Schmitt C.B. (ed.) The Cambridge History of Renaissance Philosophy
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
Biobibliographies
807
Served
as doctor and astrologer to Queen Mother
of
France in Lyons,
1524;
then as historian
and librarian
to
Margaret of Austria
in
Antwerp, 1528-30. Returned
to
Cologne, then
to
France. Wrote influential treatise
on
magic,
De
occulta philosophia
(1510;
enlarged edition
1533);
also,
De
incertitudine
et
vanitale scientiarum atque
artium
declamatio
(1526),
rejecting
all
human knowledge,
and
advocating instead faith
in
divine revelation. Influenced
by
Neoplatonism, Lullism, Hermeticism, cabalism.
I DSB 1, pp.
79-81;
EF 1, cols.
136-8;
NDB 1, pp.
105-6;
Totok, pp. 397-400.
II Prost
1881-2;
Nauert
1965;
Zambelli
1965,1966,1969,
1970,
1976;
Bowen
1972;
Muller-
Jahncke 1973, 1984; Popkin 1979,
pp.
23-5; Crahay 1980; Perrone Compagni 1982;
Backus
1983.
AILLY,
PIERRE
D' (Peter
of
Ailly,
Petrus
de
Alliaco)
b.
Compiègne, 1350;
d.
Avignon,
1420/1.
French theologian, religious dignitary, Ockhamist philosopher. From 1364 studied
at
Collège
de Navarre, Paris;
B.
A.,
1367;
1368 began study
of
theology;
1381
doctor
theologiae
and canonicus
at
Noyon.
In
1384-9 rector
of
Collège
de
Navarre; 1389-95 confessor
to
Charles VI of France
and
Chancellor of University of Paris; 1395 Bishop of Le Puy; 1397
Bishop
of
Cambrai; 1411 cardinal. Defended Immaculate Conception against
John
of
Montson before Clement VII, 1387. From 1396 was active in efforts
to
end Schism;
1414-17
attended Council of Constance, returning
to
Avignon
1417.
Wrote Quaestiones super libros
Sententiarum; Destructiones
modorum
significandi; Tractatus exponibilium; Conceptus
et
insolubilia; Tractatus
de
anima.
I CHLMP, p. 876;
DSB
1,
p. 84; Duhem
SM,
iv, pp. 168-83, ix-xpassim\
EFi,
cols.
140-1;
Lohr 1972, pp. 332-3- :
II Salembier 1932; Meller 1954; Oakley 1964; Glorieux 1965; Bernstein 1978.
ALBERTI,
LEON
BATTISTA
b. Genoa, 1404; d. Rome, 1472.
Italian
humanist,
artist,
architect. Studied Latin and Greek in Padua
c.
1416,
then obtained doctorate
in
canon law
at
Bologna,
1420/1-8.
Appointed apostolic secretary
to
papal Curia
in
Rome, 1432. Travelled
in
northern
Italy with exiled Pope Eugene IV,
1434-43.
After leaving Curia in 1464, worked
primarily as architect. Wrote De pictura/Della
pittura
(c.
1435);
Della
famiglia (c.
1433-41),
a
dialogue on education, domestic economy, friendship;
De
re aedificatoria
(1443-52),
a
treatise
on architecture, engineering, town planning; also, works dealing with moral philosophy,
mathematics, physics, ciphers, Roman antiquities, horses, as
well
as literary compositions
in
Latin
and
Italian.
I AK 1, pp. 828-35; DBI1, pp.
702-13;
DSB 1, pp. 96-8; EF 1, cols.
150-1.
II Michel 1930; Santinello 1962; Gadol 1969; Mancini
1971;
Convegno
. . .
Alberti 1974;
Miscellanea
di
studi albertiani 1975; Ponte 1981; Miihlmann 1981.
ALMAIN,
JACQUES
b.
Sens,
c.
1480;
d.
Paris,
1515.
French philosopher
and
theologian.
Studied logic and
natural
philosophy
at
Collège
de
Montaigu under
John
Mair; M.A.
and
regent there;
1503-12
regent
at
Ste Barbe; 1507 rector
of
university
at
Ste Barbe. From 1508
studied theology
at
Collège
de
Navarre, gaining licentiate
1512;
from 1512 professor
of
theology
there. Analysed
the
status
and
power
of
the church
and its
relations with
civil
society,
with particular reference
to the
definition
and
limitations
of
papal authority
in
relation
to
councils, bishops
and the
secular authorities: Libellus
de
auctoritate ecclesiae;
Expositio de suprema potestate
ecclesiastica
et laica,
circa
quaestionum decisiones Magistri Guillermi
de Ockham super potestate
summi
pontificis; Quaestio resumptiva
de
domino naturali civili
et
ecclesiastico.
Favoured retention
of
wide powers
by the
king;
his De
auctoritate was very
influential within
the
Gallican party
in
France.
Also
wrote Moralia;
Embammata
physicalia
totius philosophiae naturalis; Commentaria
in
tertium
librum Sententiarum.
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
8o8
Biobibliographies
I CHLMP, p. 864; DTC 1, cols. 895-7; Farge, pp.
15-18;
Lohr 1974, p. 242.
II Garcia Villoslada 1938, pp.
165-79
and passim; Renaudet 1953 passim; Oakley 1965;
Muñoz
Delgado
1967b;
Skinner 1978 ad indicem.
ALONSO
(GARCIA)DECARTAGENA(AlphonsusBurgensis;AlphonsusaSanctaMaria)b.
Burgos,
1384; d. Villoslada (near Burgos), 1456. Spanish theologian and
translator.
Son
of
a
converted Jew. Educated at Burgos and Salamanca; master in theology; doctor in utroque
iure. Dean of Santiago 1417 and Segovia 1420. Councillor to
John
II of Castille 1420, and
tutor
to Prince Henry. Attended Council
of
Basle,
1434-8. Elected Bishop
of
Burgos
1435»
to which he
returned,
1439. Controversy with Leonardo Bruni over his translation of
Nicomachean Ethics. Wrote numerous theological, historical, political and ethical works;
sermons; translations from Latin into Spanish (Boccaccio, Cicero, Seneca).
I DHGE 1, pp. 702-7; DHE 1, pp.
740-1;
DHEE 1, pp. 366-7; Lohr 1967, p. 356.
II Birkenmajer 1922, pp.
129-210;
Grabmann
1926-56,1,
pp. 440-8; Serrano 1942; Fubini
1966,
pp. 337-40;
Harth
1968; Seigel 1968, pp.
123-33;
Pagden 1975, pp. 305-6; Gerl
1981, pp.
24-31.
ARGYROPULOS,
JOHANNES
(Argyropilo) b. Constantinople, c. 1415; d. Rome, 1487.
Byzantine
philosopher. Attended Council of Ferrara/Florence, 1438—9. Studied
arts
and
medicine at Padua,
1441—4.
Taught philosophy at Constantinople, 1448—52. After fall of
Constantinople, travelled widely in Europe,
1453-6.
Lectured on Greek philosophy,
especially
Aristotle, in Florence,
1456-71
and
1477-81;
and Rome,
1471-7
and
1481-7.
Translated several Aristotelian works into Latin: Nicomachean Ethics, De
anima,
Physics, De
caelo,
Metaphysics (Books 1—12 only), De interpretatione, Prior and Posterior Analytics,
Categories; also translated pseudo-Aristotelian De
mundo
and Isagoge of Porphyry.
I DBI iv, pp.
129-31;
DHGE iv, pp. 91-3; EF 1, cols. 420-1; Lohr 1970, p. 153.
II Lampros 1910; Cammelli
1941-54,
11;
Garin 1951, pp. 82-7; Vasoli 1959, i960; Seigel
1969;
Reden und Briefe 1970, pp.
1—56;
V. Brown
1974;
Geanakoplos
1974a;
Zippel 1979,
pp.
179-97-
BACON, FRANCIS
b. London,
1561;
d. London, 1626. English lawyer, parliamentarian,
scientist, philosopher, essayist, historian. Educated at Trinity
College,
Cambridge
1573—5,
followed
by
three
years in Paris; at Gray's Inn,
1579—82;
became a
barrister,
1582. Entered
parliament in 1584. Solicitor General in 1607; Attorney General in
1612;
Lord Keeper in
1617;
and Lord Chancellor in
1618.
Created Lord Verulam in
1618
and Viscount St Albans in
1621.
His political career ended in 1621 when he confessed to bribery. Wrote Essays
(1597—
1625);
The Advancement
of
Learning (1605 and a much-expanded Latin version, De dignitate et
augmentis
scientiarum in 1623) attacking scholasticism and putting forward an influential
classification
of knowledge; De sapientia
veterum
(1609), giving interpretations of ancient
myths;
Novum
Organum (1620), presenting an alternative to Aristotelian method; History of
Henry the Seventh
(1622);
New Atlantis (1624 but published
1627),
portraying an ideal society
devoted to scientific research;
Sylva
sylvarum
(1626), a collection of material concerning
natural
history.
I DNB 1, pp.
800-32;
DSB 1, pp. 372-7; EF 1,
cols.
695-701.
II Dean
1941;
Anderson 1948; P. Rossi 1957, 1974; Farrington 1964; Essential Articles . . .
Bacon 1968; Vickers 1968, 1978; Walton
1971;
Legacy of Francis Bacon
1971;
L.
Jardine
1974a;
Stephens 1975; R
ees
x
975>
1977, 1980, 1981; Francis Bacon: terminología 1984;
Walker
1985, § x; Francis Bacon: science 1985.
BÁRBARO, ERMOLAO
(Almoró; Hermolaus Barbarus) b. Venice, 1454; d. Rome, 1493.
Italian humanist, politician, diplomat. Early education in Venice and Rome. Studied at
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
Biobibliographies
809
University
of
Padua: doctorate
in
arts
1474
and law
1477. Taught Aristotelian moral
philosophy
at
Padua,
1474-6.
Opened private school
in
Venice,
1484.
Active
in
Venetian
political
life;
several diplomatic missions. Elected Patriarch
of
Aquileia,
1491.
In
exile
at
Rome,
1491-3.
Translated Aristotle's Rhetoric
and
Themistius' Paraphrases Aristotelis.
Translated and commented on Dioscorides. Wrote philological commentaries
on
Pliny and
Pomponius Mela.
I
CTCiv,
pp. 343-4;
DBIvi,
pp. 96-9; DHGEvi, pp. 585-6;
EFi,
col.
733;
Lohr 1968, pp.
236-7.
II Breen 1968, pp. 2-40; Medioevo e Rinascimento
1955,1,
pp.
217-53
(Dionisotti); Kristeller
1956a,
pp.
337-53;
Paschini
1957;
Umanesimo europeo 1964, pp.
193-212
(Branca); Branca
1973,
1980;
Pozzi
1974.
BARBARO,
FRANCESCO
b.
Venice,
1390;
d.
Venice,
1454. Italian humanist, politician,
diplomat. Early education
in
Venice,
then
Padua; M.A., 1410
and
doctor
artium,
1412.
Returned
to
Venice;
then
travelled
to
Florence,
1415.
After entering Venetian senate 1419,
pursued active career
as
politician, administrator
and
diplomat. Wrote
De re
uxoria
(i4i5/i6),a
treatise on marriage and domestic duties. Translated Plutarch's lives
of
Aristides
and Cato
the
Elder.
I DBI vi, pp.
101-3;
DHGE vi, pp. 587-8.
II Sabbadini
1910;
Gothein 1932; Kristeller
1956a,
pp.
337-53;
Reden und Briefe 1970,
pp.
201-10;
M. L.
King
1976; Miscellanea
. . .
Branca 1983,
m, pp.
133-75
(Griggio).
BESSARION, CARDINAL
(Joannes; Basilios)
b.
Trebizond,
c.
1403;
d.
Ravenna, 1472.
Byzantine
churchman
and
philosopher. Early education
in
Constantinople,
c.
1415-23.
Entered Order
of St
Basil,
1423; ordained priest, 1431. Studied Platonic philosophy
at
Mistra,
c. 1433.
Became Archbishop
of
Nicaea,
1437.
Attended Council
of
Ferrara/Florence,
1438-43.
Elected cardinal,
1439.
Supported union
of
Greek
and Latin churches,
1442.
Settled
in Rome,
1443.
Became influential figure in Curia; various diplomatic missions. Patriarch of
Constantinople, 1463. Donated library of Greek manuscripts
to
Venice,
1468-9.
Wrote
In
calumniatorem Platonis (1469) against George
of
Trebizond,
comparing philosophies
of
Plato
and Aristotle. Translated Metaphysics
of
Aristotle
and of
Theophrastus
(1447—50);
also
translated Xenophon's Memorabilia (1444). Wrote many theological tracts.
I CTC
11,
pp. 305-6; DBI ix, pp. 686-96; DHGE vm, pp.
1181-99;
EF 1,
cols.
884-5.
II Mohler
1923-42;
Aristotelismo padovano i960,
pp.
173-81
(Mioni); Labowsky
1961-8,
1979;
Centenario
. . .
Bessarione
1973;
Miscellanea
. . .
di
studi
bessarionei
1976;
Neuhausen
and Trapp 1979; Bianca 1980a; Stormon 1980; Monfasani 1981, 1983.
BLASIUS
OF
PARMA
(Biagio Pelacani
da
Parma)
b.
Costamezzana (Parma),
c.
1365;
d. Parma,
1416.
Italian mathematician, astrologer
and
Aristotelian philosopher. Studied
at
Pavia.
Taught logic
and
astrology
at
Bologna. Frequented cultural circles
at
Padua
and
Florence.
Wrote commentaries
on the
Organon,
De
anima
and
Physics; also wrote various
works
on
statics
and
mechanics, reflecting
the
views
of
Buridan
and the
Merton School:
Tractatus de latitudinibus
formarum;
De
intentione
et
remissione
formarum;
De
tactu corporum;
De
motu;
Tractatus de ponderibus.
I Duhem SM, iv, pp. 278-80, 289-90;
DSB11,
pp.
192-5;
EFi, col. 889; Thorndike iv, ch.
39-
II
A.
Maier
1951,
pp.
270-4, 1966,
pp.
279-99; Federici-Vescovini 1979, 1983; Murdoch
1976;
Scienza
e
filosofia 1983,
pp.
19-69 (Harrison).
BODIN,
JEAN
b.
Angers, 1530;
d.
Laon, 1596. French political philosopher.
His Les Six
Livres
de la
République
(1576)
on the
definition
and
limits
of
sovereignty exercised wide
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
8io
Biobibliographies
influence;
opposed both
the
sovereignty
of the
people
and the
doctrine
of
absolutism
attributed
to
Machiavelli.
His
Colloquium Heptaplomeres
(1587)
incorporated
a
plea
for
natural
religion and religious tolerance.
Also
wrote
on
historical method: Methodus adfacilem
historiarum
cognitionem
(1566);
and
sorcery:
De la
demonomanie des sorciers (1580).
I DBF vi, cols. 758-9; EF 1, cols. 957-8.
II Chauvire
1914;
Moreau-Reibel 1933; Mesnard 1949, 1954; McRae 1955, 1963; Walker
1958,
pp.
171-8;
Franklin 1963,
1973;
L'opera
e
ilpensiero
1965,11,
pp.
333-56 (Mesnard);
Cotroneo 1966;
U.
Lange
1970;
Vasoli
1971;
Jean Bodin
1973;
P.
King
1974;
Damned
Art
1977»
PP- 76-105 (Baxter); Rose 1980.
BORRO, GIROLAMO
b.
Arezzo,
1512;
d.
Perugia, 1592. Italian Peripatetic philosopher.
Unsympathetic
to
humanist, mathematical
and
Platonic
trends
in
Renaissance philosophy,
but emphasised empirical approach
to
science. Studied theology, philosophy
and
medicine.
Lectured
on
natural
philosophy
at
Pisa. Wrote
Del
jiusso
e
rejiusso del
mare
(1561);
De
motu
gravium
et
levium
(1575),
read
by
Galileo;
De
peripatetica docendi atque addiscendi methodo
(1584).
In
difficulties with
the
Inquisition,
1567
and
1582-3.
Had disputes with Francesco
de'
Vieri,
Francesco Buonamici
and
Andrea Camuzio, which
led to his
dismissal from Pisa
in
1586.
Thought
to
have
returned
to
Perugia
and
taught philosophy
there
until
his
death.
I DBI xm, pp.
13-17;
DSB xv, pp. 44-6.
II N.W.Gilbert
i960,
pp. 186-92; Wallace
1972-,
1, pp. 149-50,178;
Schmitt
i98i,§§ix, xi.
BOVELLES, CHARLES DE
(Bouelles; Bovillus)
b.
Saint-Quentin,
1479;
d. Ham
(near Saint-
Quentin), 1567. Studied
at
Paris,
1495-1503,
with Lefevre d'Etaples. Travelled extensively
for
some years before settling
in
Noyon,
1515.
Wrote many philosophical
and
theological
works
which owe
a
good deal
to the
recent Neoplatonism
of
Ficino
and
Nicholas
of
Cusa,
though more remote sources such
as
Pseudo-Dionysius
and
Ramon Lull
are
also evident.
Among
his most characteristic works
are De
intellectu,
De
nihilo
and De
sapiente.
Also
wrote
mathematical works, including
the
first geometry
in
French
(1511).
I DSB 11, pp. 360-1; EF 1, cols.
1041-2.
II Dippel 1865; Brause
1916;
Cassirer 1927,
pp.
I42ff., I54ff.; Groethuysen
1931;
Michel
1936;
Rice
1958,
pp. 106-23 and passim; Clagett 1964-84,
m,
3, pp.
1180-96;
Victor 1978;
Joukovsky
1981; Charles
de
Bovelles 1982; Sanders 1984.
BRUNI,
LEONARDO
(Leonardo Aretino)
b.
Arezzo,
c.
1369;
d.
Florence, 1444. Italian
humanist,
translator
and
historian. Secretary
to
papal Curia,
1405-15.
Chancellor
of the
Florentine Signoria,
1427—44.
Translated many Greek authors into Latin (e.g., Aristotle,
Plato,
Plutarch, Xenophon, Polybius, Procopius); his translations
of
the Nicomachean Ethics,
Politics
and
Oeconomics were widely diffused
in the
fifteenth
and
sixteenth centuries. Wrote
life
of
Aristotle (1429); Laudatio Florentinae urbis (c.
1401);
Historiarum Florentini populi libri
XII (c.
141
$-c.
1429);
a
life
of
Dante; Isagogicon moralis disciplinae (c.
1425);
letters; poems.
I DBI xiv, pp. 618-33; EF 1, cols. 1083-5;
Lohr
1971, pp. 316-20.
II Garin 1951, 1974; Medioevo
e
Rinascimento 1955, 1,
pp.
297—319
(Franceschini); Soudek
1958,1968;
Baron 1966, 1968a,
1968b;
Seigel
1966,
1968;
Goldbrunner
1968;
Harth
1968;
Wilcox
1969;
Der
Kommentar
1975,
pp.
98-118
(Goldbrunner); Philosophy and
Humanism
1976,
pp.
29-43
(Soudek); Gerl 1981, 1982b.
BRUNO, GIORDANO
b.
Nola, 1548;
d.
Rome, 1600. Italian humanist
and
philosopher.
Entered Dominican monastery
at
Naples, studying theology and classical literature,
1563.
In
1576
suspected
of
heresy; fled
to
Rome
and
afterwards other Italian cities.
At
Geneva 1578,
but soon quarrelled with
the
Calvinists. Visited Toulouse
1579-81
(degree
in
theology,
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
Biobibliographies
811
lectured
on
Aristotle)
and
Paris
1581-3,
publishing
Ars
memoriae,
De
umbris
idearum
and
Candelaio
(all
1582).
Settled
in
England
1583-5,
making contact with Sidney
and
Greville,
lecturing
on
Copernicus
and
participating
in
disputations
at
Oxford; published
La
cena de
le
ceneri,
De
la causa, principio ed uno,
De
l'infinito universo e
mondi,
Lo
spaccio
de la bestia
trionfante
(ali
1584)
and
De gli
eroici
furori
(1585).
After
returning
to
Paris
1585,
he
visited Prague
and
various German cities, including Wittenberg, where
he
converted
to
Lutheranism
and
lectured
on
Aristotle's
logic,
and
Frankfurt, where
he
published
his
Latin poems
(1591).
Lectured
in
Zurich, 1591. Same year Giovanni Mocenigo invited
him to
Venice,
but
subsequently denounced him
to the
Inquisition. Conveyed
to
Rome
in
1593
an
d put on
trial
over
many years, ultimately refusing
to
recant
his
philosophical opinions. Executed, 1600.
I DBI xiv, pp. 654-65; DSB
11,
pp. 539-44; EFi, cols. 1088-1100;
Lohr
1974, pp. 279-81.
II Spampanato 1921, 1934; Corsano 1940;
A.
Mercati 1942; Firpo 1949; Badaloni 1955;
Nelson
1958;
Vasoli
1958b;
Michel
1962;
Kristeller
1964a,
pp.
127-44;
Yates
1964, 1966;
Védrine
1967; Papi 1968; Aquilecchia
1971;
Ingegno 1978, 1985; Ciliberto
1979;
Blum
1980;
P.
Rossi 1983.
BUDE, GUILLAUME
(Budaeus)
b.
Paris,
1467/8;
d.
Paris, 1540. French humanist
and
legal
writer. Published commentaries
on the
Pandects (1508), which influenced
the
study
of
Roman law. Encouraged Francis
I to
institute
royal readers
in
Hebrew, Greek, Latin
and
mathematics, forerunners of the
Collège
de
France. First librarian
at
Fontainebleau. Friend
and correspondent
of
other humanists, including Lefevre d'Etaples, Erasmus
and
Rabelais.
Wrote
De
asse
(1514);
Commentarii linguae Graecae
(1529);
De
transitu
Hellenismi
ad
Christianismum
(1534);
and De
Vinstitution du prince
(1547);
as
well
as Greek editionesprincipes
(e.g.,
Eusebius, Dionysius
of
Halicarnassus,
Dio
Cassius, Appian)
and a
Greek
New
Testament
(1550).
Also
translated
various works, including Plutarch
and the
pseudo-
Aristotelian
De
mundo.
I CTC
11,
p. 100; DBF
VII,
cols.
611-12.
II Plattard
1923;
Bohatec
1950;
Penham
1954;
Kelley
1967;
Guedet
1969;
Rebitté
1969;
De la
Garanderie
1973,,
1976; McNeil 1975.
BUONAMICI, FRANCESCO
(Bonamicus)
b.
Florence (?),<:.
1533;
d.
Orticaia, 1603. Italian
Aristotelian
philosopher. Professor
of
logic
and
natural
philosophy
at
Pisa,
1565—1603,
where
he
taught
Galileo.
Wrote
De
motu
(1591)
and
commentaries
on
Aristotelian works;
also
treatises
on
literature, including Discorsi poetici
in
difesa d'Aristotile
(1597),
defending
Aristotelian
poetics against
Castel
vetro.
I
Lohr 1974,
p.
272.
II Koyré 1966,
pp.
24-47
and
passim; Helbing 1976, 1982.
BURGERSDIJK,
FRANCO
(Burgersdicius) b. Lier (near Delft),
1590;
d.
Leiden,
1635.
Dutch
theologian
and
philosopher. From 1604
to
1610 studied classics, rhetoric
and
dialectic
at
Amersfort
and
philosophy
at
Delft. Matriculated
at
Leiden
and
studied philosophy
(under
Daniel
Heinsius),
1610-14;
in
France
and
Germany,
1614.
Studied theology
at
Saumur
and
taught philosophy there,
1616—19.
From 1620
to
1635 professor
of
philosophy
at
Leiden;
from
1620 professor
of
logic
and
ethics; from 1628 professor
of
physics;
1629, 1630, 1634
rector.
His
textbooks
on the
main branches
of
philosophy were widely used throughout
Protestant
Europe until
the end of the
seventeenth century.
I
CHLMP,
p. 860; DSB
11,
pp.
601-2;
Lohr 1974,
pp.
287-8; NNBW
vn, pp.
229-31;
Thorndike
vn, pp.
402—9.
II Dibon
1954—,
1, pp.
90—126
and
passim; Thijssen Schoute 1954 passim.
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
812
Biobibliographies
CAJETAN, THOMAS DE VIO,
O.P. (Cajetanus) b. Gaeta, 1468; d. Rome, 1534. Dominican
philosopher and theologian. In 1484 entered order. Studied at Naples, Bologna, Padua,
1484-93;
1494,
magister
theologiae. Professor of metaphysics in via Thomae at Padua,
1495-7.
Professor
of
theology
at Pavia,
1497-9.
Lector at Milan,
1499-1501.
In
1501-18
held various
high positions in Order, also teaching philosophy and Scripture at Sapienza in Rome,
1501-8.
At
Fifth Lateran Council,
1512-17.
Raised to cardinalate,
1517.
Wrote commentaries on
Aristotle
and Thomas Aquinas; a Thomist, but incorporated certain
of
his own ideas (e.g., on
the doctrine
of
analogy).
Involved in debate on immortality
of
soul at Padua, where he had
known
Pomponazzi.
I DHGE xi, pp. 248-52;
DTC11,
cols.
1313-29;
£Fn,
cols.
403-5; Lohr
1975,
pp. 692-5.
II Congar
1934-5;
Stegmüller
1935b;
Nardi 1945 passim; Gilson 1961; Koster i960;
Harrison
1963;
Di Napoli 1963, pp.
214-26;
Umanesimo europeo 1964, pp.
31—63
(Gilson);
McCandles
1968; Reilly 1971.
CAMPANELLA, TOMMASO,
O.P. b. Stilo di Calabria, 1568; d. Paris, 1639. Italian
theologian, philosopher, poet. Joined Dominican Order,
1582.
Published Philosophia sensibus
demonstrata
(1591).
Twice
censured for Telesian
views,
but disregarded superiors. Tortured
by
Inquisition 1594, imprisoned at Rome, forced to
retract.
Arrested in 1599 for conspiring
to replace Spanish rule in southern Italy with a Utopian republic; wrote Citta del Sole
(c.
1602).
Imprisoned at Naples, where he wrote: De sensu
rerum
et magia; Atheismus
triumphatus;
Apologia pro Galileo; Theologica; Metaphysica; Astrológica; Italian poetry. Freed 1626, but
reimprisoned by Holy
Office.
Eventually released by Urban VIII, for whom he performed
protective magical rites. Fled to Paris 1634, obtaining patronage of Richelieu and
publishing/republishing several works.
I DBI
xvii,
pp.
372-401;
DSB xv, pp.
68-70;
EF 1,
cols.
1171-80.
II Amabile 1882, 1887; Firpo 1940, 1947; Di Napoli 1947; Walker 1958, pp. 203-36;
Corsano
1961a;
Yates 1964, pp. 360-97; Badaloni 1965; Femiano 1968;
Tommaso
Campanella 1969; Amerio 1972;
Bock
1974; Alunni 1982.
CANO,
MELCHOR,
O.P. b. Tarancon, 1509; d. Toledo, 1560. Spanish theologian and
philosopher. Studied at Salamanca during the post-Tridentine Thomist revival
1527-31,
with
Francisco de Vitoria. In 1531 joined Dominican Order at
College
of St Gregory,
Valladolid,
where he became professor of philosophy and theology. Master of theology at
Rome,
1542; 1543 professor of theology at
Alcalá
and 1546 at Salamanca. Imperial
theologian at Trent, 1551. Bishop of Canary Islands, 1552. Archbishop of Toledo and
Primate
of
Spain,
1559.
His De
locis
theologicis reveals Vitoria's influence and aims to establish
a historical and scientific basis for theology.
Also
wrote commentaries on
Summa
theologiae.
I DHEE 1, pp. 333-4; DTC
11,
cols.
1537-40;
EF 1,
cols.
1186-7.
II Caballero
1871;
Beltrán de Heredia 1933; Marcotte 1949; Sanz y Sanz 1959; Casado-
Barroso 1969; Sanchez-Arjona Halcón 1969, pp.
135—63;
Belda Plans 1982.
CARDANo, GIROLAMO
b. Pavia, 1501; d. Rome, 1576. Italian polymath, principally
mathematics. Studied at Pavia
1520-6,
obtaining medical doctorate. Taught mathematics in
piattine schools
of
Milan
and successfully practised medicine, 1534. Professor of medicine at
Pavia,
1543-52
and
15
59—60,
and at Bologna
1562.
In Scotland for most of
1552;
his medical
skill
attracted many English nobles as patients. Accused of heresy (casting Christ's
horoscope) 1570, but recanted and went to Rome
1571,
obtaining patronage of Pius V.
Wrote over 200 works on medicine, mathematics, physics, philosophy, religion and music;
among the most influential were: Ars
magna
(1545),
presenting the algebraic formula for the
solution
of
third-degree equations; Quesiti et inventioni diverse
(1546);
De subtilitate
(1550),
in
reply to whichj. C. Scaliger wrote his Exotericae exercitationes; De varietate
rerum
(1557);
Opus
novum
de proportionibus
(1570);
and his autobiography, De propria
vita
(1575-6).
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
Biobibliographies
8i3
I Thorndike v, pp. 563-79; DBI xix, pp. 758-63; DSB m, pp. 64-7; EF 1, cols.
1216-17.
II Morley
1854;
Corsano
1961b;
Ore
1965;
Ongaro
1969;
Ockman
1975;
Zanier
1975a;
Fierz
1977;
Ingegno 1980; Occult and Scientific Mentalities 1984,
pp.
231-52
(Maclean).
CASE,
JOHN
(Casus)
b.
Woodstock (near Oxford),
c.
1540;
d.
Oxford, 1600. English
philosopher. Wrote expositions of Aristotelian
logic,
physics
and
moral philosophy; often
reprinted
in
Germany. Studied
at
Oxford; Fellow
of
St
John's
College.
Taught
logic
and
philosophy
in his
own house. Doctor medicinae
and
canon
of
Sarum, 1589.
I DNB in, pp.
1171-3;
EF 1, col. 1243; Lohr 1975, p. 706.
II Howell 1956, pp. 190-3; N. W. Gilbert i960, pp. 91,
209-11;
Dreitzel 1970, pp. I42ff. and
passim; Schmitt
1983b.
CESALPINO, ANDREA
(Caesalpinus) b.
Arezzo,
1524/5^.
Rome, 1603. Italian Aristotelian
philosopher, physician, botanist. Studied
arts
under
Simone Porzio
and
medicine
at
Pisa,
where
he
became doctor
artium
.et medicinae, 1551;
1556-70
professor
of
botany;
1570—91
professor
of
medicine. Professor
of
medicine
in the
Sapienza, Rome
and
physician
to
Clement
VIII,
1592-1603.
His Peripateticae quaestiones
(1571)
was influential both in Italy and
Northern Europe.
Also
wrote Demonum investigatioperipatetica (1580) and Deplantis
(1583).
I DBIxxiv, pp.
122-5;
DSBxv,
pp. 80-1; EFi,
cols.
1351-2;
Garin II, pp. 633-9; Lohr
1975,
pp.
691-2;
Thorndike vi, pp. 324-38.
II Breit
1912;
introduction
to
Cesalpino 1929,
pp.
1—93;
Viviani
1935.
CHARPENTIER,
JACQUES
(Jacobus Carpentarius) b. Clermont-en-Beauvais,
1521
;
d. Paris,
1574.
French philosopher
and
anti-Ramist. Studied
at
University
of
Paris; professor
of
philosophy
and
licentiatus medicinae,
Collège
de
Bourgogne;
15 50/1
rector
of
University;
1566-74
professor of mathematics,
Collège
Royal.
Controversies with d'Ossat and Ramus,
1564-8.
Wrote on Peripatetic
logic
and
natural
philosophy: Descriptio universae
artis
disserendi
(1564);
Descriptio universae
naturae
(1560-4). Edited pseudo-Aristotelian Theology
under
the
title Libri
XIV
de
secretiore
parte
divinae sapientiae
(1572).
Wrote
a
comparison of Plato
and
Aristotle,
more sympathetic
to the
former: Platonis cum Aristotele
in
universa philosophia
comparatio
(1573).
I DBF vin, cols. 638-9; Lohr 1975, pp. 700-1.
II Waddington 1855, pp. 168-85; Ong
1958a,
pp. 220-3 and
passim,
1958b,
pp. 498-504;
N.
W.
Gilbert i960, pp.
145-52;
Vasoli
1968a
ad indicem; Purnell
1971,
pp.
71-3;
Kraye
1986.
CHARRON,
PIERRE
b. Paris,
1541;
d.
Paris, 1603. French Pyrrhonist philosopher. Studied
classics
at
Sorbonne and jurisprudence
at
Orléans/Bourges; doctor
of
law,
1571.
Studied
theology
and ordained,
1576.
Prédicateur ordinaire to Queen Marguerite; theological canon in
several dioceses; vicar-general
at
Agen
and
Bordeaux. Began close association with
Montaigne, 1589. Wrote
Les
Trois Véritez contre
les
athées, idolâtres, juifs,
mahométans,
hérétiques et schismatiques
(1593),
arguing
that
the
authority of the church provides
the
sole
certainty for man;
De
la
sagesse
(published
1601,
revised edn
1604),
emphasising the
truth
of
revelation
as the
only means
of
transcending
natural
law.
I DBF vm, cols. 665-6; EF 1, col. 1361.
II Rice
1958,
pp.
178-207;
Battista
1966;
Gregory
1967;
Soman
1970;
Horowitz
1971,
1974;
D.
Bosco
1977;
Abel
1978,
pp.
153-227;
Popkin 1979,
pp.
55-62,
114-20
and
passim.
CHRYSOLORAS,
MANUEL
b. Constantinople, c. 1350; d. Constance, 1414. Byzantine
humanist. Emperor Manuel
II
Palaeologus sent him
to
raise support among Christian rulers
of
Western Europe against the Turks. Came
to
Florence
in
1397, where he taught Greek
to
Leonardo Bruni
and
other humanists. Travelled
in
Italy, France, England, Spain
on
diplomatic missions. An intermediary in
attempts
to
attain
Christian unity; helped to fix
date
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
8i4
Biobibliographies
and location
of
Council
of
Constance, to which he went as papal emissary; but died soon after
arrival. Wrote theological treatises;
a
Greek grammar; letters;
a
literal Latin translation
of
Plato's Republic, later revised
by
Uberto
and P. C.
Decembrio.
I DTC ii,
cols.
2422-3; EI xi, p. 920; Garin 1, pp. 286-8.
II Sabbadini 1890; Cammelli
1941-54,
1;
I.
Thomson 1966; Geanakoplos 1976 passim.
CLICHTOVE, JOSSE
(Jodocus Clichtoveus)
b.
Nieuport,
1472;
d.
Chartres, 1543. Flemish
humanist
and
theologian, active
in
France. Studied
at
Louvain and Paris (pupil of Lefevre
d'Étaples); 1506 doctor theologiae;
1506-12
taught theology
at the
Sorbonne;
1512-15
at
Collège
du Cardinal Lemoine; and
1521-6
at
Collège
de Navarre. Originally associated with
French reforming circles of Lefevre and Briconnet;
but
later vigorously opposed heretical
trends
in the
University
of
Paris. Canonicus
and
theologicus, Chartres,
1527-43.
In
1528
participated
in
Council
of
Sens, Paris. Collaborated with Lefevre
on
several influential
philosophy textbooks: Aristotelian ethics, politics,
logic,
natural
philosophy, metaphysics;
edited patristic authors; from 1517 wrote polemical works, after 1520 especially against
Luther.
I DTC in,
cols.
236-43; EF 1, col. 1461; Farge, pp. 90-104; Lohr 1975, pp.
713-14.
II
Clerval
1894; Renaudet 1953 passim; Massaut 1968,
1974;
Chantraine
1971;
Kraus
1971;
Ash
worth 1986.
COLLEGIUM CONIMBRICENSE
{Commentarli conimbricenses; Coimbra commentaries)
A
group
of
texts and commentaries on the major works
of
Aristotle,
prepared by the
Jesuits
of
the University
of
Coimbra between 1592
and
1598. Initiated
by
Pedro
da
Fonseca,
who
delegated its execution
to
Emmanuel de
Goes.
The cursus includes expositions
of
the Physics
(1592),
De
caelo
(1592),
Meteorology
(1592),
Parva naturalia
(1592),
Nicomachean Ethics
(1593),
Degeneratione et corruptione
(1597)
and
De
anima
(1598);
In
universam
dialecticam (1606) is not
of
the same exhaustive and rigorous quality as the volumes devoted
to
the central works of
natural
philosophy.
After
the first edition (at Coimbra and Lisbon), the commentaries were
frequently
reprinted
for the next forty years (at
Venice,
Lyons,
Cologne,
Mainz) and were
widely
used throughout Europe during
the
first half
of
the seventeenth century.
I EF 1,
cols.
1590-1;
Lohr 1975, pp.
717-19.
II Gilson 1912,
1951
;
Andrade 1943; Gomes
dos
Santos 1955; introduction
to
Collegium
Conimbricense
1957;
Stegmuller
1959;
Barcelar
e
Oliveira i960;
Zilli
1961;
Coxito
1966;
Schmitt
1983a
ad
indicem.
CONTARINI, GASPARO
b.
Venice,
1483^.
Bologna,
1542.
Italian churchman and Thomist
theologian. Studied
under
Pomponazzi
at
Padua before embarking
on
various diplomatic
missions, including negotiating the release
of
Clement
VII from Emperor Charles V in 1527.
Created cardinal
1535.
One
of
the nine commissioners appointed to consider church reform.
Papal legate
at
Diet of Ratisbon, 1540. Named cardinal-legate
to
Bologna,
but
died
a
few
months later. Wrote on various philosophical and theological matters: e.g.,
De
immortalitate
animae, De potestate pontificis,
De
libero arbitrio. Critic
of
Alexandrist
Aristotelianism; upheld
personal immortality
and the
autonomy
of
soul
in
relation
to
body.
I
DTC
HI,
cols.
1615-16;
EF
11,
col.
11;
Lohr 1975,
p.
721.
II Dittrich
1885;
Aristotelismo padovano i960, pp.
109-19
(Giacon); Di Napoli
1963,
pp. 277-
97;
Umanesimo europeo 1964,
pp.
31—63
(Gilson).
CREMONINI, CESARE
(Cremoninius) b. Cento (near Ferrara),
1550;
d.
Padua,
1631.
Italian
Aristotelian philosopher. Studied philosophy
and
law
at
University
of
Ferrara,
becoming
doctor there;
1573-90,
professor of philosophy. Ordinary professor of philosophy secundo
loco
at
Padua,
1591—1601.
Spokesman
for the
university against
the
Jesuits,
1591—1606.
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
Biobibliographies
815
Ordinary professor
of
philosophy
primo
loco,
1601-31.
Investigated by Inquisition,
1611-26.
Wrote series
of
commentaries (chiefly
on
Aristotelian
natural
philosophy)
and
several
apologetic discourses supporting Aristotelian doctrines (many survive only
in
manuscript).
Colleague
of
Galileo
at
Padua.
I DBI xxx, pp. 618-22; EF
11,
cols.
148-51;
Lohr 1975, pp. 728-39.
II Mabilleau
1881;
Del Torre 1968; L. A. Kennedy 1979, 1980; Aristotelismo veneto
1983,11,
pp. 637-45 (Del Torre)
and
647-59 (Drew); Olivieri 1983,
pp.
196-203; Schmitt 1984,
§ xi.
CROCKAERT, PETRUS,
O.P.
b.
Brussels,
c.
1470;
d.
Paris(?), 1514. Flemish theologian.
Studied
under
John
Mair
at
Collège
de Montaigu, Paris; M.A. and taught philosophy
there
in nominalist tradition. Became Dominican
at
convent
of S.
Jacques
and
changed
philosophically
to
Thomism, 1503.
In
1504 taught Sententiae; 1507 taught theology (pupils
included Francisco
de
Vitoria, Domingo
de
Soto); 1509 baccalaureus theologiae; substituted
Summa
theologiae for Sententiae as basis
of
theological
instruction. Licentiatus theologiae,
1512.
Presided over academic disputations
in
faculty
of
theology,
1513-14.
Edited Thomas
Aquinas
and
commented
on
Summule
of
Peter
of
Spain.
I EF
11,
cols. 200-1; Farge, pp.
126-7;
Lohr 1975, pp. 739-40.
II Garcia Villoslada 1935, 1938 passim; Chenu 1946; Renaudet 1953 passim; Wallace 1981a
passim.
DANEAU, LAMBERT
(Danaeus)
b.
Beaugency, c. 1530;
d.
Castres, 1595. French Calvinist
philosopher
and
theologian. Studied
law at
Orléans
and
Bourges; 1557 licentiate; 1559
doctorate. Became advocate
at
Orléans 1560,
but
April 1560 moved
to
Geneva
to
study
theology.
Shortly afterwards appointed pastor
at
Gien. Sought refuge
at
Orléans, 1563.
In
1566
moved to Sancerre;
1572
emigrated to Geneva, where he became a pastor and professor
of
theology,
1574-81.
In
15 81-2
professor
of
theology
and pastor
of
Walloon
community
at
Leiden.
Returned
to
France, 1582. Appointed
to
Protestant
Academy
at
Orthez, 1584.
In
1593—5
professor
at
Castres. Published polemical works against Génébrard, Osiander,
Bellarmine; edited ancient and patristic authors; wrote commentaries
on the
gospels, Paul,
Cyprian,
Augustine
and
Peter Lombard; also, various textbooks attempting
to
promote
a
Christianised philosophy divested
of
pagan elements: Physica Christiana
(1576);
Ethices
christianae libri
III
(1577);
Christianae isagoges ad Christianorum
locos
communes libri
II
(1583).
I
DBF x,
cols.
88-9.
II Felice 1882; Fatio 1971, 1976.
DECEMBRIO,
PIER
CANDIDO
b. Pavia, c. 1392; d. Milan,
1477.
Italian
humanist.
Much of
his early life spent
in
Milan
in the
service of Filippo Maria Visconti.
In
1456-9
in
Naples
as
court secretary
to
Alfonso,
then
Ferdinand. Returned
to
Milan
1459-66,
followed
by
eight
years
at
Este court
in
Ferrara;
then
returned
again
to
Milan. Translated works
of
Appian,
Plutarch, Homer,
and
revised Chrysoloras' translation
of
Plato's Republic, dedicated
to
Humfrey
of
Gloucester
(c. 1440).
Also
wrote several works
on
natural
philosophy, e.g.,
De
genitura hominis.
I
EI
xii,
p. 457.
II Borsa 1893, 1904; Ditt
1931;
Zaccaria 1952, 1956, 1959; Medioevo
e
Rinascimento
1955,1,
pp. 34
I_
74 (Garin); Kristeller
1966b;
Sammut 1980; Vestigia
1984,1,
pp. 75-91 (Bottoni)
and 247-96 (Ferrari); Pyle 1984.
DELLA
PORTA,
GIAMBATTISTA
b.
Vico
Equense, 1535; d. Naples, 1615.
Italian
philosopher, scientist,
dramatist.
Interested
in
natural
magic
and
associated fields
of
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
8i6
Bio bib I
iograp h
ies
astrology, chiromancy
and art
of
memory.
Viewed
natural
magic as a practical complement
to scientific investigation, subject
to the
boundaries
of
natural
law; attacked demonic magic
and theurgic practices.
His
Magiae naturalis libri
IV
(Naples 1558) went through several
editions;
it was
expanded
to
twenty books (1589)
and
later translated into
a
number
of
languages.
His
De
humanaphysiognomonia (1586)
and
Coelestisphysiognomoniae libri sex (1603)
stress
the
interrelationship between soul
and
body
and
incorporate his
belief
in sympathetic
magic
and the
doctrine
of
correspondences. Played
a
major role
in
founding
the
Accademia
dei Lincei,
but
his magical interests later led
him to
establish
an
independent Accademia
dei
Segreti.
Also
wrote several dramatic comedies based
on
classical models.
I DSB xi, pp. 95-8; EF
11,
cols. 309-10; EI xn, pp. 548-9;
Garin
II, pp.
630-2.
II Fiorentino
1911,
pp. 235-340; Gabrieli 1927,
1932;
Paparelli
1955,
1956a,
1956b;
Corsano
1958-63,
38:
76-97;
Badaloni 1959-60, 1961 passim; Clubb 1965; Aquilecchia 1976;
Muraro 1978.
DIGBY, EVERARD
(Digbaeus)
b.
Rutland
c.
1550;
d. c.
1606 (place
of
death unknown).
English
anti-Ramist philosopher.
St
John's, Cambridge, B.A.
1570-1;
1574 M.A.;
1581
B.D.;
1572-3
Lady Margaret
fellow;
1585 senior
fellow.
Taught logic
at
Cambridge, where
Francis Bacon probably attended
his
lectures. Deprived
of his
living
for
misconduct,
supporting
the
(Catholic) idea of voluntary poverty
and
attacking Calvinists
too
strongly,
1587.
Eclectically combined Neoplatonic, cabalistic
and
Hermetic material with traditional
Thomist
and
Scotist sources. Wrote Theorica analytica
(1579),
attempting
a
scientific
classification
and
methodology based
on
inductive
rather
than
deductive reasoning. Fierce
opponent
of
Ramism; published
De
duplici methodo libri
duo,
unicam
P.
Rami
methodum
réfutantes (1580); engaged
in
polemic with
his
Ramist ex-student, William Temple.
I DNB v, pp. 955-6; EF
11,
cols. 451-2.
II
Freudenthal
1890-1;
Sortais
1920,1, pp. 53-6; N. W.
Gilbert
i960,
pp.
200-8,
231; Vasoli
1968a, pp. 590—601; L.
Jardine
1974a, pp. 59-65;
Schmitt
1983b, pp. 47-52 and
passim.
DULLAERT,
JOHANNES
(Dullardus)
b.
Werde,
c.
1470;
d.
Paris, 1513. French
natural
philosopher
in the
Paris tradition
of
Buridan. Studied under
John
Mair
at
Collège
de
Montaigu, Paris, where
he
became magister regens. Magister regens
at
Collège
de
Beauvais,
Paris,
1510.
Briefly
returned
to
Ghent,
but
accused
of
treason against Spain and went back
to
Paris. Edited works
of
Paul
of
Venice
and
Buridan's Quaestiones
in
Physica.
I Duhem TB,
x, pp.
24-47
and
passim; Lohr 1976,
pp.
720-1;
Prantl
iv, pp.
256ff.
II Garcia Villoslada 1938 passim; Clagett 1959,
pp.
638, 653-6; Wallace
1981a,
pp.
65-75,
79-84.
Du VAIR, GUILLAUME
b.
Paris, 1556;
d.
Tonneins (Lot-et-Garonne), 1621. French
statesman
and
Neostoic philosopher.
In
1584 Clerk councillor
to
Paris Parlement.
In
1593
Parisian deputy
to
Etats Généraux
of
the
Ligue.
In
his Exhortations à
la
paix supported Henri
de Navarre's claim
to the
French throne, provided
he
converted
to
Catholicism.
In
1596
negotiated league against Spain with Elizabeth
I;
then despatched
as
Governor
to
Provence
to quell disorder there. First president
of
Parlement
of
Aix,
1599. Appointed Bishop
of
Lisieux,
1617.
Guardian of the Royal Seals. Inspired
by
Epictetus, whom
he
translated into
French c. 1585,
and by
Lipsius; sought
to
combine Stoicism with Christianity. Wrote
De
la
sainte philosophie;
De
la
philosophie morale des Stoïques; Traité de la constance
et
de consolation ès
calamités publiques; Traité
de
l'éloquence française.
I DBF xii, cols. 950-1.
II Cougny
1857;
Radouant 1908; Glaesener 1938; introduction
to Du
Vair
1951,
pp.
1-39;
Roques
1957;
Julien Eymard 1976;
Abel
1978,
pp.
114-52.
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008