Salby M.L. Fundamentals of Atmospheric Physics
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
620
Index
Stretching
motion field, 326
vertical, 390-391
Stretching transformation, 498, 501
Strong absorption, 230, 232
Structure
boundary layer, 412-415
circulation, 17-22
cloud, 36-41
dynamical, 16-22
general circulation, 50-52
global energy budget, 44-50
radiative equilibrium, 41-43
stratification of mass, 2, 8-15
thermal,
see
Thermal structure
Subadiabatic process, 161, 171
Subsidence inversion, 187, 192
Sudden stratospheric warming, 478-479,
553-557
Sulfate aerosol, 261-262, 271
Sulfur dioxide (SO2), 35
Sun, structure,
see
Solar structure
Sunspot activity, 203
Superadiabatic layer, 419
Supercooled water, 275
Supersaturation
cloud formation, 277
droplet growth, 268-270
Surface layer, 413-415
Surface water wave, 426-429, 442
SW radiation,
see
Shortwave radiation
Synoptic weather system, 18, 149
general circulation, 51
vorticity budget, 392
System, thermodynamic, 55--63;
see
Thermodynamics 6f gases
Taylor-Goldstein equation, 449
Taylor-Proudman column, 377-378
Taylor-Proudman flow, 378
Taylor-Proudman theorem, 377-378
Temperature, 5, 14, 16;
see also
Greenhouse
effect; Potential temperature; Sea
surface temperature; Thermal
equilibrium; Thermal structure
adiabatic process, 74, 132, 133
blackbody, 43, 44, 208-212
break, 193
brightness, 209
clouds
cold, 275
warm, 273
critical point, 108
dew point, 121
environmental, 169-170
equilibrium vapor pressure, 112-114
frost point, 121
global-mean, 16, 45
global warming, 23-24
hydrostatic balance, 147-150
isentropic behavior, 93-96
ozone depletion, 572
plane parallel atmosphere, 226
polar stratospheric clouds, 285
potential instability, 185
pseudo-adiabatic chart, 134-137
pseudo-adiabatic process, 131
radiative-convective equilibrium, 238
radiative equilibrium, 41, 43, 211-212, 236
saturation mixing ratio, 126
saturation vapor pressure, 122
sudden stratospheric warming, 478-479,
553-557
trigger, 193
vertical stability, 169-170
virtual, 119, 120
zonal-mean, 16-17
Temperature inversion, 152, 191-193
Tensor analysis, 324-326, 332, 333
Terminator, polar-night, 47, 547
Terrestrial radiation, 41-43;
see also
Infrared
radiation; Longwave radiation
Thermal, 277-280, 286
Thermal damping, 472
Thermal energy, 44, 487-489
Thermal equilibrium, 41, 43, 59;
see also
Global energy budget
absorption-emission, 208
general circulation, 486
gray atmosphere, 233-236
heterogeneous system, 102, 106
homogeneous system, 99
inversions, 192
isentropic behavior, 94-95
radiative-convective, 236-240
radiative emission, 211
radiative heating, 241-245
radiative transfer, 198
Thermal index, 196
Thermally direct circulation, 51
Thermal relaxation, 245-248, 552
Thermal structure, 16-22, 51
barotropic stratification, 532
cloud and aerosol influences, 295-305
gray atmosphere, 233
Thermal structure (continued)
ozone, 536
plane parallel atmosphere, 226
radiative-convective equilibrium, 238, 321
radiative transfer, 198, 248
stratification, 156-162
vertical stability, 188-189
Thermal wind balance, 378-381
general circulation, 486
potential energy, 493
shear instability, 522
Thermodynamic coordinates, 357-368
Thermodynamic cycle, 65, 157, 159, 161
Thermodynamic equation, 337-338
adiabatic motion, 352
isentropic coordinates, 367
isobaric coordinates, 361
log-pressure coordinates, 363
quasi-geostrophic motion, 395-396
turbulence, 407
Thermodynamic equilibrium, 59
conditions, 90-91
heterogeneous system, 99, 103-104, 106
homogeneous system, 99
irreversibility, 79
local, 212
Thermodynamic potential, 97; see also Free
energy
Thermodynamic process, 59, 61
direction, 85, 87, 90
Thermodynamic properties, 55-56, 578
Thermodynamics of gases, see also First law
of thermodynamics; Second law of
thermodynamics
adiabatic process, 63, 68-74, 132
diabatic process, 75-76
changes of state, 63-65
entropy, 84-87, 91-96
fundamental relations, 88-90, 104-106
heat capacity, 65-68
internal energy, 63
natural and reversible processes, 79-84
potential temperature, 71-76, 91-96
system concepts, 55-56
expansion work, 56-58
heat transfer, 58
state variables, 58-62
thermodynamic equilibrium, 90-91
vertical motion, 73-74, 126-133
Thermodynamic state, 55-56, 58-63
heterogeneous system, 99, 106
homogeneous system, 99
Thermodynamic system, 55-63
Index
621
Thermosphere, 16, 201, 219
Time-mean circulation, 19-21, 51
Time-mean cloud field, 39, 41
Time-mean cloudiness, 39, 41
Time-mean thermal structure, 51
Timescale
advection, 552
diabatic process, 75, 156, 160
dissipative process, 392
Ekman pumping, 423
heat transfer, 71, 128
horizontal motion, 71
radiative transfer, 75, 248
thermal damping, 472
thermal relaxation, 552
turbulent exchange, 405, 408
vertical mixing, 190
vertical motion, 71, 128, 156
Top of atmosphere (TOA) radiation, 307,
311
Trace constituent, 22-36; see also specific
constituents
Tracer, 8, 71
Trace speed, 431
Trade wind, 506
Traditional approximation, 350-352
Trajectory, parcel, 323-324
Trajectory coordinates, 383
Transmission function, 228-230
Transmissivity, 208, 228, 298-299
Transport theorem, 329-330, 331, 333, 337
Trigger temperature, 193
Triple point, 106
Tropical circulation, 506-513; see also Inter
Tropical Convergence Zone
Tropical cirrus cloud, 285-286
Tropopause, 16, 17
cloud formation, 283
conditional instability, 181
cumulus formation, 280
nitrous oxide, 541
potential temperature, 191
radiation spectra, 200
radiative-convective equilibrium, 237-238,
240
tropical circulation, 508
water vapor, 546
wave activity, 451, 454
Tropopause fold, 564
Troposphere, 16, 17, 18
absorption, 216
aerosol, 258, 260-263, 314
air motion timescale, 248
622
Index
Troposphere
(continued)
cloud formation, 285
conditional instability, 181
cyclones, 72
Ekman pumping, 423
El Nifio Southern Oscillation, 510
hydrostatic equilibrium, 157, 159-161
kinetic energy, 506
LW radiation, 65, 232, 241, 244
middle atmosphere interactions, 560-564
nitrous oxide, 541
nonuniform heating, 505
ozone, 219
planetary waves, 468
radiation absorption, 200
radiative-convective equilibrium, 236-237,
240
radiative emission, 209
radiative forcing, 311
Rossby waves, 465
thermal heating, 246
thermal wind, 380
tropical circulation, 508
vertical stability, 166, 178, 188, 189,
190-192
water vapor mixing ratio, 546
wave activity, 451, 454
Turbopause, 11
Turbulence, boundary layer, 405-411, 420
Turbulent dispersion, 174, 189-193
Turbulent transport, 10-12, 52
Turning level, wave activity, 450, 451-455
Two-stream approximation, 230-233
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation
absorption of, 219
ozone, 29-30
photodissociation, 12, 537, 540, 546
Ultraviolet (UV) wavelength
absorption at, 216, 217, 219, 220
line broadening, 224
spectra, 200, 201, 203
Universal gas constant, 579
Unsaturated conditions
moist air, 123-124, 132
moisture dependence, 173-174
potential temperature, 171-173
stratification, 151
Unstable equilibrium, 90
Unstable stratification, 236-238
Vapor pressure, 109, 120, 121-122, 250
equilibrium, 109, 112-114
Vector field, irrotational, 62
Vector identities, 580
Vector operations
curvilinear coordinates, 344
spherical coordinates, 346, 348-349
Vector potential, 375
Velocity,
see also
Geostrophic velocity;
Group velocity
angular, 334, 579
friction, 413
horizontal, 371
material, 324-328, 335-336
spherical coordinates, 347
Velocity potential, 376
Venus
cyclostrophic motion, 386
greenhouse effect, 250, 251-252
Vertical coordinate
height, 349, 350
log-pressure height, 362
potential temperature, 364
pressure, 357
Vertical momentum budget, 407
Vertical momentum equation, 354-355, 429,
434
Vertical motion,
see also
Atmospheric
motion; Gravity; Horizontal motion;
Large-scale motion; Vertical stability
adiabatic process, stratification, 156-160
boundary layer, 420
buoyancy, 128-130, 157, 161
cloud formation, 277
condensation, 126-130
hydrostatic balance, 9
isentropic behavior, 93-96
pseudo-adiabatic chart, 134-138
scale analysis, 354-355
stability implications, 174-176
thermodynamic behavior, 73-74, 126-133
traditional approximation, 350-351
Vertical shear
boundary layer, 415
geostrophic wind, 377-381
potential energy, 493
Vertical stability
buoyancy, 166-170, 174-176, 189
categories, 168-174
finite displacements
conditional instability, 176-181
entrainment, 181, 183-184
potential instability, 184-186
unsaturated conditions, 186-188
Vertical stability
(continued)
hydrostatic stability, 169-172
implications for vertical motion, 174-176
influences, 188-189
moisture dependence, 173-174
potential stability, 186
potential temperature, 171-173
turbulent dispersion, 174
convective mixing, 189-191
inversions, 191-192
nocturnal inversion, 192-193
Vertical stretching, 390-391
Vertical vorticity budget, 509
Vibrational energy, 213, 216
Virtual potential temperature, 124
Virtual process, 90, 91, 103-104
Virtual temperature, 119, 120
Viscosity
bulk, 340
coefficient, 333
Viscous sublayer, 414
Visible wavelength
absorption at, 216, 217, 244
line broadening, 224
Voigt line shape, 224
Volcano
aerosol, 263-264
E1 Chichon, 263, 315
global energy budget, 314
Krakatoa, 191, 263, 458459
Mount St. Helens, 264
Volume
material, 32%333, 336-337
specific heat capacity, 65-66, 67-68
Volume heating rate, 243
Volume mixing ratio, 7
von Karman constant, 414
Vorticity, 336
absolute, 388, 389-392
Ekman pumping, 420
motion field, 326
planetary,
see
Planetary vorticity
potential, 392, 396
quasi-geostrophic, 396, 461
relative, 387-388, 459
Rossby waves, 459-460, 461, 463
wave absorption, 470
Vorticity budget, 389-393, 421, 509
Vorticity equation, 388, 396, 422
Walker cell, 509
Walker circulation, 51
Index
623
Washout, 264, 314
Water
Clausius-Clapeyron equation, 112-113
pseudo-adiabatic chart, 137
pure substance, 107-108, 112
saturation vapor pressure, 120
supercooled, 275
thermodynamic characteristics, 107-109,
112, 113, 578
Water vapor, 34;
see also
Clouds;
Condensation; Moist air
absorption by, 200, 201, 203, 216-217, 220,
232, 244
chemical equilibrium, 118
circulation, 27, 114
Clausius-Clapeyron equation, 113-114
distribution, 121-122, 130
greenhouse effect, 250-252
heterogeneous system, 99-100
IR absorption, 43
line broadening, 224
liquid, 271-272, 285, 300
LW radiation, 46, 241
mixing ratio, 26, 27, 29, 546, 560-561
photodissociation, 12
precipitable, 28
radiative-convective equilibrium, 240
as trace constituent, 25-29
Water wave
deep, 434, 437-438
shallow, 433, 436-437
surface, 426-429, 442
Wave
absorption, 468-472
acoustic, 439-446
acoustic-gravity, 441, 444
buoyancy, 440-446
geometric optics, 451-456
gravity waves, 440-450
shortwave limit, 447-448
WKB approximation, 450-451
dispersion, 434-438
edge, 434, 442, 526
evanescent, 441-442
external, 441-442
gravity,
see
Gravity wave
internal, 441, 444
Lamb, 444, 456-459
mountain, 447
nondispersive, 436
nonlinear considerations, 472-479
planetary,
see
Planetary wave
624
Index
Wave
(continued)
propagation
dispersion, 434-438
Fourier synthesis, 429-432
limiting behavior, 432-434
surface water waves, 426--429
refraction, 450
Rossby,
see
Rossby wave
water,
see
Water wave
Wave instability, 517
Wave interference, 434
Wavelength, 199-203, 208-212
Wave power spectrum, 431, 437, 438
Weakly divergent motion, 387-397
Wentzel-Kramer-Brillouin approximation,
see
WKB approximation
Wettable particle, 268
Wien's displacement law, 209
WKB (Wentzel-Kramer-Brillouin)
approximation, 450--451
planetary waves, 466
wave absorption, 470
Work
compression, 71
cyclic, 57
expansion, 56-58, 63, 73, 75
net, 65
paddle, 58, 65
reversible processes, 79-87
X-ray radiation, 216
Zenith angle, 46-48, 200, 205
global energy budget, 307
plane parallel atmosphere, 224-227, 232
radiative heating, 242
Zonal jet, 519
Zonal-mean circulation, 17-18
Zonal-mean mixing ratio
ozone, 30
water vapor, 26
Zonal-mean temperature, 16-17
Zonal motion
general circulation, 486--487, 495-503
laboratory simulation, 503, 505
tropical circulation, 509
Zonal overturning, 51
Zonal symmetry, 19, 21, 50
International Geophysics Series
EDITED BY
RENATA DMOWSKA
Division of Applied Science
Harvard University
Cambridge, Massachusetts
JAMES
R.
HOLTON
Department of Atmospheric Sciences
University of Washington
Seattle, Washington
Volume 1
Volume 2
Volume 3
Volume 4
Volume 5
Volume 6
Volume 7
Volume 8
Volume 9
BEN GUTENBERG. Physics of the Earth's Interior. 1959"
JOSEPH W. CHAMBERLAIN. Physics of the Aurora and Airglow. 1961"
S. K. RUNCORN (ed.) Continental Drift. 1962"
C. E. JUNGE. Air Chemistry and Radioactivity. 1963"
ROBERT G. FLEAGLE AND JOOST A. BUSINGER. An Introduction to Atmospheric
Physics. 1963"
L. DUFOUR AND R. DEFAY. Thermodynamics of Clouds. 1963"
H. U. ROLL. Physics of the Marine Atmosphere. 1965"
RICHARD A. CRAIG. The Upper Atmosphere: Meteorology and Physics. 1965"
WILLIS L. WEBB. Structure of the Stratosphere and Mesosphere. 1966"
Volume 10 MICHELE CAPUTO. The Gravity Field of the Earth from Classical and Modern
Methods. 1967"
Volume 11 S. MATSUSHITA AND WALLACE H. CAMPBELL (eds.) Physics of Geomagnetic
Phenomena. (In two volumes.) 1967"
Volume 12 K. YA KONDRATYEV. Radiation in the Atmosphere. 1969"
*Out of Print
625
626
International Geophysics Series
Volume 13
E. PALlf, IEN AND C. W. NEWTON. Atmospheric Circulation Systems: Their Structure
and Physical Interpretation. 1969"
Volume 14
HENRY RISHBETH AND OWEN K. GARRIOTF. Introduction to Ionospheric Physics.
1969"
Volume 15
C.S. RAMAGE. Monsoon Meteorology. 1971"
Volume 16
JAMES R. HOLTON. An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology. 1972"
Volume
17 K.C. YEH AND C. H. LIU. Theory of Ionospheric Waves. 1972"
Volume 18
M.I. BUDYKO. Climate and Life. 1974"
Volume 19
MELVIN E. STERN. Ocean Circulation Physics. 1975
Volume 20
J.A. JACOBS. The Earth's Core. 1975"
Volume 21
DAVID H. MILLER. Water at the Surface of the Earth: An Introduction to
Ecosystem Hydrodynamics. 1977
Volume 22
JOSEPH W. CHAMBERLAIN. Theory of Planetary Atmospheres: An Introduction to
Their Physics and Chemistry. 1978"
Volume 23
JAMES R. HOLTON. An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology, Second Edition.
1979"
Volume 24
ARNETT S. DENNIS. Weather Modification by Cloud Seeding. 1980
Volume 25
ROBERT G. FLEAGLE AND JOOST A. BUSINGER. An Introduction to Atmospheric
Physics, Second Edition. 1980
Volume 26
KuG-NAN LIOU. An Introduction to Atmospheric Radiation. 1980
Volume 27
DAVID H. MILLER. Energy at the Surface of the Earth: An Introduction to the
Energetics of Ecosystems. 1981
Volume 28
HELMUT G. LANDSBERG. The Urban Climate. 1981
Volume 29
M.I. BUDYKO. The Earth's Climate: Past and Future. 1982"
Volume 30
ADRIAN E. GILL. Atmosphere-Ocean Dynamics. 1982
Volume 31
PAOLO LANZANO. Deformations of an Elastic Earth. 1982"
Volume 32
RONALD T. MERRILL AND MICHAEL W. MCELHINNY. The Earth's Magnetic Field.
Its History, Origin, and Planetary Perspective. 1983
Volume 33
JOHN S. LEWIS AND RONALD G. PRINN. Planets and Their Atmospheres: Origin
and Evolution. 1983
Volume 34
ROLF MEISSNER. The Continental Crust: A Geophysical Approach. 1986
Volume 35
M.U. SAGITOV, B. BODKI, V. S. NAZARENKO, AND KH. G. TADZHIDINOV. Lunar
Gravimetry. 1986
Volume 36
JOSEPH W. CHAMBERLAIN AND DONALD M. HUNTEN. Theory of Planetary
Atmospheres: An Introduction to Their Physics and Chemistry, Second Edition.
1987
International Geophysics Series
627
Volume 37
J.A. JACOBS. The Earth's Core, Second Edition. 1987
Volume 38
J.R. APEL. Principles of Ocean Physics. 1987
Volume 39
MARTIN A. UMAN. The Lightning Discharge. 1987
Volume 40
DAVID G. ANDREWS, JAMES R. HOLTON, AND CONWAY B. LEOVY. Middle
Atmosphere Dynamics. 1987
Volume 41
PETER WARNECK. Chemistry of the Natural Atmosphere. 1988
Volume 42
S. PAL ARYA. Introduction to Micrometeorology. 1988
Volume 43
MICHAEL C. KELLEY. The Earth's Ionosphere. 1989
Volume 44
WILLIAM R. COTI'ON AND RICHARD A. ANTHES. Storm and Cloud Dynamics. 1989
Volume 45
WILLIAM MENKE. Geophysical Data Analysis: Discrete Inverse Theory, Revised
Edition. 1989
Volume 46
S. GEORGE PHILANDER. E1 Nifio, La Nifia, and the Southern Oscillation. 1990
Volume 47
ROBERT A. BROWN. Fluid Mechanics of the Atmosphere. 1991
Volume 48
JAMES R. HOLTON. An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology, Third Edition. 1992
Volume 49
ALEXANDER A. KAUFMAN. Geophysical Field Theory and Method.
Part A: Gravitational, Electric, and Magnetic Fields, 1992
Part B: Electromagnetic Fields I. 1994
Part C: Electromagnetic Fields II. 1994
Volume 50
SAMUEL S. BUTCHER, GORDON H. ORIANS, ROBERT J. CHARLSON, AND GORDON
V. WOLFE. Global Biogeochemical Cycles. 1992
Volume 51
BRIAN EvANs AND TENG-FONG WONG. Fault Mechanics and Transport Properties
in Rock. 1992
Volume 52
ROBERT E. HUFFMAN. Atmospheric Ultraviolet Remote Sensing. 1992
Volume 53
ROBERT A. HOUZE, JR. Cloud Dynamics. 1993
Volume 54
PETER V. HOBBS. Aerosol-Cloud-Climate Interactions. 1993
Volume 55
S.J. GIBOWlCZ AND A. KaJKO. An Introduction to Mining Seismology. 1993
Volume 56
DENNIS L. HARTMANN. Global Physical Climatology. 1994
Volume 57
MICHAEL P. RYAN. Magnetic Systems. 1994
Volume 58
THORNE LAY AND TERRY C. WALLACE. Modern Global Seismology. 1995
Volume 59
DANIEL S. WILKS. Statistical Methods in the Atmospheric Sciences. 1995
Volume 60
FREDERIK NEBEKER. Calculating the Weather. 1995
Volume 61
MURRY L. SALBY. Fundamentals of Atmospheric Physics. 1996.
This Page Intentionally Left Blank