Salby M.L. Fundamentals of Atmospheric Physics
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
610
Index
Group velocity
(continued)
Lamb waves, 458
Rossby waves, 462
Hadley cell
general circulation, 486--487, 501, 502
tropical circulation, 506
Hadley circulation, 39, 51, 505
Hartley band, 219, 220, 243, 537
Haze, 270, 312
Heat engine, 64, 82, 83
Heat transfer, 3, 58;
see also
Circulation;
General circulation; Global energy
budget; Radiation; Radiative transfer;
Thermal equilibrium ,
axisymmetric circulation, 495-503
diabatic stratification, 160-161
meridional, 486
noncompensated, 89-90
polytropic processes, 156
simulations, 503-506
vertical stability, 188-189
Height, 150-155, 161
entrainment, 183, 184
geopotential, 146-147
scale, 9, 526
as vertical coordinate, 349, 350, 362
Helmholtz function, 88-89, 91
Helmholtz theorem, 375-377
Hermitian property, 431, 435
Herzberg continuum, 218
Heterogeneous chemistry
aerosol, 35, 314-315
clouds, 41
middle atmosphere, 564, 567-573
Heterogeneous nucleation, 268, 275
Heterogeneous state, 110
Heterogeneous system, 56, 99-102
chemical equilibrium, 99, 102-104
degrees of freedom, 99, 106-107
equilibrium phase transformations,
110-114
fundamental relations, 104-106
thermodynamic characteristics, 107-109
Heterosphere, 12-13
Historical record
carbon dioxide, 24-25
ozone, 29-30, 571, 572
Homogeneous nucleation, 264-268, 269, 275
Homogeneous state, 66
Homogeneous system, 56, 99
characteristics, 108-109
heterogeneous subsystem, 106
Homopause, 11, 12
Homosphere, 11, 13, 147
Horizontal distribution, radiative transfer,
46-50
Horizontal motion,
see also
Atmospheric
motion; Large-scale motion; Vertical
motion
frictional drag, 381
geostrophic balance, 377
isobaric coordinates, 151
quasi-, 351, 352, 389
scale analysis, 354-355
traditional approximation, 350-351
Horizontal shear, 376, 391
Horizontal velocity, 371
Huggins band, 219, 220, 537
Human activity,
see
Anthropogenicimpact
Humidity
absolute, 26, 118
relative, 121, 135, 262
specific, 118, 120
Hydrocarbons, aerosol, 258, 262
Hydrodynamic instability,
see
Instability
Hydrogen
depletion, 15
escape velocity, 15
Lyman-a emission, 201
Hydrostatic balance, 9, 147-151
Hydrostatic equation, 360, 362, 366
Hydrostatic equilibrium
balance, 147-151
geopotential coordinates, 145-147
gravity, effective, 143-145
gravity waves, 440-441
primitive equations, 357
stratification, 151-155
Lagrangian interpretation, 155-162
wave propagation, 427--428, 434
Hydrostatic stability, 166-172, 174, 189;
see
also
Vertical stability
Hygropause, 546, 560
Hygroscopic particle, 268-269
Hypsometric equation
hydrostatic balance, 149, 150-151
potential energy, 489, 491
thermal wind balance, 378, 380
tropical circulation, 506
Hysteresis, 62, 96
Ice particle growth, 275-276, 305
shapes, 276, 295
Ideal gas law, 5, 67
Incompressibility, Boussinesq approximation,
406-407
Incompressible fluid, 426-427
Incompressible motion, 352
Index
refractive, 289-290, 291, 449-450
thermal, 196
Inertial motion, 385
Inertial oscillation, 385, 517-518
Inertial reference frame, 334-336, 351
Inertio-gravity wave, 446
Infrared (IR) radiation
aerosol, 35
global energy budget, 44
greenhouse effect, 43
Newtonian cooling, 76
Infrared (IR) wavelength
absorption at, 216, 217, 244
clouds, 36-38
line broadening, 224
spectra, 199-200, 201, 216-217
Insolation, 4647, 200
Instability,
see also
Stability; Vertical stability
baroclinic, 493, 505, 521-523
barotropic, 521-523
conditional, 173, 176-181, 189
criteria, 521-522
Eady problem, 523-529
inertial, 517-519
nonlinear considerations, 529, 531-532
parcel, 517
potential, 184-186, 189
shear, 519-523
wave, 517
Instantaneous circulation, 50-51, 149
Intensity, 205-206
Intensive property, 55-56, 69
heterogeneous system, 99, 106
homogeneous system, 106
Internal energy, 44, 63, 67, 91;
see also
Temperature
general circulation, 489-490
material element, 336-337
saturated behavior, 126
specific heat capacity, 66
Internal wave, 441, 444
International Geophysical Year, 464-465
Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), 39
axisymmetric circulation, 502
cloud radiative forcing, 309
general circulation, 51
precipitation, 114, 311, 506
Intrinsic frequency, 432
Index 611
Inversion, 191-193
nocturnal, 192-193, 410, 419
subsidence, 187, 192
Invertibility principle, 392
Ionization, 16, 200, 201, 217
Irradiance, 206
Irreversibility,
see
Reversibility
Irrotational component, 375
Irrotational vector field, 62
Isentropic coordinates, 364-368, 372
Isentropic potential vorticity, 392
Isentropic process, 87, 93-96, 131
Isentropic surface, 129, 352, 378
potential energy, 491-492, 495
Isobaric coordinates, 151, 357-362
Isobaric expansion coefficient, 125
Isobaric process, 68
heterogeneous states, 110
heterogeneous system, 101
homogeneous states, 66
Isobaric surface
potential energy, 491, 495
stratification, 378
temperature gradient, 147-149
Isochoric process, 66, 68, 87
Isochoric surface, 352
Isopleth, 129, 132, 134
Isothermal layer, 155
Isothermal process, 80-84, 89
Isotropic radiation, 206, 208, 212
Isotropy, hemispheric, 233
ITCZ,
see
Inter Tropical Convergence Zone
Jacobian
curvilinear coordinates, 341-343
isobaric coordinates, 359
spherical coordinates, 346
Jet stream, 17-18, 21
Joule's experiment, 67
Kelvin's cat's-eye pattern, 473
Kelvin's formula, 268
Kelvin wave, 400
Kinematic condition, free surface, 429
Kinematics, fluid motion, 323-328
Kinematic viscosity, 333
Kinetic energy
general circulation, 487, 488, 491-493
simulations, 505-506
Kirchhoff's equation, 111
Kirchhoff's law, 211-212
612 Index
K6hler curve, 269-270, 272
Krakatoa volcano, 191, 263, 458-459
Lagrangian derivative, 328, 338
isentropic coordinates, 364-365
isobaric coordinates, 358-359
log-pressure coordinates, 363
spherical coordinates, 347-348
Lagrangian description, 155-162, 321-323
versus Eulerian, 1-2, 322-323, 324
material derivative, 328, 329-330
Lambert's law, 207-208
Lamb mode, 458
Lamb wave, 444, 456--459
Laminar air flow, 282
Lapse rate, 16
constant, 153-155, 156
dry adiabatic, 74, 135, 151
environmental, 151-153, 168
saturated adiabatic, 132-133, 151
superadiabatic, 171
Large-scale motion,
see also
Atmospheric
motion; Equations of motion
curvilinear, 382-385
cyclostrophic, 385-386
gradient, 386-387
inertial, 385
geostrophic equilibrium, 371-374
f plane, 374-375
frictional, 381
Helmholtz theorem, 375-377
thermal wind balance, 378-381
vertical shear, 377-378
weakly divergent
barotropic nondivergent, 387-388
quasi-geostrophic, 394-397
vorticity budget, 389-393
Latent heat, 44, 45-46
condensation, 126-130
entrainment, 184
general circulation, 51-52
global energy budget, 310-311
heterogeneous system, 110-112
thermal energy, 487-488
vertical motion, 130
LCL,
see
Lifting condensation level
Lenticular cloud, 281-282, 448
Level of free convection (LFC), 178, 179,
189
tropical circulation, 508
LFC,
see
Level of free convection
Lifting condensation level (LCL), 127-130
cloud formation, 277, 280, 281
conditional instability, 178
potential instability, 186
pseudo-adiabatic chart, 136
vertical stability, 189
Light speed, 579
Linearized equation, 428
Line broadening, 220-224, 229
Line-by-line calculation, 217, 229
Line strength, 221, 229
Liquid water content, cloud, 271-272, 285,
300
Liquid water path, 300
Local derivative, 328
Local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE),
212
Log-pressure coordinates, 362-364
Longwave (LW) radiation,
see also
Outgoing
longwave radiation
aerosol, 244, 312-313
boundary layer, 489
cloudy atmosphere, 300-302, 304-305
cooling, 241-242, 244, 302, 304, 550
dissipation, 287
wave absorption, 469, 472
cumulonimbus cloud, 280, 281
emission, 209, 210-211, 212
global energy budget, 44--46, 49-50,
306-309
gray atmosphere, 233-235
heating, 241-242, 244, 258, 302, 304,
306-307
Mie scattering, 295
plane parallel atmosphere, 227, 228, 230,
232, 233
radiative equilibrium, 41-43
spectra, 198-203
vertical stability, 188
Lorentz line, 223, 224, 229
LTE, see
Local thermodynamic equilibrium
LW radiation,
see
Longwave radiation
Lyman-a emission, 201
Mammatus cloud, 280-281
Maritime aerosol, 263, 271
Maritime cloud
albedo, 307
droplet growth, 271-272, 274-275
glaciation, 275
global energy budget, 309
reflective properties, 300
Maritime continent, 189, 307
Mass
atmospheric column, 50
conservation, 330-331
diffusion, 104, 109
stratification, 2, 8-15
Mass absorption coefficient, 207
Mass mixing ratio,
see
Mixing ratio
Material acceleration, 335-336, 355
geostrophic equilibrium, 382-384
spherical coordinates, 347-348
turbulence, 409
Material coordinate, 323
Material derivative, 328, 329-330, 338
Material element, 323-328, 336-337
Material line, 128-129
Material surface, 352-353
Material tracer, 8
Material velocity, 324-328, 335-336
Material volume, 329-330
conservation of mass, 330-331
first law of thermodynamics, 336-337
momentum budget, 331-333
Maxwell relations, 89
Maxwell's equations, Mie theory, 291
Mean free path, 9-11
Mechanical equilibrium, 57, 59, 90;
see also
Hydrostatic equilibrium
heterogeneous system, 102, 106
homogeneous system, 99
Meridional circulation, 3, 50-51, 150, 486
axisymmetric circulation, 495, 499-502
laboratory simulation, 503
tropical circulation, 509
wave driving, 548-553
Meridional overturning, 548
Mesosphere, 16, 17
collisional broadening, 224
Lyman-a emission, 201
meridional circulation, 553
Newtonian cooling, 248
ozone formation, 220
radiative heating, 243-244
Metastable equilibrium, 90, 91
Methane
(CH4)
absorption by, 200, 216, 220
greenhouse effect, 252
middle atmosphere, 544-546
mixing ratio, 33, 544
as trace constituent, 32-33
Metric scale factor, 342
Metric terms, 348
Microphysical properties, cloud, 285-286
Microphysics, cloud, 264-276
Index 613
Microwave radiation, 199
Middle atmosphere,
see also
Stratosphere
air motion, 546
Brewer-Dobson circulation, 547-548
meridional circulation, 548-553
chlorofluorocarbons, 542-544
heterogeneous chemistry, 564, 567-573
methane, 544-546
nitrous oxide, 541-542
ozone photochemistry, 536-540
quasi-biennial oscillation, 557-560
structure, 16
sudden stratospheric warming, 553-557
troposphere interactions, 560-564
Mie scattering, 291-295, 297
Mixing ratio, 7, 352-353
chlorofluorocarbons, 33
cloud formation, 283
methane, 33, 544
moist air, 118
nitric acid, 72
nitrogen, 10
nitrous oxide, 35, 541
oxygen, 10
ozone, 7, 30, 31, 564
potential instability, 185, 186
pseudo-adiabatic chart, 137-138
saturation, 120, 126-130, 134
vertical stability, 189
water vapor, 26, 27, 29, 546, 560--561
Moist air
adiabatic lapse rate, 132-133
adiabatic process, 75
condensation, 126-130
equation of state, 119
latent heat, 126-130
properties
gas phase, 117-120
saturation, 120-121, 124-126
pseudo-adiabatic chart, 134-138
pseudo-adiabatic process, 130-132
state variables, 120, 123-126, 132
unsaturated behavior, 123-124
vertical motion, 126-133, 134-138
Moist static energy, 487-489
Moisture dependence, 173-174
Molar abundance, 5-45, 7
Molar fraction, 7
Molar property, 101-102, 105
Molar weight, 5-6
Molecule-radiation interaction, 216-220
Momentum balance, 167, 168
Momentum budget, 331-336, 407
614 Index
Momentum equation, 334-336, 351;
see also
Horizontal momentum equation;
Vertical momentum equation
Monsoon, 39, 191, 506, 508-509
Montgomery streamfunction, 365-366, 372
Motion,
see
Atmospheric motion; Equations
of motion; Horizontal motion;
Large-scale motion; Vertical motion;
Wave
Motion field, 322, 323-328
Mountain wave, 447
Mountain wave cloud, 282, 283
Mount St. Helens volcano, 264
Nacreous cloud, 282, 283
Natural broadening, 223
Natural process, 79
Navier Stokes equations, 334
Net radiation, 49-50
Net work, 65
Neutral stability, 415
Newtonian cooling, 76, 248, 469, 472, 552
Newtonian fluid, 333
Newton's second law, 143, 331-332, 333;
see
also
Hydrostatic equilibrium
Nimbostratus cloud, 285-286
Nitrate aerosol, 261-262
Nitric acid, 72, 571
Nitric oxide (NO), 34, 35, 541-542
Nitrogen, 3, 10
odd nitrogen family, 542
Nitrogen compounds, as trace constituents,
34-35
Nitrous oxide (N20), 34-35
absorption by, 200, 216, 220
greenhouse effect, 252
middle atmosphere, 541-542
mixing ratio, 35, 541
Nocturnal inversion, 192-193, 410, 419
Noncompensated heat transfer, 89-90
Nondispersive wave, 436
Nondivergent motion, 387-388
Nondivergent Rossby wave, 459-461
Nonlinearity
instability, 529, 531-532
waves, 472-479
Nonuniform heating, 47-48, 51-52, 505
Normal stress, 332
No-slip condition, 356
Nuclear detonation, 191
Nucleation, 261
heterogeneous, 268, 275
homogeneous, 264-268, 269, 275
Number density
aerosol, 260, 263
clouds, 285-286
droplet, 271
equations of state, 6
ozone, 539
scatterers, 290
Oceans
evaporative cooling, 45
heat exchange, 39
SW absorption, 48--49
water vapor distribution, 122, 130
Odd chlorine family, 543-544
Odd nitrogen family, 542
Odd oxygen family, 538-540
OLR,
see
Outgoing longwave radiation
Omega block, 400
Open system, 55
Optical path length, 208
Optical properties,
see also
Scattering
cloudy atmosphere, 299-305
Mie scattering, 291-295
radiative transfer, 46-50
Rayleigh scattering, 288-290
Optical thickness, 215, 231
Orographic cloud, 281-283
Orthogonal coordinates, 343, 344, 346
Oscillation
E1 Nifio Southern, 510
inertial, 385, 517-518
quasi-biennial, 557-560
Outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), 43,
305, 307;
see also
Longwave radiation
global energy budget, 48-50
Overturning, 51
boundary layer, 419
convective, 236-240
meridional, 548
potential temperature, 73
Oxygen, 3, 10, 15
absorption, 201, 220
lifetime, 537
odd oxygen family, 538-540
photodissociation, 12, 218, 220
Ozone, 3-4, 7, 29-32
absorption
characteristics, 216, 219, 220
radiative heating, 243, 244, 246
spectra, 200, 201, 203
chemical processes, 314-315, 567-573
chlorofluorocarbons, 34
Ozone
(continued)
circulation, 31-32
general circulation, 51
greenhouse effect, 249-250
LW heating, 242
mixing ratio, 30, 31, 564
nitrogen compounds, 34-35
number density, 539
photochemistry, 352-353, 536-546, 567
photodissociation, 219-220
quasi-biennial oscillation, 558-559
radiative-convective equilibrium, 240
radiative equilibrium, 43
stratospheric warming, 556
troposphere-stratosphere interaction,
563-564
variable distribution, 25
Ozone heating, 16
geostrophic equilibrium, 374
vertical stability, 189, 191
Ozone hole, 32, 34, 35, 41
heterogeneous chemistry, 567, 569, 571
PSCs, 314-315
Paddle work, 58, 65
Parallel-beam radiation, 205
Parcel, 1
instability, 517
trajectory, 323-324
Parseval's theorem, 431
Partial molar property, 101-102, 105
Partial pressure, 5
Partial specific property, 101-102
Partial volume, 5
Partitioning, odd oxygen family, 538
Path, mean free, 9-11
Path dependence, 64
Path function, 62
Path independence, 59, 62, 63
Pencil of radiation,
see
Absorption;
Emission; Radiative transfer; Scattering
Perpetual motion machine, 85
Perturbation equation,
see also
Equations of
motion.
acoustic waves, 439
gravity waves, 440
Lamb waves, 456--457
Rossby waves, 459
Phase function, 214, 296-297
Phase rule, Gibbs', 107, 109, 123
Phases, single versus multiple,
see
Heterogeneous system; Homogeneous
system
Index 615
Phase speed, 430-431, 432-433
Phase transformation, 79, 110-114
Photochemical equilibrium,
see also
Ozone;
Photodissociation
Brewer-Dobson circulation, 548
odd oxygen family, 538-540
Photodissociation, 12, 29-30, 34, 200
absorption, 217-218, 219-220
Lyman-a emission, 201
middle atmosphere, 537, 540, 541, 543,
546
plane parallel atmosphere, 232
vertical motion, 130
Photoionization, 200, 201, 217
Photolysis, 537;
see also
Photochemical
equilibrium; Photodissociation
Photons, 209, 214
Photosphere, 200
Photosynthesis, 29-30
Physical constants, 579
Planck's constant, 209, 579
Planck's law, 209
Planck spectrum, 209
Plane parallel atmosphere, 224-228;
see also
Gray atmosphere
transmission function, 228-230
two-stream approximation, 230-233
Planetary boundary layer, 52
Ekman pumping, 420-423
stratification, 415, 417-419
structure
Ekman layer, 412-413
surface layer, 413-415
turbulence, 405-408, 420
diffusion, 410--411
Reynolds decomposition, 408-410
well-mixed, 424
Planetary vorticity, 336, 355
geostrophic motion, 374
Rossby waves, 460
traditional approximation, 350-351
Planetary wave, 465-468;
see also
Rossby
wave
dynamical structure, 19-21
E1 Nifio Southern Oscillation, 510
general circulation, 51-52
instability, 532
meridional circulation, 549-553
nonlinear considerations, 478
thermodynamic cycle, 65
Plant life, 29-30
Point function, 61-62
Poisson's equations, 69, 71
616
Index
Polar front, 149, 151
Polarization, 287-290, 290
Polar-night jet, 17, 21, 151
Polar-night terminator, 47, 547
Polar-night vortex, 374, 478, 479, 548-552
heterogeneous chemistry, 571
quasi-biennial oscillation, 558-560
Polar stratospheric cloud (PSC), 41, 283-284
global energy budget, 314-315
heterogeheous chemistry, 567, 571
microphysical properties, 285-286
troposphere-stratosphere interaction, 564
Pollution,
see also
Aerosol; Anthropogenic
impact; Volcano
inversion, 187, 192, 193
precipitation, 314
turbulence, 410
Polytropic process, 75-76, 156
Polytropic specific heat capacity, 76
Potential energy,
see also
Gravity
available, 491--495
baroclinic system, 491, 494, 531
conditional instability, 178-179
general circulation, 487, 489-495
gravitational field, 44
tropical circulation, 506
vertical stability, 189
Potential function, 62, 375
Potential instability, 184-186, 189
Potential temperature
adiabatic process, 71-73, 74, 93, 352
diabatic process, 75, 76
entropy, 91-96, 337
equivalent, 131-132, 136
inversions, 191, 192
isobaric coordinates, 361
potential energy, 494
potential instability, 185
pseudo-adiabatic process, 131-132
stratification, 153-155
surface, 135, 136
thermodynamic equation, 337
vertical coordinate, 364
vertical displacement, 186, 187-188
vertical stability, 171-173
virtual, 124
Potential vorticity, 392, 396
Potential well, 179
Power spectrum, 431, 437, 438
Precipitable water vapor, 28
Precipitation, 27, 41;
see also
Condensation;
Monsoon
cloud absorptivity, 300
cloud dissipation, 287
droplet growth, 272-273, 275
global energy budget, 310, 311
Inter Tropical Convergence Zone, 114,
311, 506
pollution, 314
pseudo-adiabatic chart, 137-138
vertical motion, 129
Pressure, 5, 9;
see also
Log-pressure
coordinates
hydrostatic balance, 147-151
potential temperature, 71-72
pseudo-adiabatic chart, 134-137
vapor, 120, 121-122, 250
equilibrium, 109, 112-114
as vertical coordinate, 357
Pressure broadening, 223
Pressure gradient force, 371
Primitive equations
isobaric coordinates, 357
scale analysis, 356
Prognostic equation, 387
Prognostic system, 393, 394
PSC,
see
Polar stratospheric cloud
Pseudo-adiabatic chart, 97, 134-138, 583-584
Pseudo-adiabatic process, 130-132, 134-138
adiabats, 132, 134, 135
stratification, 158
Pure substance, 58-59, 69
QBO,
see
Quasi-biennial oscillation
Quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO), 557-560
Quasi-geostrophic motion, 394-397
boundary layer, 420, 422
shear instability, 519
Quasi-geostrophic potential vorticity, 396
Quasi-geostrophic Rossby wave, 461
Quasi-geostrophic vorticity, 461
Quasi-horizontal motion, 351, 352, 389
Radiance, 205
Radiation, 198-200;
see also
Infrared
radiation; Longwave radiation;
Shortwave radiation; Ultraviolet
radiation
absorption characteristics, 216-224
blackbody, 208-212
diffuse, 205, 295-296
greenhouse effect, 248-252
isotropic, 206, 208, 212
line broadening, 220-224
Radiation (continued)
microwave, 199
net, 49-50
outgoing longwave, 43, 48-50, 305, 307
parallel-beam, 205
plane parallel atmosphere, 224-233
terrestrial, 41-43
thermal relaxation, 245-248, 552
top of atmosphere, 307, 311
transfer
absorption, 207-208
emission, 208-212
equation, 215
radiometric quantities, 203, 205-207
scattering, 213-214
X-ray, 216
Radiation-molecule interaction, 216-220
Radiative-convective equilibrium, 236-240
cloudy atmosphere, 302-304
greenhouse effect, 249, 250-252
thermal structure, 321
Radiative equilibrium, 41-43; see also Global
energy budget
gray atmosphere, 233-236
temperature, 211-212
thermal structure, 226, 321
Radiative heating, 241-245, 246
cloud cover, 307-309
cloud dissipation, 287
thermal equilibrium, 486
Radiative transfer, 44--46, 58, 75
absorption, 207-208
cloudy atmosphere, 295-305
directionality, 205-206, 214
emission, 208-211
gray atmosphere, 233-236
plane parallel atmosphere, 224-233
radiometric quantities, 203, 205-207
scattering, 212-215, 287-295
thermal structure, 198, 248
Radiative transfer equation, 215, 233, 295
Radioactive debris, 191
Radiometric quantities, 203, 205-207
Rain out, 41
Rate of strain, 326
Rawinsonde measurement, versus satellites,
149
Rayleigh-B6nard convection, 282
Rayleigh friction, 381
Rayleigh scattering, 287-290, 292, 293, 297
Rectangular coordinates, 341; see also
Cartesian coordinates
Index 617
Reflection
cloud properties, 300
wave activity, 450, 454
Refractive index, 289-290, 291, 449-450
Refrigerator, 65, 84, 85
Relative concentration, 7
Relative humidity, 121, 135, 262
Relative vorticity, 387-388, 459
Restoring force, 426, 517; see also Instability
negative, 170
positive, 169
Reversibility, 79-84
entropy, 84-87
equilibrium conditions, 90-91
fundamental relations, 88-90
potential temperature, 91-93
saturated adiabatic process, 130-131
Reynolds decomposition, 408-410
Reynolds number, 317, 405
Reynolds stress, 410
Reynolds' transport theorem, 329-330, 331,
333, 337
Richardson number, 415, 417
Riming, 276
Rossby height scale, 526
Rossby number, 355, 371, 427
axisymmetric circulation, 495-496
curvilinear motion, 382, 384-385, 386
geostrophic equilibrium, 394-395
Rossby wave, see also Planetary wave
barotropic nodivergent, 459-461
nonlinear considerations, 473
propagation
planetary waves, 465-468
three-dimensional, 461-465
tropical circulation, 509
Rotating reference frame, 334-336
Rotation
earth, 3
axisymmetric circulation, 495
cyclostrophic motion, 385-386
general circulation, 51
geostrophic paradox, 372
gravitational components, 143, 144-145
meridional heat transfer, 486
potential energy, 493
reference frame, 334, 336
laboratory simulation, 503-505
sun, 203
Venus, 386
Rotational energy, 213, 216
Rotational wave, 459; see also Planetary
wave; Rossby wave
618 Index
Rotor cloud, 282
Roughness length, 414
Sahara desert
crustal aerosol, 258
dust, 312-314
Satellite measurement, versus rawinsondes,
149
Saturated conditions
adiabatic lapse rate, 132-133, 151
adiabatic stratification, 130-131, 159
mixing ratio, 120, 126-130, 134
moisture dependence, 173-174
phases, 109
plane parallel atmosphere, 230, 231
potential temperature, 173
properties, 120-121
specific humidity, 120
supersaturation, 268-270, 277
two-component system, 124-126
vapor pressure, 120, 121-122, 250
Saturation values, 120
Scalar potential, 375
Scale analysis, 354-357, 371
Scale height, 9, 526
Scattering, 213-215
aerosol, 312-313
Mie, 291-295, 297
plane parallel atmosphere, 226
Raleigh, 287-290, 292, 293, 297
thermal structure, 295-305
Scattering angle, 288-289
Scattering coefficient, 293
Scattering cross section, 213
Scattering efficiency, 292-293
Schumann-Runge band, 218-219, 224, 243
Schwartzchild's equation, 215
Sea salt aerosol, 263, 271
Sea surface temperature (SST), 122
stratification, 417, 419
tropical circulation, 509
vertical stability, 190
Secondary aerosol, 258, 260, 261
Secondary circulation, 395, 420
Second law of thermodynamics
entropy, 84-87, 91-96
forms
Clausius inequality, 85
differential, 86
latent heat, 112
restricted, 87-88
fundamental relations, 88-90, 104-106
natural and reversible processes, 7%84
potential temperature, 91-96
thermodynamic equilibrium, 90-91
Sedimentation, 262, 264, 287
Sensible heat, 44, 45-46
entrainment, 184
thermal energy, 487-489
Shallow atmosphere approximation, 348-349
Shear
horizontal, 376, 391
motion field, 326
vertical, 377-381, 415, 493
Sheared mean flow, 465-468
Shear instability, 519-523
Shear stress, 332, 333
Shortwave cutoff, 525
Shortwave limit, 434, 447-448
Shortwave (SW) radiation, 198-200
aerosol, 191, 244, 263, 312-313
cloudy atmosphere, 295-296, 304, 305
cooling, 258, 307
emission, 209, 212
global energy budget, 44-50, 307-309
gray atmosphere, 233-234
heating, 304, 307, 550
nocturnal inversion, 192
plane parallel atmosphere, 233
radiative-convective equilibrium, 240
radiative equilibrium, 41-43
radiative heating, 242, 243, 244
scattering, 290, 294
solar constant, 200
spectra, 198-203, 219
Sidereal day, 385
Sierra Wave Project, 477
Simulation, heat transfer, 503-506
Single scattering, 214
SI units, 577
Skin temperature, 236
Sloping convection, 39, 505
Slowly varying approximation, 450
Sodium chloride (NaC1), droplet growth,
268-269
Solar constant, 200, 579
Solar inclination, 200
Solar-max, 203
Solar-rain, 203
Solar spectrum, 200-201
Solar structure
chromosphere, 201
photosphere, 200
rotation,1203
sunspots, 203
Solar variability, 203
Solenoid, 391
Solenoidal component, 375
Solenoidal production, 391
Sound wave,
see
Acoustic wave
Source function, radiative emission, 212
Southern Oscillation, 510
Specific gas constant, 5-6
Specific heat, 110, 119-120
Specific heat capacity, 65-66, 67-68, 76
Specific humidity, 118, 120
Specific property, 56, 101-102
Specific volume, 5
Spectrum
bands, 218-220
blackbody, 209
clouds, 286, 293-294
IR, 201, 216-217
line broadening, 220-224
LW, 198-203
Planck, 209
power, 431, 437, 438
radiation-molecule interactions, 216
solar, 200-201
SW, 198-203, 219
UV, 200, 201, 203
Speed of light, 579
Spherical coordinates, 146, 344-352, 581
Sphericity, 144, 145, 224
SST,
see
Sea surface temperature
Stability,
see also
Instability; Vertical stability
absolute, 173, 186
hydrostatic, 166-172, 174, 189
neutral, 415
static, 449
Stability criteria, 169, 172-173, 176, 188
Stable equilibrium, 90
Standard gravity, 579
State
equations of,
see
Equations of state
thermodynamic, 55-56, 58-63, 99, 106
State change, 63-65
reversible, 80-84, 86-87
State space, 59
State variable, 58-63, 65, 66
moist air, 120, 123-126, 132
Static stability, 449
Steering level, 524
Stefan-Boltzmann constant, 210, 579
Stefan-Boltzmann law, 43, 210-211
Stokes drag, 317
Stokesian fluid, 340
Storm track, 20, 41, 51
Index 619
Rossby waves, 465
laboratory simulation, 505
Stratification, 2, 8-15;
see also
Plane parallel
atmosphere; Vertical stability
adiabatic, 130-131, 156-160
baroclinic, 378-379, 389-393, 491, 494, 508
barotropic, 378, 422, 493-494, 532
boundary layer, 415, 417-419
components, 353
diabatic, 160-162
equations of motion, 353-354
hydrostatic equilibrium, 151-162
Lagrangian interpretation, 155-162
moisture, 184-186
subadiabatic, 161
superadiabatic, 162
unstable, 236-238
Stratiform cloud, 38, 277, 280-281, 287
Stratocumulus cloud, 281;
see also
Cumulus
cloud
albedo, 307
global energy budget, 309
microphysical properties, 285-286
Stratopause, 16, 242, 244
Stratosphere, 16, 17, 20-21;
see also
Middle
atmosphere
aerosol, 260, 262, 263-264
global energy budget, 307
gravity waves, 448
hydrostatic equilibrium, 160, 161
inertial instability, 518
LW radiation, 65, 242
nacreous clouds, 282, 283
ozone, 219, 220, 353
ozone heating, 374
ozone photochemistry, 536-546
planetary waves, 478-479
radiation absorption, 200
radiative-convective equilibrium, 237, 238
radiative emission, 209
radiative heating, 243-244
Rossby waves, 465
sudden warming, 478-479, 553-557
thermal heating, 246
vertical stability, 166, 189, 191
wave activity, 451, 454, 472
Stratus cloud, 285-286
Streakline, 324
Streamfunction
geostrophic, 376, 388, 461
Montgomery, 365-366, 372
Streamline, 324
Stress tensor, 332, 333