter
to
Kepler evinces preference
for
Copernicanism.
In
1609 improved Dutch-invented
telescope;
described observations
of
moon,
Jupiter's
satellites
in
Sidereus nuncius
(1610).
Moved
to
Florence
1610—42
as
primarius
philosophus
et
mathematicus
to
Cosimo
III.
Letter
to
Castelli
(1613)
and
Lettera
a
Madama
Cristina
di
Lorena
(1615;
published 1636) confirmed
support
of
Copernican theory
and
belief
that
science should
be
independent from theology.
In
1615
denounced
by
Dominican Niccolò Lorini
to
Inquisition
for
Copernicanism. Visited
Rome
1615-16
to
defend theory;
1616
church condemned Copernicanism
and
forbade him
to propagate it. Expecting greater intellectual freedom
under
Urban
VIII,
published Dialogo
sopra i due
massimi
sistemi del
mondo
(1632),
favouring Copernican over Ptolemaic cosmology.
In 1633 summoned
to
Rome; forced
to
retract
views
and confined for
life,
first
at
Rome,
then
at Florence.
In his
final work, Discorsi
e
dimostrazioni matematiche intorno
a
due nuove scienze
(1638),
applied experimental method
to
many problems.
I DSB v, pp. 237-48; EF
11,
cols. 1564-70;
Lohr
1977, pp.
682-9.
II Favaro 1883,
1894-1919;
Caverni
1891-1900;
Olschki
1919-27;
Santillana 1959; Koyré
1966;
Galileo
Man of
Science 1967; Saggio
su
Galileo Galilei 1967; Clavelin 1968; Drake
1970,1973,1976,1978;
Drake and McLachlan
1975;
New
Perspectives
1978;
Galluzzi 1979;
Wallace
1981a,
1981b,
1984; Novità celesti 1983; Carugo
and
Crombie
1983;
Aristotelismo
veneto 1983,
i, pp.
349-78 (Wallace); Reinterpreting Galileo 1986.
GAZA,
THEODORE
(Theodoros Gazes)
b.
Salonike, 1400;
d. S.
Giovanni Piro (Salerno),
1476.
Byzantine humanist. Studied
at
Constantinople.
In
Italy
for
Council
of
Florence
(1438),
soon settling permanently.
In
1442—6 studied
under
Vittorino
da
Feltre. Taught
at
University
of
Ferrara
(first professor of
Greek),
1447-9.
Later moved
to
Rome, Naples
and
Calabria.
His
patrons
included Nicholas
V,
Alfonso
V of
Aragon, Cardinal Bessarion.
Translated Aristotle's zoological
and
Theophrastus' botanical works; also compiled Greek
grammar.
I
CTC
1,
p.
130;
EF in,
cols.
3-4.
II Stein 1889; Gercke 1903; Mohler
1923-42,
1943-9;
Monfasani
1976
passim; Geanakoplos
1982.
GENUA, MARCANTONIO
(Marcus Antonius
Januae,
Passerus,
de
Passeriis; Genova
de'
Passed) b. Padua,
1490/1;
d.
Padua,
1563.
Italian philosopher and Aristotelian commentator.
Studied philosophy
and
medicine
at
Padua, becoming doctor in
artihus
et medicina,
1512;
1517
second chair
of
extraordinary philosophy;
1518
first chair
of
extraordinary philosophy; 1523
second chair
of
ordinary philosophy;
1531-63
first chair
of
ordinary philosophy. Attacked
Pomponazzi,
accusing
him
of
not understanding either Aristotle
or
Averroes; also criticised
Thomas Aquinas
and
Duns Scotus. Among
his
pupils: Sperone Speroni, Jacopo Zabarella.
I EF iv, cols. 1382—4;
Lohr
1977, pp. 726-30.
II Nardi
1958,
pp. 386-94 and passim,
1965
passim; Di Napoli
1963,
pp. 348-50; Poppi
1970a,
Pp.
35-7.
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820
Biobibliographies
GEORGE
OF
BRUSSELS
(Georgius Bruxellensis)
fl.
1495;
d.
1510. Taught
at
Paris
arts
faculty;
did not
publish his own lectures,
but
Thomas Bricot (possibly
his
pupil) compiled
abbreviated texts
of
Aristotle
and
published them (sometimes adding quaestiones
of
his own)
with George's commentaries
or
quaestiones:
e.g.,
Quaestiones
in
totam
logicam
(1493)-
I Duhem SMx,
pp.
77-91
and
passim; Lohr 1968,
pp.
155-8;
Prantl
iv, pp.
199-203.
II
Elie
1950-1, pp. 197-200;
Clagett
1959, p. 638.
GEORGE
OF
TREBIZOND
(Georgius Trapezuntius)
b.
Crete, 1395;
d.
Rome,
1484.
Byzantine
humanist scholar. Emigrated
to
Italy, supporting Rome
in the
debate over
reunification
of the
Greek
and
Latin churches.
In
1416 invited
to
Venice
by
Francesco
Barbaro. Studied at Padua
under
Vittorino da Feltre,
1417-18.
Taught
at
Vicenza
and Rome.
With
Vittorino
at
Mantua,
1430-2.
In
1437-43
interpreter
with papal Curia
at
Bologna,
Ferrara
and
Florence. Secretary
to
Pope Nicholas
V
1450,
but his
faulty translations
led to
estrangement. Reconciled 1453 with pope. Remainder
of
his
life,
apart
from
1459-66,
spent
teaching
and
writing
in
Rome. Wrote treatises
in
Latin
and
Greek
on
theology, philosophy
and rhetoric; Latin commentary
on
Ptolemy; translations
of
Aristotle, Plato, Eusebius
and
other Christian Fathers. Leading proponent of Aristotle
and
virulent antagonist
of
Platonic
philosophy;
in his
Comparationes accused Pletho
of
attempting
to
subvert Christianity
in
favour
of
a revived Neoplatonic, pagan religion; attacked moral probity
of
Plato; Bessarion
replied with
his
defence
of
Plato,
In
calumniatorem
Platonis.
I CTC
11,
p. 137; DTC vi, cols. 1235-7;
Lohr
1968, pp. 158-9.
II
Mohler
1923-42 ad
indicem;
Cessi 1956, pp.
129-51,
153—81;
Vasoli 1968a, pp. 81—99;
Monfasani 1976; Lojacono 1985.
GERSON,
JEAN
b.
Gerson (Champagne), 1363;
d.
Lyons, 1429. French philosopher
and
churchman. From 1377 studied
at
Collège
de
Navarre. Doctor theologiae, 1395; succeeded
Pierre
d'Ailly
as
Chancellor
of
University
of
Paris. Sojourn
at
Bruges,
1397-1401.
In
1401
returned
to
Paris. Influential
in
conciliar movement
and at
Council of Constance
1414-18,
defending superiority
of
conciliar
over papal authority.
Briefly
at
Rattenburg,
then
settled
at
Lyons.
Wrote
on
logic,
metaphysics, epistemology, education; sought
to
reconcile
formalist/Scotist with terminist doctrines; critical
of
scholasticism,
to
which he counterposed
a mystical philosophy indebted
to
the earlier Franciscan school
of
Alexander
of
Hales
and St
Bona
venture; developed
further
Scotus'
and
Ockham's emphasis
on the
arbitrariness
of the
divine
will.
I
DS vi,
cols.
314-33;
DTC
vi,
cols.
1313-30;
EF in,
cols.
86-8.
II Schwab
1858;
Connolly
1928;
Morrall i960; Combes
1963-5,
1973;
Posthumous Meyjes
1963;
Bauer 1973; Pascoe 1973.
GILES
OF
VITERBO,
O.E.S.A.
(Egidio
da
Viterbo)
b.
Viterbo,
1465/9;
d.
Viterbo, 1532.
Italian Augustinian Platonist, humanist, prelate. Studied
at
Padua
(under
Agostino
Nifo);
preoccupied with theories
of
soul; dissatisfaction with Aristotelian
views
erupted
in
print
later when he attacked impiety and irreligion
of
Paduan Studio; became enthusiastic defender
and proponent
of
Plato
and
Ficino.
In
charge
of
legations
to
Venice,
Naples, Austria, Spain.
In
1506
elected Prior General
of
Augustinian Order. Created cardinal
1517;
then
Patriarch of
Constantinople; Bishop
of
Viterbo.
Wrote treatises (mostly unpublished)
on
Platonism
and
cabalism.
I DTC vi, cols.
1365-71;
EF
11,
col. 755.
II Signorelli 1929; Massa 1949,
1951, 1954;
F. X.
Martin 1959-60,
1979;
Di
Napoli 1963 ad
indicem; Secret
1958b,
1964,
pp.
106-20
and
passim;
J. W.
O'Malley 1966, 1967, 1968;
Egidio
da
Viterbo 1983.
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
Biobibliographies
821
GINES
DE
SEPULVEDA,
JUAN
(Joannes
Genesius Sepulveda) b. Pozoblanco (Cordova),
1490;
d.
Pozoblanco,
1573.
Spanish philosopher and jurist. Studied
at
Alcalá
and Sigüenza,
1511-14;
and
Bologna,
1515-22
(teachers included Pomponazzi), where friendly with
Alberto
Pio's circle. Commissioned
by
Giulio
de'
Medici (Clement VII,
1523-34)
to
translate
Aristotle: Parva naturalia
(1522);
De
generatione
et
interitu
and De
mundo
(1523);
Meteorology
(1529).
By
1523 doctor
artium
et
theologiae.
At
Rome
1522-36,
publishing anti-
Lutheran Defato
et
libero arbitrio
(1526).
In
1527 fled
to
Naples following sack of Rome.
In
1529,
1532 member
of
papal parties visiting Charles
V.
Professor
of
moral philosophy,
Rome,
1530. Published Antapologia
(1532)
against Erasmus; Democrates sive de convenientia
militaris disciplinae
cum
Christiana religione
(1535).
In
1536 appointed historiographer
to
Charles
V
(composed royal chronicles
1536-64),
moving
to
Spain and residing mainly with
court until 1550. Completed Democrates alter sive de iustis belli causis apud Indios (c.
1547),
supporting
the
Spanish conquests
in
America;
it
circulated
in
manuscript
in
Spain and Italy
but remained unpublished due
to
opposition from Universities
of
Alcalá
and Salamanca.
In
1550-1
appeared against Las Casas in the
Junta
de Valladolid concerning the wars against the
Indians.
I DHEE iv,
pp.
2433-7; Lohr 1977,
pp.
694—7; Solana
11,
pp.
9—48
and passim.
II Andrés Marcos 1947; Losada 1948-9, 1949; Carro 1951,
pp.
561-673;
Bruton 1953;
Giménez
Fernández 1962; Hanke 1974 passim; Mechoulan 1974; Pagden 1982 passim.
GIORGI, FRANCESCO,
O.F.M.
(Zorzi; Georgius)
b.
Venice,
c.
1460/6;
d.
Asolo,
1540.
Italian philosopher. Joined Franciscans before 1482. Perhaps studied
at
Padua
in
early years.
Critical
of
Aristotelian-Averroistic doctrines.
His De
harmonía
mundi
(1525)
combines
Hermetic, Platonic
and
cabalistic ideas
on
astrology, musical theory, psychology
and
cosmology;
depicts universe
as a
musical harmony governed
by
numerical laws. Familiar
with
the
works
of
Ficino
and
Pico,
although carefully avoided Ficino's magical interests.
Platonic and Talmudic interests also figure
in
his Problemata, dedicated
to
Paul
III but
later
censured
in
parts
by the
Inquisition.
I Saitta
11,
pp.
76-9.
II Secret
1958a,
pp. 43-9,1964, pp. 126-40; Walker 1958, pp.
112-19;
Maillard
1971;
Vasoli
1974,
pp.
131-403;
Yates
1979,
pp. 29-36,
127-33
and passim; Perrone Compagni 1982.
GOCLENIUS, RUDOLPHUS
(The Elder; Rudolf
Goeckel)
b.
Corbach,
1547;
d.
Marburg,
1628.
Polymath, active in
natural
philosophy, grammar,
logic,
psychology, poetry. Studied
at Corbach; 1564 University
of
Marburg; 1568 University
of
Wittenberg;
magister
there,
1571.
Rector
of
Stadtschule, Corbach,
1573-5.
Rector
of
Stadtschule, Kassel,
1575-81.
Professor
of
natural
philosophy, Marburg 1581; 1589 professor
of
logic;
1598—1609 also
taught mathematics; from 1603 also held chair
of
ethics; dean many times; rector, 1611.
Wrote Lexicon philosophicum
(1613),
which became
a
standard
reference work.
Also
wrote
several commentaries
on
Aristotle's logical works.
I ADB iv, pp. 308-12; EF in, cols.
301-2;
Lohr 1977, pp.
701-2.
II Wundt 1939
ad
indicem.
GREGORY
OF
RIMINI,
O.E.S.A.
(Gregorius Tortorici
de
Arimino)
b.
Rimini,
1300;
d. Vienna, 1358. Italian Ockhamist theologian
and
philosopher. Joined Augustinians.
Studied at Paris,
1322-9,
B.A., 1323;
and Oxford. Taught at Paris, Bologna, Padua, Perugia.
Returned
to
Paris,
1341-51;
read Sententiae,
1343-4;
magister
theologiae, 1345. From 1351
to
1356
taught
at
Rimini.
In
1357 general
of
Augustinian Order. Wrote
on the
Sententiae.
I
DTC
vi,
cols.
1852-4;
EF in,
cols.
370-1;
Lohr 1968,
p.
171.
II Würsdórfer
1922;
Schiiler
1934;
Trapp 1958,
1962;
Leff
1961;
García Lescún
1970;
Gregor
von
Rimini
1981; Courtenay
and
Tachau 1982 passim.
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
822
Biobibliographies
GROUCHY, NICOLAS
DE (Grouchius; Gruchius) b. La Chaussé-sur-Longueville (or
Rouen),
1509;
d. La Rochelle,
1572.
French
humanist
and
translator.
Studied philosophy at
Collège
Ste Barbe, Paris, gaining M.A. In 1534 taught logic at
Collège
de Guyenne,
Bordeaux;
and 1547 at Coimbra. In 1550
returned
to France, working on
translations
of
Aristotle's
works (his Organon appeared in Casaubon's
1590
edition) and revisions
of
Périon's
versions.
President of
Protestant
College,
La Rochelle, 1572.
I Lohr 1977, p. 707.
II Grouchy and Travers
1878;
Leitao Ferreira 1944, pp.
342-73;
Schmitt
1983a,
pp. 59-6i,
76-8.
GUARINO
DA
VERONA
(Guarino Veronese; Guarinus Veronensis) b. Verona, 1374;
d.
Ferrara,
1460. Italian
humanist
and educator. Studied at Verona, Padua, Venice and
Constantinople. From
1409-1414
in Verona, Bologna and Florence;
1414-19
in
Venice.
From
1419
to 1429 ran private school, Verona. In
Ferrara
as
tutor
to Lionello d'Este, public
orator,
ambassador, educator, 1429—60; pupils included Ermolao Barbaro the elder,
Ludovico
Carbone,
John
Free. Wrote Regulae grammaticales, an influential Latin grammar;
translated
Basil,
Lucian (Calumnia), Plutarch, Strabo; commented on Cicero, Juvenal,
Martial, etc.; wrote lives of Homer and Plato; Latin letters.
I CHLMP, p. 862; CTC 1, p. 207.
II De' Rosmini 1805-6; Sabbadini
1891,
1896, 1922, eh. 5; Woodward 1906, eh. 2; Bertoni
1921;
Garin 1961, pp. 402-26; Schweyen 1973; Grafton and L.
Jardine
1982.
GUICCIARDINI,
FRANCESCO
b. Florence, 1483; d. Florence, 1540. Italian historian,
political
theorist, diplomat. Belonged to a prominent patrician family. After training in law,
sent to Spain on a diplomatic mission,
1511-12.
Served Medici Popes Leo X and Clement VII
in several
important
governorships (Modena,
Reggio,
Parma); president of Romagna in
1524;
papal representative in Florence in 1530. Later became adviser to Alessandro and
then
Cosimo
I de' Medici but gradually lost political influence in Florence. Wrote political tracts:
Discorso
di Logrogno
(1512),
recommending a mixed constitution for republics; Dialogo del
reggimento
di Firenze
(1521-3),
discussing the best form of government for Florence; Ricordi
(first sketched
1512;
completed
1528—30),
a series
of
maxims on men and political affairs; and
a critique of Machiavelli entitled Considerazioni sopra i Discorsi di Machiavelli (1530). His
historical works include: Storie fiorentine (1509), covering the period
1378—1509;
Storia d'
Italia
(1537-40
but published
1561),
a magisterial and widely influential account of the
collapse
of Italian independence from the French invasion of 1494 to the
death
of Clement
VII
in 1534.
I EI xvin, pp. 244-8.
II F. Gilbert
1965;
Ridolfi
1978b,
1982;
Phillips
1977;
Skinner
1978,1
ad indicem, Guicciardini
1984;
Francesco Guicciardini 1984.
JAVELLI, CRISOSTOMO,
O.P. (Chrysostomus Javellus; Chrysostomus Casalensis)
b.
Canavese, 1470; d. Bologna, 1538. Thomist philosopher and theologian. Taught at
Bologna.
Wrote commentaries on the main works of Aristotle, e.g., Compendium logicae
isagogicum. Defended Thomas Aquinas' exposition of Aristotle in several volumes, e.g.,
Quaestiones super VIII libros Physices ad
mentem
D. Thomae. In ethics favoured Plato over
Aristotle
as closer to Christian values. Refuted Pomponazzi's De
immortalitate
animae
in
Solutiones
rationum,
published in conjunction with Pomponazzi's Defensorium
(1519).
I DTC
vili,
cols.
535-7;
EF in, col. 1164; Lohr 1977, pp. 730-3.
II Gilson 1961, pp.
259-77;
Di Napoli 1963, pp.
325-35;
Kristeller
1967a
ad indicem.
KECKERMANN, BARTHOLOMAEUS
b. Danzig,
1571;
d. Danzig, 1609. German philos-
opher, jurist, theologian. From 1590 studied philosophy at Wittenberg, Leipzig and
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
Biobibliographies
823
Heidelberg;
M.A., 1594.
Taught in Heidelberg
at
Studentenburse Paedagogium; from 1597
at Collegium Sapientiae; 1600 professor
of
Hebrew; 1602 licentiatus theologiae. From 1602
to
1609
professor
of
philosophy and co-rector
of
Gymnasium
at
Danzig. Prominent
Protestant
Aristotelian,
particularly concerned with
the
theoretical elaboration
of the
concept
of
systerna:
sets of precepts integral
to
the formation of various disciplines, e.g.,
Systema
logicae
(1600);
Systema
rhetoricae (1608);
Systema
systematum
(published posthumously
1613).
These
manuals were widely used throughout Northern Europe
in
the first
half
of
the seventeenth
century.
Also
wrote Praecognitorum logicorum
tractatus
111
(1599),
a
detailed Aristotelian
critique
of
Ramist method drawing on Jacopo Zabarella.
I ADB xv, p. 518; EF in, col. 1237; Lohr 1977, pp. 738-40.
II Van Zuylen 1934; Dibon
1954-,
1,
pp.
89-103;
N. W.
Gilbert i960
ad
indicem;
Vasoli
1983a,
1984; Muller 1984.
KEPLER, JOHANNES
b.
Weil
der
Stadt,
1571;
d.
Regensburg, 1630. German astronomer,
cosmologist,
founder
of
celestial physics. Studied theology
at
Tubingen 1589—94,
but
relinquished a clerical career on being appointed district mathematician and teacher in Graz,
1594—1600.
In
Prague
1600—12;
worked with Tycho Brahe, succeeding
him as
Imperial
Mathematician,
1601-30.
His life-long commitments
to
Neoplatonism,
to
the reality
of
the
heliocentric cosmos and to explaining planetary motions by physical causes are evident in his
first work,
Mysterium
cosmographicum
(1596).
Later wrote Astronomia nova (1609), establish-
ing
that
the orbit of Mars was
an
ellipse and extending these results
to
all planets
in
Epitome
astronomiae Copernicanae
(1618-21);
Harmonices
mundi
(1619),
presenting
a
vision of cosmic
harmonies demonstrated through geometry, music, astrology
and
astronomy; Tabulae
Rudolphinae
(1627),
providing perpetual tables for calculating sequential positions
of
planets
for
specific days.
Also
made
important
contributions to the study
of
optics,
mathematics and
philosophy
of
science.
I DSB
VII,
pp.
289—312;
EF m,
cols.
1242-4;
NDB xi, pp. 494-508.
II Dreyer 1906;
Bum
1932; Caspar 1948; Dijksterhuis 1950; Koyré 1957, 1961; Kepler
Festschrift
1971;
Johannes Kepler
1971;
Internationales Kepler-Symposium
1973;
Kepler: Four
Hundred Years 1975; Aiton 1975, 1976, 1981; N.
Jardine
1984.
LANDINO,
CRISTOFORO
(Christophorus Landinus)
b.
Florence, 1424;
d.
Florence, 1498.
Italian humanist and Platonist. Student
at
Volterra with
Angiolo
da
Todi. From c. 1439
at
Florence
under
Medici patronage. From 1458 professor
of
poetry and oratory
at
Florentine
Studio, lecturing on classical poets, Petrarch, Dante.
In
1467 Chancellor
of
Parte Guelfa; later
secretary
of
Signoria
until
retirement.
Member
of
Ficino's
circle; cultivated Platonic studies.
Wrote commentaries
on
Dante, Horace,
Vergil;
Latin poems;
translated
Pliny into Italian.
Also
wrote Disputationes Camaldulenses,
a
dialogue comparing the contemplative and active
lives,
giving higher value
to the
former.
I CTC 1, pp. 209-10, in, p. 262; Garin, 1, pp.
427-32.
II Di Napoli 1963, pp.
114—20;
Fata 1966; Lentzen
1971;
Cardini
1973;
Field 1980; Rainer
Weiss
1981; Kallendorf 1983.
LEFÈVRE
D'ÉTAPLES,
JACQUES
(Jacobus Faber Stapulensis) b. Étaples (Picardy), c. 1460;
d. Nérac, 1536. French philosopher, theologian, humanist. From
c.
1475 studied Greek,
mathematics, astronomy, music, theology
at
Paris. Taught philosophy
at
Collège
du
Cardinal-Lemoine.
Visited Padua,
Venice,
Rome, Florence,
1491-2.
Sought
to
reform
Aristotelianism
by
humanistic emphasis
on
accurate texts
and by
improving traditional
logic;
Fabrist School later flourished in
Protestant
universities. Edited Aristotelian, Platonic,
mystical
works (Pseudo-Dionysius,
Lull,
Nicholas
of
Cusa).
In
1507 invited
to
Saint-
Germain-des-Prés by former pupil, Briconnet (later Bishop of
Meaux).
In
1521
at
Meaux,
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
824
Biobibliographies
where vicar general
1523.
Fled
to
Strasburg
in
1525 when his translation
of New
Testament
was
condemned by Sorbonne.
In
1526
recalled as
tutor
to
royal family and royal librarian
at
Blois
under protection
of
Francis I and later Marguerite
of
Navarre. Published French
Bible,
1530.
I CTC I, p. 143; DTC ix, cols. 130-59; Lohr 1976, pp. 726-32
II Renaudet 1953 passim; Rice 1969,
1971;
Vasoli
1968a,
pp.
183-214;
Humanism
in
France
1970,
pp.
132-49
(Rice); introduction
to
Lefevre d'Etaples 1972; Bedouelle 1976;
Philosophy
and
Humanism
1976,
pp.
19-29 (Rice); Copenhaver 1977;
Cavazza
1982;
Hughes 1984.
LEONE
EBREO
(Judah
Abrabanel; Leo Hebraeus)
b.
Lisbon, c. 1460;
d.
Naples after 1523.
Jewish physician, philosopher, poet. Eldest son of scholar-statesman Isaac Abrabanel, who
taught him
Jewish-Arabic
philosophy; also studied medicine. Left Iberian Peninsula
in
1492
at Jewish expulsion. Visited Florence; lived
in
Genoa, Barletta,
Venice;
settled
in
Naples,
where physician
to
Spanish viceroy; 1501 taught medicine
and
astrology
at
University
of
Naples.
His
Dialoghi d'amore (written
1501/2,
published Rome, 1535) belong
to
Ficinian
tradition
of
treatises
on
Platonic
love;
syncretises Jewish, Greek, Platonic, Aristotelian,
Arabic
doctrines; twenty-five editions between
1535-1607;
1551-1660
translated into
French, Latin, Spanish, Hebrew.
I EF in, cols.
1472-4;
EJ
11,
pp.
109-11;
Saitta
11,
pp.
83-113;
Solana 1, pp. 465-532.
II Saitta 1928,
pp.
85-157;
Fontanesi 1934; Dionisotti
1959;
Dauriens
1971;
Barata-Moura
1972a,
1972b;
Carvalho
1978-,
1, pp. 149—297; Guanti 1979-80; Soria Olmedo 1984;
Ariani
1984.
LEONICO
TOMEO,
NICCOLÒ
(Nicolaus Leonicus Thomaeus) b. Venice, 1456; d.
Padua,
1531.
Italian philosopher
and
humanist. Studied
at
Venice
and
Padua; 1485 doctor
artium.
Studied Greek
in
Florence, c. i486. Studied theology for four years
at
Monte Cassino. From
1497
to
c. 1509 professor of philosophy
at
Padua, where
he
was one of the first
to
expound
Aristotle
from Greek text. From 1521 taught privately; Reginald Pole among his students.
Translator
and
commentator
of
Aristotle
and
others.
Also
wrote Dialogi
(1524);
Opuscula
(1525);
De
varia historia libri
III
(1531).
I EF v, col. 505; Lohr 1982, pp.
193-4.
II
De
Bellis
1975, 1979, 1980, 1981.
LE ROY, LOUIS
b.
Coutances (Normandy), 1510;
d.
Paris, 1577. French humanist,
translator,
historico-political theorist. Studied
at
Paris; 1530 attended lectures
in
Latin,
Greek,
jurisprudence
at
Collège
Royal. From 1535
at
Toulouse.
In
1540
returned
to
Paris,
probably gaining personal secretarial post(s)
to
nobility. Travelled widely
in
France, usually
following
court. Diplomatic mission
to
England,
1550.
In
1572
appointed royal professor of
Greek,
dividing time between teaching
and
court obligations. Published
De la
vicissitude
i
1
575)»
presenting his views on progress,
cyclical
history, civilisation; reprinted
five
times by
1584;
translated into Italian, English. Translated Plato, Aristotle, Isocrates, Demosthenes into
French.
Also
wrote political/propagandist pamphlets
and
orations.
II Becker 1896; Weisinger 1954;
De
Caprariis 1959; Richter 1961; Gundersheimer 1966;
Pouilloux
1969;
Kelley
1970a
ad
indicem.
LIPSIUS,
JUSTUS
(Joest Lips)
b.
Overyssche (Brussels), 1547;
d.
Louvain, 1606. Flemish
humanist, Neostoic philosopher, philologist. Studied with
Jesuits
at
Louvain. Published
Variae lectiones
(1567),
dedicated
to
Cardinal Gran
velie,
who took him
to
Rome; engaged in
philological
study for two years. Travelled widely; teaching at
Jena,
1572—4;
Leiden,
1579—
90;
and
Louvain, from 1592. Alternated religious adherence according
to
residence,
but
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
Biobibliographies
825
publicly
confirmed
his
Catholicism
at
Mainz, 1590. Initiated
the
Neostoic movement with
his
De
constantia
(1584);
later wrote
the
more substantial Physiologia Stoicorum and Manuductio
ad
stoicam philosophiam (both 1604).
Also
wrote
the
influential political
treatise
Politicorum,
sive civilis doctrinae libri
sex
(1589);
and
works
on
Roman history, e.g.,
Admiranda,
sive
de
magnitudine
Romana
libri
IV
(1597).
Edited classical texts, especially Seneca
and
Tacitus.
I CTC
11,
p. 40; DTC ix,
cols.
778-83;
EF iv,
cols.
6-7;
Totok,
pp.
352-5-
II Faider
1922;
Nordman
1932;
Glaesener
1938;
Ruysschaert
1949;
Saunders
1955;
Oestreich
1975,
1982; Abel 1978, pp.
67-113.
MACHIAVELLI, NICCOLÒ
b.
Florence, 1469;
d.
Florence, 1527. Italian political theorist
and historian. Served
in the
chancellery
of
Florentine Republic
1498-1512;
1499-1509
diplomatic missions
in
France, Italy, Germany; advocated militia
to
defend Florence. When
Medici
returned
to
power
in
1512,
ousted from
office.
Tortured
as
suspect
in
anti-Medici
plot
1513,
but
judged innocent
and
confined
to
Villa
San
Casciano, where composed
II
Principe.
Eventually permitted
to
re-enter
Florence. Participated
in
meetings of
Accademia
degli
Orti Oricellari,
to
whom
he
read
his
Discorsi
on
Livy
(written
1513-19).
From 1519
served Medici. When Medici again expelled,
and
republic re-established
in
1527, failed
to
gain
office.
Died soon afterwards. Wrote Arte
della
guerra
(1521)
and
Istorie fiorentine
(1525).
I EF iv, cols. 176-85; EI xxi, pp. 778-90;
Totok,
pp. 122-48.
II A.
H.
Gilbert 1939; Sasso
1958;
F.
Gilbert
1965;
Chabod
1965;
Procacci
1965;
Rubinstein
1966;
Studies
on
Machiavelli 1972; Pensiero politico
di
Machiavelli 1972; Hexter 1973;
Skinner
1978,
i,
ad indicem,
1981;
Ridolfi
1978a;
Dionisotti 1980; Machiavelli attuale 1982;
Münkler 1982.
MAGIRUS,
JOHANNES
b.
Fritzlar,
c. 1560; d.
Marburg(P),
1596.
German Lutheran
philosopher
and
physician. Studied philosophy
at
Padua
(under
Jacopo Zabarella). Studied
medicine
at
Marburg
1581-5,
gaining doctorate 1585. Professor
of
natural
philosophy
and
physiology
at
Marburg,
1591.
Works include Anthropologia (1603); textbooks
on
Aristotelian
natural
philosophy
and
ethics,
e.g.,
Physiologia peripatetica
(1597)
and
Corona
virtutum
moralium
(1601).
I Lohr 1978,
p. 555.
II
A. R.
Hall 1948;
Reif
1969,
p. 24;
Schmitt
1983a
ad
indicem.
MAIR,
JOHN
(Johannes
Maior; Major)
b.
Gleghornie (near Haddington, Scotland),
1467/9;
d. St Andrews,
1550.
Scottish Ockhamist philosopher, theologian, political theorist. Studied
at Cambridge,
1491/2;
Collège
Ste
Barbe, c. 1493;
and
Collège
de
Montaigu, Paris; M.A.,
1495;
taught
arts
there
and, from c.
1501,
at
Collège
de
Navarre; among
his
pupils, Jacques
Almain,
Petrus Crockaert,
Johannes
Dullaert. Doctor theologiae, Montaigu, 1506. From 1518
to 1550
(interrupted
by
return
to
Paris,
1525-31)
professor
of
arts
and
theology
at
Glasgow
and later
St
Andrews; taught
Jean
Calvin,
John
Knox,
George Buchanan. Wrote
on
logic,
political
theory, ethics; Historia maioris Britanniae
(1521);
commented
on
Sententiae; edited
Almain
and
Duns Scotus.
I DNB xii, pp.
830-2;
DSB ix, pp. 32-3; DTC ix, cols. 1661-2;
Farge,
pp. 304-11;
Lohr
1978,
pp.
558-60.
II Garcia Villoslada
1938,
pp.
127—64
znàpassim; Renaudet
1953
passim; Burns
1954;
Oakley
1962, 1965;
Torrance
1969-70;
Durkan
and
Kirk
1977
ad indicem; Beuchot
1976;
Skinner
1978
passim; Wallace
1981a
passim; Broadie 1985.
MANETTI, GIANNOZZO
b.
Florence, 1396;
d.
Naples, 1459. Italian humanist. Studied
Latin, Greek, Hebrew
in
Florence. Served Medici
in
political
and
ambassadorial positions.
Later secretary
to
Pope Nicholas V, who commissioned him
to
translate
the Scriptures (only
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
826
Biobibliographies
partially completed). Following Nicholas' death,
he
moved
to the
court
of
Alfonso
of
Aragon,
to
whom
he
dedicated
his De
dignitate
et
excellentia hominis.
Also
wrote Dialogus
consolatorius; lives
of
Seneca
and
Socrates; many speeches, including oration
on the
death
of
Leonardo Bruni.
I EF iv, cols. 261-2;
Saitta
1, pp. 479~95-
II Cassuto
1918
passim; Garofalo
1946;
Garin
1954
ad indicem,
1961
ad indicem; Badaloni 1963;
Wittschier 1968; Trinkaus 1970,
1, pp.
230-70;
De
Petris 1975; Fioravanti 1983.
MARLIANI, GIOVANNI
b.
Milan, early fifteenth century;
d.
Milan,
1483.
Milanese
physician
and
scholastic philosopher. Studied
arts
and
medicine
at
University
of
Pavia.
In
1440
elected
to
College
of
Physicians, Milan. Probably received doctorate before 1442.
Taught
natural
philosophy
and
astrologia
at
Pavia,
1441-7.
Taught medicine
at
Milan, 1447-
50.
In
1450
returned
to
Pavia, adding medicine
to
his previous teaching subjects
and
gaining
chair
of
medical theory,
1469.
Appointed court physician
to
Galeazzo Maria Sforza,
probably
1472;
retained post
under
Gian
Galeazzo.
Giorgio
Valla
among his students. Wrote
De
reactione
(1448), which provoked polemic with Gaetano da Thiene and was later discussed
by
Pomponazzi; Decaliditate
(1464);
Probatio calculatoris (1460); Deproportione
motuum
(1472).
I DSB ix, pp. 132-4.
II Clagett 1941, 1959,
p. 652.
MARSILIUS
OF
INGHEN
b.
near
Nijmegen,
c. 1330; d.
Heidelberg,
1396.
German
nominalist philosopher. Probably studied
at
University
of
Paris with Buridan; M.A., 1362;
rector 1367,
1371.
Visited Rome,
1377-8.
Moved
to
University
of
Heidelberg 1382, where
he was the first rector
13
86-92; 1396
doctor
theologiae. Wrote Quaestiones on
the
Sententiae and
Prior
Analytics; commentary
on
Degeneratione; Parva
logicalia;
Abbreviationes libri Physicorum.
I CHLMP,
pp.
871-2;
DSB
ix,
pp.
136-8;
DTC x,
cols.
151-3;
FFiv,
cols.
319-20;
Lohr
1971,
pp. 323-34;
NNBW
vm, pp.
903-4.
II
G.
Ritter
1921-2,
1; Mohler 1949; Clagett 1959 passim.
MELANCHTHON,
PHILIPP
b.
Bretten (Baden), 1497;
d.
Wittenberg,
1560.
German
Lutheran
humanist
and
educational reformer. Studied
at
Heidelberg; B.A.,
1511;
and at
Tubingen,
1512-18;
M.A.,
1514;
lectured
on
classics. Professor
of
Greek
at
Wittenberg,
1518; 1519
haccalaureus biblicus;
1519-60
professor
of
Greek
and
theology. Friend of Luther.
After
Reformation, systematised Luther's ideas, publicly defended them
and
restructured
religious education
on
Lutheran principles. Published editions
of, and
commentaries
on,
Thucydides,
Aristotle, Cicero, Ovid, Quintilian; wrote Greek
and
Latin grammars; works
on theology,
natural
and
moral philosophy, mathematics, etc. Responsible
for the
wide
use
of
Aristotle
in
Lutheran universities.
I CHLMP,
p.
878;
CTC11,
pp.
150-1;
DTCx,
cols.
502-13;
FFiv,
cols.
501-6;
Lohr 1978,
pp. 576-82.
II Hartfelder 1889; Rump
1897;
Petersen
1921,
pp.
19-108;
Stern i960; Maurer 1962, 1967-
9; Hammer
1967-8;
Huschke 1968; Moran 1973; Westman 1975.
MOLINA, LUIS
DE,
SJ. b.
Cuenca* 1535;
d.
Madrid,
1600.
Jesuit
philosopher
and
theologian. Studied
law at
Salamanca
1551-2
and
philosophy
at
Alcala
1552-3.
Joined
Jesuits, 1553. Studied philosophy,
1554-8,
and
theology,
1558-62,
at
Coimbra;
1563-7
professor
of
philosophy. From 1568
to
1583 professor
of
theology
at
Evora. Scriptor
at
Evora,
1583-6;
and at
Cuenca,
1591-1600.
Professor
of
moral theology at
Jesuit
College,
Madrid,
1600.
Formulated
the
doctrine known
as
Molinism
in his
Concordia
(1558),
telescoping
efficacious
and
sufficient grace; resulted
in
controversy with Dominicans; resolved only
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