Пропп В.Я. Исторические корни волшебной сказки

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.

jZkkdZaZ ^hihke_

< i_j\hciheh\bg_ hkgh\gufl_fZf ij_^r_kl\m_l\klmibl_evgZy qZklvZ\h\lhjhc k

hkgh\gufb l_fZfbdhjj_ebjm_l aZdexqbl_evgZyqZklvGh \klmibl_evgZyb

aZdexqbl_evgZy qZklbhklZxlky aZij_^_eZfb hkgh\gh]hl_fZlbq_kdh]h dhjimkZ

=j_cfZk ^_eblih\_kl\h\Zl_evgu_ nmgdpbbgZ ljbdZl_]hjbb^h]h\hjgu_

^_ckl\_ggu_ l_bkiulZgbyb hlt_^b^bl_evgu_l_moh^u b\ha\jZs_gby

Djhf_ lh]h=j_cfZk ij_^eZ]Z_l\u^_eblv ^\_ih\_kl\h\Zl_evgu_ fZg_ju

h[fZgqb\mxb ijZ\^b\mx

B^y ihklhiZf <YIjhiiZ=j_cfZk khihklZ\ey_l[he__ bebf_g__ kZfhklhyl_evgu_

njZ]f_glu ih\_kl\h\Zgbyk nmgdpbyfbbk^bkljb[mpb_c jhe_cf_`^m i_jkhgZ`Zfb\

jZfdZo lh]h`_ wibah^ZWlh ^Z_l_fm \hafh`ghklvijhke_^blv f_oZgbafi_j_f_gu

jhe_c lh]h`_ kZfh]hi_jkhgZ`Zqlh hdZau\Z_lkyhq_gv kms_kl\_gguf^ey ihgbfZgby

h[s_]h kfukeZkx`_lZLZdgZijbf_j\ ZgZebabjm_fhffbn_ [hjhjhkug

kh\_jrb\rbc djh\hkf_r_gb_b gZ\e_drbcgZ k_[y]g_\ hlpZ\ dhgp_dhgph\

hdZau\Z_lky iheh`bl_evguf]_jh_f b_]h f_klvhlpm aZij_ke_^h\Zgby \uau\Z_l

khqm\kl\b_=j_cfZk ljZdlm_lwlhl i_j_oh^dZd kf_gmjy^Z ^h]h\hjguonmgdpbc

aZ^_j`dZ ^h]h\hjZ_]h jZaju\ihy\e_gb_ gh\h]h^h]h\hjZl_gh\hc nZau

b]ju kh]eZkbcb hldZah\b h[f_gjhe_c f_`^mhlphf bkughf \j_amevlZl_

^\hcghc ljZgknhjfZpbbhl_p baih^Zl_ey bkm[t_dlZ klZgh\blkyihemqZl_eyf b

\j_^bl_e_fZ kuggZh[hjhl

=eZ\guc l_hj_lbq_kdbciZnhk bkke_^h\Zl_eykhklhbl \\uykg_gbb \aZbfhhlghr_gbcb

\aZbfhijhgbdgh\_gbc ^bkdmjkb\ghcb kljmdlmjghcbahlhibcl_khihklZ\e_gb_

ih\_kl\h\Zl_evguo ^bZojhgbq_kdbofgh`_kl\ khij_^_e_ggufb ljZgknhjfZpbyfb

]em[bggh]h kh^_j`Zgby>ey jZkdjulbykh^_j`Zl_evguo _^bgkl\ijb\e_dZ_lky

fbnheh]bq_kdbc keh\Zjvb jy^dmevlmjghwlgh]jZnbq_kdbo dh^h\_kl_kl\_gguc

ibs_\hck_dkmZevguc bliF_`^m dh^Zfb\ k\hxhq_j_^v mklZgZ\eb\Zxlky

keh`gu_ dhjj_eypbbIjb wlhfh[gZjm`b\Z_lky ijhf_`mlhqghklv\ oZjZdl_jbklbd_

]_jh_\khhl\_lkl\mxsZy boihkj_^gbq_kdhc jhebf_`^m fbnheh]bq_kdbfbihexkZfb \

dhg_qghf kq_l_f_`^m `bagvxb kf_jlvxih E_\bKljhkmGZ wlhcklhjhg_

ZgZebaZ =j_cfZkZ\ jZfdZoklZlvb hkljmdlmj_ kdZadbg_l \hafh`ghklb

hklZgZ\eb\Zlvky

Bkke_^h\Zgby =j_cfZkZaZkem`b\Zxl k_jv_agh]h\gbfZgbyHkh[_ggh ke_^m_lh^h[jblv

_]h klj_fe_gb_ijZdlbq_kdb mklZgh\blvf_`^m kbglZ]fZlbq_kdbfbnmgdpbyfb

iZjZ^b]fZlbq_kdb_ hlghr_gbygZf_lblv g_kdhevdh]jmii blbih\ nmgdpbc`_kldh

m\yaZlv ZgZebakbglZ]fZlbdb k^bgZfbdhc i_j_jZkij_^_e_gbyjhe_c f_`^m

dhgdj_lgufb i_jkhgZ`ZfbkdZadb^\b`_gb_f kdZahqguop_gghkl_c?fm m^Zehkv

ijZ\bevgh hij_^_eblvdexq_\mx jhevkdZahqguo bkiulZgbcdZd kj_^kl\ZjZaj_r_gby

dhgnebdlguo hlghr_gbciml_f ljZgknhjfZpbbg_]Zlb\ghc kblmZpbb\ iheh`bl_evgmx

H^gZdh eh]bq_kdh_m]em[e_gb_ l_hjbb<YIjhiiZ bkZfZ eh]bq_kdZykljhcghklv

^hklb]Zxlky p_ghxjy^Z y\guogZly`_d bg_ k\h[h^guhl koheZklbqghklbWlh \h

fgh]hf h[tykgy_lkyhlju\hf jZaukdZgbb=j_cfZkZ hldhgdj_lguo nhevdehjguo

l_dklh\hg hi_jbjm_lnmgdpbyfb <YIjhiiZ dZdbkoh^gufb ^Zggufb[_a

dZdhceb[h h]ey^dbgZ bgl_jij_lbjm_fucfZl_jbZeFh`gh ebgZijbf_j\b^_lv \

ihemq_gbb \her_[gh]hkj_^kl\Z iZjmd ihkh[gbq_kl\m]_jhy \j_^bl_ex"

Ihkh[gbq_kl\h

wlh _kl_kl\_ggZyj_Zdpby gZih^\ho bkhhl\_lkl\m_l ijZ\beZfih\_^_gby ]_jhy

Zg_ZdlZf ihemq_gbykdZahqguo p_gghkl_c?keb m`_kljhblv k_fZglbq_kdb_

q_l\_jdbba ^\moiZjguo nmgdpbclh ih^\hoihkh[gbq_kl\h _klvg_]Zlb\guc

\ZjbZgl ij_^ibkZgbyZdp_ilZpbbb[h \h[hbo kemqZyoj_qv b^_lh g_\hafh`ghklb

]_jhy hldZaZlvkyhl \uiheg_gbyijhkv[uKlhev `_gZlygmlh khihklZ\e_gb_ih^\hoZ

ihkh[gbq_kl\Z kh[ebq_gb_f ljZgknb]mjZpb_c<_jghqlh ih^\ho

ihkh[gbq_kl\h gZoh^blkyd \u\_^u\Zgbx\u^Zq_ \hlghr_gbb hiihabpbbkbeZ 

khh[s_gb_ \_jg__ [ukdZaZlv^_ckl\b_ keh\hIhwlhfm k_fZglbq_kdZy

q_l\_jdZ_kl_kl\_gghfh`_l [ulvihkljh_gZ lZd

<ky q_l\_jdZdhfihabpbhggh khhlghkblkyk i_j\hcqZklvx kdZadbb hljZ`Z_l

ijhlb\hiheh`ghklv f_`^m^_ckl\byfb\_^msbfb d[_^_ g_^hklZq_b ^_ckl\byfb\

j_amevlZl_ dhlhjuogZqbgZ_lky ijhlb\h^_ckl\b_[_^_

Gh ijbwlhf f_`^mhl^_evgufb nmgdpbyfbbgbpbZevghc bnbgZevghc k_jbcy\gh g_l

dhgdj_lguo khhl\_lkl\bc_klv lhevdhh[sbc dhgljZklf_`^m Zlfhkn_jhcg_kqZklvy \

gZqZe_ b[eZ]hihemqby \dhgp_Djhf_ lh]hh[_ wlbk_jbb ijZdlbq_kdbfh]ml

hlkmlkl\h\Zlv ihqlbiheghklvxihkdhevdm kdZadZbgh]^Z gZqbgZ_lkykjZam k

\j_^bl_evkl\Z bebg_^hklZqb g_ kemqZcgh<YIjhii \u^_ebeg_dhlhju_ nmgdpbb\

ij_^\Zjbl_evgmx qZklvb dhgqZ_lkyhkgh\guf bkiulZgb_f>hihegbl_evgh_ bkiulZgb_

b khhl\_lkl\mxsb_nmgdpbb \jh^_ h[ebq_gbyljZgknb]mjZpbbgZdZaZgby

ZglZ]hgbklZkhklZ\eyxl g_h[yaZl_evguc\lhjhc oh^\her_[ghc kdZadbLZdbf

h[jZahfdhgp_ipby =j_cfZkZkljhblky \agZqbl_evghc f_j_gZ g_h[yaZl_evguo

we_f_glZo kdZadbb ihlhfmg_ fh`_lij_l_g^h\Zlv gZnmg^Zf_glZevghklv>ey

=j_cfZkZ hq_gv\Z`gZ hiihabpbyf_`^m k\Z^v[hcb gZjmr_gb_faZij_lZdhlhjmx hg

ljZdlm_l dZdgZjmr_gb_ b\hkklZgh\e_gb_ ^h]h\hjZGh gZjmr_gb_aZij_lZ wlh

hiylvlZdb g_h[yaZl_evgZynmgdpby baij_^\Zjbl_evghc qZklbZ \lhj`_gb_

ZglZ]hgbklZ kZfhih k_[_fh`ghdhg_qghljZdlh\Zlv dZdgZjmr_gb_ g_dh_]h

]Zjfhgbq_kdh]h fbjhihjy^dZgh g_h[s_kl\_ggh]h ^h]h\hjZ< kdZadZoh ^h[u\Zgbb

g_\_kl bqm^_kguo ij_^f_lh\g_l bgZjmr_gby fbjhihjy^dZBkdexqbl_evgh \kdZadZo

[h]Zlujkdh]h lbiZ]^_ ]_jhckiZkZ_l h[sbgmhl ^_fhgbq_kdh]h\lhj`_gby

ZglZ]hgbklZfh`gh jZkkfZljb\Zlvk\Z^v[mohly [uhq_gv hl^Ze_gghdZd gZ]jZ^m

]_jhx aZ\hkklZgh\e_gb_ fbjhihjy^dZgh g_^h]h\hjZGh wlbkdZadb [h]Zlujkdh]h

lbiZ dZdjZa khojZgyxlhlq_leb\h ke_^ufbnZ k_]h bgl_j_khfd dhkfbq_kdbf

fZkrlZ[Zf bdhee_dlb\guf km^v[Zf>jm]b_ `_\her_[gu_ kdZadb\ [hevr_cf_j_

khkj_^hlhq_gu gZbg^b\b^mZevguo km^v[ZogZ dhfi_gkZpbbg_\bggh ]hgbfuo

khpbZevgh h[_a^he_gguobliBo dhee_dlb\gh_agZq_gb_ h[gZjm`b\Z_lkylhevdh

q_j_a khi_j_`b\Zgb_khqm\kl\b_ ]_jhxgZ f_klhdhlhjh]h e_]dhihklZ\blv kZfh]h

k_[yA^_kv kdZau\Z_lkyg_^hhp_gdZ =j_cfZkhflZd `_dZd bE_\bKljhkhf

ki_pbnbq_kdbo dZq_kl\_gguohlebqbc fbnZb kdZadbWlZ g_^hhp_gdZijhy\ey_lky b\

lhfqlh =j_cfZkkqblZ_l \hafh`gufijbf_gylv dfbnZf ko_fm\ hkgh\_dhlhjhc

e_`bl ZgZebaki_pbnbq_kdhc fhjnheh]bb

\her_[ghc kdZadbGb dZl_]hjbybkiulZgby \p_ehfgb ki_pbZevghi_j\h_

d\Zebnbpbjmxs__bkiulZgb_ g_oZjZdl_jgu ^eyfbnh\g_j_e_\Zglgu \fbnZo

Ihwlhfm bkke_^h\Zgby=j_cfZkZ ijb\k_c bof_lh^bq_kdhc p_gghklbgm`^Zxlky \

hq_gv k_jv_aguodhjj_dlb\Zo

?keb =j_cfZki_j_ghkbl gZfbn \u\h^u<YIjhiiZdZkZxsb_ky \her_[ghckdZadb

lh Deh^;j_fhg klj_fblkyba\e_qv baZgZebaZ <YIjhiiZ h[sb_ijZ\beZ

jZa\_jlu\Zgby \kydh]hih\_kl\h\Zl_evgh]h kx`_lZDjhf_ lh]h\ hlebqb_hl

=j_cfZkZ ;j_fhgkhkj_^hlhq_g g_gZ fbnheh]bq_kdhfdhgl_dkl_ kdZadbZgZkZfhc

eh]bd_ ih\_kl\h\Zgbyg_ gZiZjZ^b]fZlbq_kdbo hiihabpbyoZgZkbglZdkbk_

q_eh\_q_kdbo ihklmidh\Hg ijb^_j`b\Z_lkyfg_gbyqlh nmgdpbydhlhjmx hg

hlghkbl dlhfm `_mjh\gxqlh b<YIjhii^_ckl\bl_evgh y\ey_lky

ih\_kl\h\Zl_evguf ZlhfhfZba]jmiibjh\db lZdboZlhfh\ bkdeZ^u\Z_lky

jZkkdZa

We_f_glZjghc ihke_^h\Zl_evghklvx;j_fhg kqblZ_lljbZ^m balj_o nmgdpbc

khhl\_lkl\mxsbo lj_fnZaZfh[yaZl_evguf ^ey\kydh]h ijhp_kkZI_j\Zy bagbo

hldju\Z_l kZfh_\hafh`ghklv ijhp_kkZ\ nhjf_khhl\_lkl\mxs_]h ih\_^_gbybeb

ij_^\b^bfuo kh[ulbc\lhjZy j_Zebam_lwlm \hafh`ghklvZ lj_lvyaZ\_jrZ_l

ijhp_kk^hklb]Zy dZdbolh j_amevlZlh\khhl\_lkl\mxs_]h kh[ulbyihklmidZ

H^gZdh \hlebqb_ hl<YIjhiiZ ;j_fhgkqblZ_lqlh dZ`^ZynZaZ \h\k_g_ \e_q_l

aZ kh[hc\ h[yaZl_evghfihjy^d_ gZklmie_gbyke_^mxs_c nZau\kydbc jZa\hafh`gu

dZd ZdlmZebaZpbyg_dhc \hafh`ghklbp_eblZd bhlkmlkl\b_ lZdhcZdlmZebaZpbb

GZ i_j\ucieZg \u^\b]Zxlkyhij_^_e_ggu_ Zevl_jgZlb\ub \u[hjdhlhjuc ^_eZ_lky

]_jh_f bZ\lhjhfWe_f_glZjgu_ ihke_^h\Zl_evghklb]jmiibjmxlky \keh`gu_Ijb

wlhf \hafh`gug_kdhevdh dhgnb]mjZpbcmkeh\gh h[hagZq_gguobf dZdba dhgpZ\

dhg_pq_j_kihehkbpZkdh[dZKh[ulby ^bohlhfbq_kdb^_eylky gZmemqr_gby b

^_]jZ^Zpbb

;j_fhg ZgZebabjm_lp_euc jy^lZdbo ihke_^h\Zl_evghkl_cb ^Z_lbf hij_^_e_ggu_

gZbf_gh\Zgby aZ^ZqZ^h]h\hjhrb[dZeh\mrdZ bliHggZijbf_j

ihdZau\Z_l \hafh`gmxp_iv nmgdpbcj_Zebamxsbo memqr_gb_kjebd\b^Zpbx

g_^hklZqb m<YIjhiiZ^ey memqr_gbyg_h[oh^bfh ij_h^he_gb_g_dhlhjuo

ij_iylkl\bc^ey q_]hgm`gu khhl\_lkl\mxsb_kj_^kl\Z<hagbdZ_l hij_^_e_ggZy

aZ^ZqZdhlhjZy qZklh\haeZ]Z_lky gZg_dh_]h khxagbdZkjihfhsgbd^Zjbl_ev

ijhlb\hklhys_]h ijhlb\gbdmkjZglZ]hgbklHlghr_gby ]_jhyk khxagbdhfbf_xl

oZjZdl_j ^h]h\hjZbo fh`ghbgh]^Z mih^h[blvhlghr_gbyf dj_^blhjZk ^_[blhjhf

kj^h]h\hjgu_ nmgdpbb=j_cfZkZH[_a\j_`b\Zgb_ ijhlb\gbdZfh`_l [ulvbeb

fbjguf i_j_]h\hjubeb \jZ`^_[gufZ]j_kkbyi_j_]h\hju fh]mlbf_lv oZjZdl_j

kh[eZag_gby bebmkljZr_gbyZ]j_kkby qZklhklZgh\blky h[fZghfb \dexqZ_l

ijbl\hjkl\hg_h[oh^bfh_ ^eylh]hqlh[u ijhlb\gbdihiZe \eh\mrdmbli

DZ`^uc i_jkhgZ`fh`_l [ulvghkbl_e_f hij_^_e_gghcihke_^h\Zl_evghklb ^_ckl\bc

^ey g_]hki_pbnbq_kdbogh lZddZd h[uqgh\ ^_ckl\bbmqZkl\mxl ^\Zi_jkhgZ`Zlh

^_ckl\b_ bf__l^\_ klhjhguijhlb\hiheh`gu_ ^eyh[hbo ^_yl_e_ch[fZg khklhjhgu

i_j\h]h _klvh^gh\j_f_ggh h^mjZqb\Zgb_\lhjh]hj_r_gb_ aZ^Zqbh^gbf

ij_^iheZ]Z_l h^gh\j_f_gghhrb[dm ^jm]h]hbliKZfb nmgdpbbfh]ml

h[hjZqb\Zlvky jZa

gufb klhjhgZfbgZijbf_j \ha^Zygb_fh`_l [ulvb \hagZ]jZ`^_gb_fb f_klvxIh

wlhfm ijbgpbimk_jbb memqr_gb_b ^_]jZ^ZpbyhdZau\Zxlky \hlghr_gbyo

^hihegbl_evgh]h jZkij_^_e_gby

Kj_^kl\Z ^hklb`_gbyMemqr_gb_>_]jZ^Zpby

Mkem]Z khxagbdZdj_^blhjZ>h[jh\hevgZy `_jl\Z\ bgl_j_kZo

khxagbdZ^he`gbdZ

Mkem]Z khxagbdZ^he`gbdZ>he]h\hc ieZl_`khxagbdmdj_^blhjm

GZ\yaZggZy Z]j_kkbyBkiulZggZyZ]j_kkby

Mki_o eh\mrdbHrb[dZaZ[em`^_gb_

F_klvGZdZaZgb_

LZdh_ ^\mklhjhgg__jZkkfhlj_gb_ dZ`^h]h^_ckl\bylZdhc \gbfZl_evgucZgZeba

Zevl_jgZlb\ ^eyoh^Z ih\_kl\h\Zgbyij_^klZ\ey_lky ijh^mdlb\gufGh ZgZeba

;j_fhgZ kebrdhfZ[kljZdl_g b ihlhfmh[_^g_g\ kbemhldZaZ hl`Zgjh\h]h ih^oh^Z

dZd m<YIjhiiZjZ^b h[s_jh^h\h]h?s_ ^Zevr_\ wlhfhlghr_gbb b^mlJ

;ZjlLLh^hjh\=@_g_l klZlvb boihf_s_gu \lhf `_k[hjgbd_

:f_jbdZgkdh_ ba^Zgb_Fhjnheh]bb kdZadb[ueh fhsguflheqdhf ^ey

kljmdlmjghlbiheh]bq_kdh]h bamq_gbykdZadb \Kh_^bg_gguo RlZlZoBa\_klgZy ihq\Z

[ueZ ih^]hlh\e_gZ^_yl_evghklvx lZdboebg]\bklh\kljmdlmjZebklh\dZd JH

Ydh[khg bLK_[_hddhlhju_ aZgbfZebkvb \hijhkZfbnhevdehjZZ lZd`_

ij_^klZ\bl_eyfb rdheudmevlmjguo fh^_e_c\ wlgh]jZnbbD ihke_^gbfijbgZ^e_`Ze b

F_e\be >`wdh[kZ\lhj bgl_j_kghcfhgh]jZnbb hklbebklbq_kdbo debr_b

^jZfZlbq_kdhc hj]ZgbaZpbbih\_kl\h\Zgby \fbnZo bkdZadZobgl_jij_lbjh\Zgguo \

dhgl_dkl_ fh^_e_cdmevlmju k_\_jhZf_jbdZgkdbobg^_cp_\< k\h_cj_p_gabb gZ

Zf_jbdZgkdh_ ba^Zgb_Fhjnheh]bb kdZadbhg jZkp_gbebkke_^h\Zgb_ <YIjhiiZ

dZd kZfh_k_jv_agh_ ^hklb`_gb_\ bkke_^h\Zl_evkdhcf_lh^bd_ ^h]b

h^gh\j_f_ggh \ukdZaZekyaZ lhqlh[bkihevamy jZajZ[hlZggmxl_i_jv

ZgZeblbq_kdmx l_ogbdmkljmdlmjZebafZ\uy\blv ^hihegbl_evgu_kljmdlmjgu_ _^bgbpu

gZ ^jm]bomjh\gyo klbevkhpbZevgu_ hlghr_gbykbkl_fZ p_gghkl_cb hibkZlvkZf

nhjfbjmxsbc ijhp_kkb _]hijbqbgguc f_oZgbaf

Ihiuldb khq_lZlvnmgdpbhgZevghkbglZ]fZlbq_kdbc ZgZebak bkke_^h\Zgb_flbih\

khpbZevgh]h ih\_^_gbyb kbkl_fup_gghkl_c bf_xlky\ klZlvyoJI:jfkljhg]Z

:gZeba kh^_j`Zgby\ nhevdehjbklbd_b>`ENbr_jZ Ihke_^h\Zl_evghklv b

kljmdlmjZ \kdZadZoKdZadZ h[W^bi_ baIhgZi_Kljmdlmjguc b

khpbhikboheh]bq_kdbc ZgZeba

:jfkljhg]ba[jZ\rbc \dZq_kl\_ ijbf_jZkdZadb hljbdkl_jZoij_^eZ]Z_l jZa[blv

l_dkl kdZadbgZ ihke_^h\Zl_evgu_^_ckl\by bhij_^_eblv bonmgdpbb l_k^_eZlv

dZd jZalhqlh <YIjhiiZ aZl_f\uy\blv lZdb_kbglZ]fZlbq_kdb_ _^bgkl\Z

dhlhju_ hdZ`mlkyj_e_\Zglgufbihkdhevdm hgb\uy\eyxl hlghr_gb_wlgbq_kdhc

]jmiiu dh[s_kl\_gguf p_gghklyfhij_^_eyxl k_fZglbq_kdmxkljmdlmjm boZjZdl_j

wkl_lbq_kdbo hp_ghdbli>ey wlhcp_eb :jfkljhg]ij_^eZ]Z_l g_dmxijh]jZffm

^ey jZkij_^_e_gby^_ckl\bc ihhij_^_e_gguf k_fZglbq_kdbfgZijZ\e_gbyfgZ]jZ^Z



gZdZaZgb_khijhlb\e_gb_ gZiZ^_gb_jZaj_r_gb_ aZij_s_gb_^h[jh 

mkem]bihemq_gb_ ihl_jy bfms_kl\Zkh[bjZgb_ jZkk_b\Zgb_ bgnhjfZpbb

^_eh\h_ ih\_^_gb_ijbgylb_ h[yaZl_evkl\mdehg_gb_ hlgbo< wlbojZfdZo

^_ckl\by ^_eylkygZ ihablb\gu_g_cljZevgu_ bg_]Zlb\gu_ gZijbf_jH\q 

gZoh^blvH ojZgblvH l_jylv bli>a^_kv \_jogxxq_jlm yh[hagZqbe _s_

b dZd\q \\_jog_f bg^_dk_\q@KjZ\gbl_evguc ZgZeba^he`_g h[gZjm`blv

jZaebqgu_ hlghr_gby\ jZaebqguodmevlmjZo

Nbr_j lZd`_khihklZ\ey_l ie_f_ggu_\ZjbZglu\uy\eyy hldehg_gby\bokljmdlmjZo

LZdhdZau\Z_lkyqlh \fbdjhg_abckdbo kdZadZok hkljh\ZLjmd ij_h[eZ^Z_lk_jby

ih\lhjyxsboky k e_]dhc\ZjbZpb_cwibah^h\Z\IhgZi_ kf_gZ wibah^h\k

ijhlb\hiheh`guf bkoh^hfWlh h[tykgy_lkyki_pbnbdhc khpbZevghchj]ZgbaZpbb

jZaebqguo ie_f_gBkke_^my kljmdlmjmfbdjhg_abckdhc kdZadbh[ bgp_kl_Nbr_j

khihklZ\ey_l q_luj_k_fZglbq_kdb_ j_r_ldb\j_f_ggmx k_]f_glZpbx

ijhkljZgkl\_ggmx dhlhjZy hdZau\Z_lkyrbj_ \j_f_gghcjZa^_e_gb_ i_jkhgZ`_c

gZ ^\_iZjlbb ^jm`_kl\_ggmx b\jZ`^_[gmx ]_jhxihke_^h\Zl_evghklb klhqdb

aj_gby jZaj_r_gbyhkgh\guo dhgnebdlh\< bklhedh\Zgbbhj]Zgbah\Zgghc kbkl_fu

wibah^h\ Nbr_jhfqm\kl\m_lky \ebygb_b E_\bKljhkZ bikbohZgZebaZ \ kbevgh

kfy]q_gghf \b^_Z lZd`_h[s_c f_lh^heh]bbrdheu dmevlmjguofh^_e_c

K lhqdbaj_gby jZajZ[hldbkljmdlmjghc f_lh^heh]bb\ h[eZklbnhevdehjZ [hevrhc

bgl_j_k ij_^klZ\eyxljZ[hlu WDD_g]yk bIFZjZg^Z\ qZklghklbbo

djblbq_kdbc jZa[hjba\_klghc nhjfmeuE_\bKljhkZ \jZ[hl_ Kljmdlmjgu_ fh^_eb\

nhevdehj_J_qv b^_lh ]jZgbpZoijbf_gbfhklb nhjfmeuf_^bZlb\gh]h ijhp_kkZ

I[DI\EI[EID\dhlhjmx mdZaZggu_Z\lhju ijbZgZeba_ aZf_gyxl

^jm]hc[he__ ijhklhciZjZee_evghc nhjfmehc 4645)6)5]^_ 46d\Zabj_r_gb_

b 45d\Zabj_amevlZl \ujZ`Zxlbkoh^gmx kblmZpbxb__ijyfu_ ihke_^kl\by)6

dhg_qgh_ j_r_gb_ih\hjhlguc imlZ_lk\yaZgguc k^_ckl\byfb f_^bZlhjZ)5

dhg_qguc j_amevlZl

D_g]yk bFZjZg^Z ijbrebd \u\h^mqlh nhjfmeZE_\bKljhkZ ijbf_gbfZg_ lhevdhd

fbnZfgh bd ^jm]bf\_kvfZ jZaghh[jZagufnhevdehjguf l_dklZfGhk ^jm]hc

klhjhguh[eZklv __jZkijhkljZg_gby ba\_klgufh[jZahf h]jZgbq_gZihkdhevdm

f_^bZlhj fh`_lbgh]^Z \hh[s_hlkmlkl\h\Zlv fh^_ev ,beb bkiulZlvg_m^Zqm

fh^_ev Ib^Z`_ \kemqZ_ _]hmki_oZi_j\hgZqZevgZy dheebaby[u\Z_l ihjhc

ijhklh Zggmebjh\ZgZfh^_ev ,,,Zg_i_j_\_jgmlZdZd wlh]hlj_[m_l nhjfmeZ

E_\bKljhkZ fh^_ev ,9D_g]yk bFZjZg^Z ihdZau\Zxlqlh fh^_eb,,,b ,9

dZj^bgZevgh hlebqZxlkyhl ,b ,,l_fqlh a^_kvlj_omjh\g_\Zy kljmdlmjZ

lj_[mxsZy f_^bZlhjZ\dexqZ_l g_lhevdh dhjj_eypbxhlghr_gbcgh bdhjj_eypbx

dhjj_eypbc< dZq_kl\_beexkljZpbc wlbZ\lhju ijb\h^ylijbf_ju fbnh\Zg_d^hlh\

e_]_g^Z lZd`_ebjbq_kdbo i_k_gaZ]h\hjh\ihkeh\bpD [hevrhfmkh`Ze_gbx

g_l lhevdh\her_[guo kdZahdHkgh\guf f_lh^hfgZoh`^_gby kljmdlmjuD_g]yk b

FZjZg^Z kqblZxlh[ke_^h\Zgb_ i_j\hgZqZevguohiihabpbc bdhg_qgh]h bkoh^Z<

ih\_kl\h\Zl_evghf `Zgj_i_j\hgZqZevgZy dheebabyih bofg_gbxjZaj_rZ_lky \

oh^_ kZfh]hih\_kl\h\Zgby\ ebjbq_kdbo`ZgjZo \hh[s_ g_jZaj_rZ_lkyZ\

jblmZe_ jZaj_rZ_lky

[eZ]h^Zjy mqZklbxih^Zl_ey bihemqZl_eyF_^bZpbyiheghklvx hlkmlkl\mxsZy\

ebjbq_kdbo `ZgjZo\ ih\_kl\h\Zl_evguogZoh^blky \kZfhf kx`_l_Z\jblmZe_ 

\g_ kx`_lZk ihfhsvx\g_rg_]h ^_ckl\by

< ^jm]bojZ[hlZo D_g]ykb FZjZg^Zijh^_fhgkljbjh\Zeb ij_bfms_kl\_ggh_

jZkijhkljZg_gb_ fh^_e_c,9\ _\jhi_ckdhfnhevdehj_ bfh^_e_c ,,,,,,\

nhevdehj_ ZjoZbq_kdboh[s_kl\ j_amevlZl hq_gvbgl_j_kgucmdZau\Zxsbc fh`_l

[ulvihfbfh p_e_cZ\lhjh\gZ bklhjbq_kdb_]jZgbpu keh`ghckljmdlmju ,9

hl\_qZxs_c nhjfme_E_\bKljhkZ

GZb[he__ agZqbl_evgZyjZ[hlZg_ihkj_^kl\_ggh ihk\ys_ggZykljmdlmjghfm ZgZebam

kdZadbwlh fhgh]jZnby:eeZgZ >Zg^bkZFhjnheh]by gZjh^guokdZahd

k_\_jhZf_jbdZgkdbo bg^_cp_\]<uoh^m dgb]bij_^r_kl\h\ZeZ ^bkk_jlZpby

b k_jbyklZl_c?keb kmijm]bFZjZg^Z klj_fbebkv\uy\blv ]jZgbpuijbf_g_gby

nhjfmeu E_\bKljhkZ\\_klb \g__ mijhs_gbyb mlhqg_gbylh >Zg^bkaZgbfZ_l ih

_]h Z^j_kmj_adh djblbq_kdmxihabpbx>Zg^bk mij_dZ_lE_\bKljhkZ \ihiuld_

\dexq_gby \fhjnheh]bq_kdmx kljmdlmjmk h^ghcklhjhgui_jkhgZ`_c gZijbf_j

ljbdkl_jh\ihkj_^gbdh\\ lhf`_ hgmij_dZ_l bFZjZg^ZZk^jm]hc qbklh

ebg]\bklbq_kdb_ we_f_glu>Zg^bk ih^q_jdb\Z_lqlh fbnZ[khexlgh i_j_\h^bfk

h^gh]h _kl_kl\_ggh]hyaudZ gZ^jm]hc gZ wlhmdZau\Ze bNbr_jb qlhfbn fh`_l

baeZ]Zlvky g_lhevdh keh\_kgufgh b^jm]bfb yaudZfb`b\hibkguffbfbq_kdbf b

liqlh g_lg_h[oh^bfhklb [md\Zevghi_j_ghkblv f_lh^ukljmdlmjghc

ebg]\bklbdb gZnhevdehjbklbdmDjhf_ lh]h>Zg^bk \ukdZau\Z_lkyijhlb\

qj_af_jgh]h ijbkljZklbyd fh^_eyfjh^kl\Z bijhlb\ fZg_juE_\bKljhkZ

ZgZebabjh\Zlv kljmdlmjmg_ dhgdj_lguofbnh\Z hlghr_gbcf_`^m \ZjbZglZfbb

fbnZfb

=bi_jdjblbq_kdh_ hlghr_gb_>Zg^bkZ dE_\bKljhkm g_kh\k_f kijZ\_^eb\hgh hgh

hljZ`Z_l ba\_klgmxg_q_ldhklv bg_hij_^_e_gghklvdhlhjZy ^hkbo ihjijhy\ey_lky

ijb ihiuldZoiZjZ^b]fZlbq_kdh]h ZgZebaZg_kfhljy gZ[_amkeh\gmx ]em[bgmb

ieh^hl\hjghklv hkgh\guob^_c E_\bKljhkZ>Zg^bkdZd gZfdZ`_lkyijZ\bevgh

ihgbfZ_l dZq_kl\_ggucoZjZdl_j jZaebqbcf_`^m fbnhfb kdZadhchiihabpby

dhee_dlb\gh_ bg^b\b^mZevgh_kjZgZeh]bqguc \a]ey^\ jZ[hlZoZ\lhjZ

gZklhys_c klZlvbBf_ggh \wlhfZg_\ kZfhckljmdlmj_ hkgh\gh_ hlebqb_

fbnZ bkdZadb \ fbn_dhkfbq_kdb_ g_^hklZqb>Zg^bkZ ijb\e_dZ_l

bkdexqbl_evgZy ijhajZqghklvb ^hklh\_jghklvkbglZ]fZlbq_kdh]h ZgZebaZ<Y

IjhiiZbhgkhagZl_evgh \uklmiZ_ldZd ijyfhc_]h ijh^he`Zl_ev<YIjhiiZ hg

ebrv \g_agZqbl_evghc f_j_^hihegy_l b^_yfbDEIZcdZ hyaudh\hf bg_yaudh\hf

ih\_^_gbbHl IZcdZijZdlbq_kdb b^_l_]h l_jfbgheh]byijhlb\hihklZ\e_gb_

wlbq_kdh]hl_deZkkbnbdZlhjkdh]hb wfbq_kdh]hl_kljmdlmjgh]h

qe_g_gbymihlj_[e_gb_ l_jfbgZfhlbn_fZ\ kfuke_wfbq_kdhc _^bgbpu\f_klh

nmgdpbb <YIjhiiZL_h^hj Kl_jg\ k\h_cj_p_gabb gZfhgh]jZnbx >Zg^bkZ

gZau\Z_l _]hwib]hghf <YIjhiiZ b khhl\_lkl\_ggh\ ^mo_E_\bKljhkZ beb

F_e\beZ >`wdh[kZk_lm_l gZg_^hhp_gdm >Zg^bkhfdmevlmjgh]h dhgl_dklZ

Z[kljZdlghklvg_\gbfZgb_ d^_ckl\mxsbf ebpZf

<ke_^ aZ<YIjhiihf >Zg^bkkqblZ_l y^_jgufih _]h\ujZ`_gbxjy^hf fhlbn_f

l_nmgdpbc iZjm g_^hklZqZ/ebd\b^Zpby g_

^hklZqb //Bf_xlky kdZadbZf_jbdZgkdbo bg^_cp_\dhlhju_ \hlebqb_ hl

_\jhi_ckdbo k\h^ylkyd wlhcijhklhc kljmdlmj_H^gZdh ba^_kv f_`^mg_^hklZq_c b

__ ebd\b^Zpb_cqZklh \klZ\eyxlky^jm]b_ iZjgu_nmgdpbb\ qZklghklbohjhrh gZf

agZdhfu_ ihdgb]_ <YIjhiiZaZij_s_gb_ gZjmr_gb_ ,QW9LROh[fZg 

ihkh[gbq_kl\h 'HF'FSWb ljm^gZyaZ^ZqZ j_r_gb_ LL:Djhf_ lh]h>Zg^bk

\\h^bl _s_^\_ nmgdpbb

ke_^kl\b_ gZjmr_gbyaZij_lZ &RQVHTb mkdhevaZgb_hl [_^u:?AZf_lbfqlh

wlh gh\h\\_^_gb_g_ klhevg_h[oh^bfhlZd dZdh[_ wlbnmgdpbb \[hevrbgkl\_

kemqZ_\ fh`ghjZkkfZljb\Zlv dZdg_^hklZqm b__ ebd\b^Zpbx>Zg^bk \u^_ey_lb

ZgZebabjm_l g_kdhevdhlbibqguo jy^h\nmgdpbc]jmiibjmy khhl\_lkl\mxsbfh[jZahf

kdZadb>Ze__ hgihdZau\Z_ldZd keh`gu_ih khklZ\mkdZadb bg^_cp_\y\eyxlky

dhf[bgZpb_c [he__ijhkluo jy^h\Hg ijb\h^bllZdb_ k_jbbdZd

///

9LRO&RQVHT

/77$//

/'HF'FSW//

,QW9LRO///

,QW9LRO&RQVHT:?

///,QW9LRO&RQVHT

/7L://,QW9LRO&RQVHT:?

bl^

Fhlbn_fu LL:,QW9LRO'HF'FSW\ ijbgpbi_Zevl_jgZlb\gu \kdZadZo bfbnZo

Zf_jbdZgkdbo bg^_cp_\,QW9LRObLL: >Zg^bkkqblZ_l nhjfZfbij_^ibkZgby ]_jhx

hlebqgufb ihk\h_c ^bkljb[mlb\ghcoZjZdl_jbklbd_

ljm^gu_ aZ^Zqb\k_]^Z ihf_sZxlkyf_`^m g_^hklZq_cb__ebd\b^Zpb_cZ gZjmr_gb_

aZij_lZ [hevr_cqZklvx eb[hij_^r_kl\m_l g_^hklZq_eb[h ke_^m_laZ __

ebd\b^Zpb_cBa\_klguc bgl_j_kij_^klZ\ey_l khihklZ\e_gb_>Zg^bkhf kdZahdb

ih\_jbcgZijbf_j ihke_^h\Zl_evghklb,QW9LRO&RQVHT:? kkbkl_fhc

mkeh\b_ j_amevlZl ijhlb\h^_ckl\b_

Ihevamykv kh\_jr_gghlhc `_f_lh^bdhcqlh b<YIjhii>Zg^bk ijboh^bl

h^gZdhd bguf]hjZa^h [he__ijhkluf ko_fZfWlhih\b^bfhfmke_^kl\b_

ZjoZbqghklb kZfh]hnhevdehjZ k_\_jhZf_jbdZgkdbobg^_cp_\>Zg^bk g_

^bnn_j_gpbjm_l \her_[gmxkdZadm hl^jm]bo __jZagh\b^ghkl_c bhl fbnZqlh

hlqZklb hiylvlZdb hljZ`Z_lhkh[_gghklb kZfh]hfZl_jbZeZ _]h `Zgjh\uc

kbgdj_lbafKhihklZ\e_gb_ ko_f<YIjhiiZ b>Zg^bkZ ihwlhfmhq_gv ihe_agh^ey

j_r_gby aZ^Zq\u^\b]Z_fuo bklhjbq_kdhcihwlbdhc

Bgl_j_kgu_ jZ[hluih kljmdlmjghfmbamq_gbx fbnh\b kdZahdbf_xlky b\

Z\kljZebckdhc gZmd_l_kgh k\yaZgghck Zf_jbdZgkdhcHklZ\eyy \klhjhg_

g_dhlhju_ ihiuldbiZjZ^b]fZlbaZpbb kx`_lh\\ k\_l_dmevlmjguo fh^_e_c

g_h[oh^bfh mihfygmlvh k_jbbklZl_c WKlZgg_jZ \`mjgZe_ Hd_Zgbyih^ h[sbf

gZa\Zgb_f H j_eb]bbZ[hjb]_gh\< wlhfh[klhyl_evghf bkke_^h\Zgbbk_fbhlbdb

dmevlmju Z\kljZebckdh]hie_f_gb fmjbg[ZlZkh^_j`blky lhgdbckjZ\gbl_evguc ZgZeba

kx`_lghc kbglZ]fZlbdbfbnh\ bjblmZeh\keh\_kguoiZglhfbfguo b`b\hibkguo

l_dklh\

M[_^bl_evgh_ ^hdZaZl_evkl\hijbgpbibZevgh]h lh`^_kl\Zkljmdlmj fbnh\b h[jy^h\

\dexqZy fbnug_ bf_xsb_h[jy^h\h]h wd\b\Ze_glZb h[jy^ug_ khijy`_ggu_k

fbnZfb^Z_l \hafh`ghklvKlZgg_jm \uy\blvb g_dhlhju_\Z`gu_ iZjZ^b]fZlbq_kdb_

hlghr_gby \kbf\hebq_kdhf yaud_fbnh\ fmjbg[ZlZG_dhlhju_ gZ[ex^_gbyKlZgg_jZ

ihjZabl_evgh [ebadbd \u\h^Zfy\gh hklZ\r_cky_fm g_ba\_klghcdgb]b <YIjhiiZ

Bklhjbq_kdb_ dhjgb\her_[ghc kdZadbl_fZlbq_kdh_ bkljmdlmjgh_ k[eb`_gb_

fbnh\ kh[uqZyfb bgbpbZpbbD kh`Ze_gbx\ jZfdZo^Zgghc klZlvbg_l \hafh`ghklb

ih^jh[g__ dZkZlvkywlhc l_fu

Ijh^mdlb\gu_ bkke_^h\Zgbyih\_kl\h\Zl_evgh]h nhevdehjZ[ueb ij_^ijbgylujy^hf

jmfugkdbo mq_guo\ i_j\mxhq_j_^v FIhihfZ lZd`_=<jZ[v_=Wj_l_kdmG

Jhrbygm< hq_gvkh^_j`Zl_evghc klZlv_:dlmZevgu_ Zki_dlubkke_^h\Zgby

kljmdlmju kdZahdIhi gZijbf_j_ h^ghcjmfugkdhc kdZadb^_fhgkljbjm_l

khhlghr_gb_ kbglZ]fZlbq_kdhcihke_^h\Zl_evghklb nmgdpbcb h[s_ceh]bdb kx`_lZ

>ey ^ZgghckdZadb hgZij_^klZ\e_gZ ko_fhc

,g_^hklZqZ

,,h[fZg

,,,bkiulZgb_

,9gZkbeb_

,9ebd\b^Zpby gZkbeby

,,,ebd\b^Zpby bkiulZgby

,,ebd\b^Zpby h[fZgZ

,ebd\b^Zpby g_^hklZqb

Ihi m[_^bl_evghihdZau\Z_l jhevkx`_lgh]h iZjZee_ebafZb Zglbl_aHg lZd`_

ijhgbdZ_l \kljmdlmjm we_f_glZjghcihke_^h\Zl_evghklb ebrv hlqZklbhibjZykv gZ

;j_fhgZbkke_^m_l __ljhbqghklv< ^jm]hcklZlv_ h nhjfmeZokdZadbhg

ZgZebabjm_l kljmdlmjmgZ klbebklbq_kdhfmjh\g_Bkke_^h\Zgbx kdZahqguonhjfme

ihk\ys_gZ b^bkk_jlZpby GJhrbygmBgl_j_kguc ZgZebadhfihabpbhgguo \ZjbZglh\

ij_^eZ]Z_l =<jZ[v_

JZ[hlu ihkljmdlmjghc lbiheh]bbihy\eyxlky \^jm]bo kljZgZoQ_rkdbc mq_guc;

;_g_r ijbf_gy_lfhjnheh]bq_kdmx ko_fm<YIjhiiZ ijbZgZeba_ [uebqdb

Hjb]bgZevgZy ihiuldZ\kdjulv kljmdlmjmZg_d^hlbq_kdhc kdZadbkh^_j`blky \klZlv_

g_f_pdh]h nhevdehjbklZ=;Zmabg]_jZEx[hiulghh^gZdhqlh \_]h

l_hj_lbq_kdhc fhgh]jZnbbNhjfu gZjh^ghcihwabbfhjnheh]by nhevdehjZ

bkke_^m_lky kdhj__\ jmke_Chee_kZ

< ihke_^gb_]h^u h`bebgl_j_k dFhjnheh]bb kdZadb<YIjhiiZ bih^gyluf \

g_c ijh[e_fZfm gZk\ Kh\_lkdhfKhxa_< ]gZ gZmqghck_kkbb \q_klv

k_fb^_kylbe_lby <YIjhiiZ \ukhdhhp_gbeb wlmdgb]m \k\hbo ^hdeZ^ZoZdZ^<

F@bjfmgkdbc bqe_gdhjj:G KKKJIG;_jdh\khklhyeky bki_pbZevguc ^hdeZ^

h Fhjnheh]bb kdZadbZ\lhjZ gZklhys_cklZlvbGh \hajh`^_gb_rbjhdh]h bgl_j_kZ

d wlhcdgb]_ mgZkdZd baZ jm[_`hf[ueh h[mkeh\e_ghij_`^_ \k_]hjZa\blb_f

kljmdlmjghc ebg]\bklbdbb k_fbhlbdbBfy <YIjhiiZ dZdZ\lhjZ Fhjnheh]bb

kdZadbZ lZd`_Bklhjbq_kdbo dhjg_c\her_[ghc kdZadbihklhyggh mihfbgZehkv

qZklh jy^hfk bf_g_fE_\bKljhkZgZ k_fbhlbq_kdbokbfihabmfZo\ jZ[hlZoih

\lhjbqguf fh^_ebjmxsbfkbkl_fZfH^gZdh_keb



hklZ\blv \klhjhg_ fgh]hqbke_ggu_h[s_k_fbhlbq_kdb_ jZ[hluih fbnheh]bb<yq

<kB\Zgh\Z<GLhihjh\Z>FK_]ZeZ:FIylb]hjkdh]hXFEhlfZgZ;

EH]b[_gbgZ b^jb kx`_lbd_ebl_jZlmjguo ijhba\_^_gbc;N?]hjh\ZXD

S_]eh\ZZ lZd`_kljmdlmjgu_ bkke_^h\Zgbyg_kdZahqguo `Zgjh\nhevdehjZ

gZjh^gh]h l_ZljZI=;h]Zluj_\Z[ZeeZ^u <GLhihjh\Zwibq_kdbo i_k_g

KXG_dex^h\Z bXBKfbjgh\ZaZ]h\hjh\ B:Q_jgh\Z bF<:jZih\Z

ihkeh\bp =EI_jfydh\Zlh qbkehklZl_c b\uklmie_gbcg_ihkj_^kl\_ggh

aZljZ]b\Zxsbo ijh[e_fZlbdmfhjnheh]bb kdZadbihdZ _s_hq_gv g_\_ebdh

JZ[hlZ >FK_]ZeZ Hiul kljmdlmjgh]hhibkZgby fbnZij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc

ihiuldm ZgZebaZkljmdlmju fbnZgZ fZl_jbZe_lj_o [ebadbo\_jkbc h^gh]hb lh]h`_

kx`_lZ h[hl\_j`_gghfgb \ihke_^kl\bblhj`_kl\mxs_f ]_jh_m k_\_jhaZiZ^guo

bg^_cp_\Ihevamykv \ijbgpbi_ f_lh^bdhcE_\bKljhkZ bkhihklZ\eyy njZ]f_glu

fbnZ kbglZdkbq_kdbb iZjZ^b]fZlbq_kdbbkoh^y badZl_]hjbb p_gghklb>F

K_]Ze \kdju\Z_ljZaebqgu_ mjh\gbfbnheh]bq_kdh]h kfukeZb ijboh^bld \u\h^mh

kh\f_s_gbb \bkke_^m_fuo l_dklZokdZadb h[hl\_j`_gghf ]_jh_k wlgheh]bq_kdbf

fbnhf

<yq<kB\Zgh\ b<GLhihjh\ijyfh h[jZsZxlkyd ko_f_<YIjhiiZ kl_f

qlh[u bkihevah\Zlv__ ^eyaZibkb bZgZebaZ jZaebqguoih\_kl\h\Zl_evguo l_dklh\

Hgb ij_^eZ]ZxljZpbhgZevgh_ mihjy^hq_gb_kbf\heh\ kj_^kl\Zfbkh\j_f_gghc eh]bdb

Ijb wlhfnmgdpby \kydbcjZa bgl_jij_lbjm_lkydZd hlghr_gb_jZaebqguo kdZahqguo

i_jkhgZ`_c bebij_^f_lh\

Wlb Z\lhjum\yau\Zxl nmgdpbhgZevgucZgZeba \^mo_ <YIjhiiZ kbkke_^h\Zgb_f

we_f_glZjguo k_fZglbq_kdbohiihabpbcb]jZxsbo [hevrmxjhev \fbnZo>ey bo

aZibkb bfblZd`_ ij_^eh`_guhij_^_e_ggu_ kbf\heu

K>K_j_[jyguc \k\h_f ^hdeZ^_iulZ_lky \g_klbg_dhlhju_ dhjj_dlb\u\

nhjfmem <YIjhiiZbkoh^ydZd _fmdZ`_lkyba [he__kljh]hc nhjfZebah\Zgghc

bgl_jij_lZpbb fZl_jbZeZHg ij_^eZ]Z_lnmgdpbx <kqblZlv k\yadhcnmgdpbx D

fhlb\bjh\dhcnmgdpbx Lebrv khimlkl\mxsbffhf_glhf ijbjZaebqguo nmgdpbyob

l^<kx kdZadmkqblZ_l K>K_j_[jygucfh`gh jZa^_eylvgZ ljbhkgh\guo

fhf_glZgZqZevgh_ \j_^bl_evkl\hkha^Zxs__ aZ\yadm:>;Ij ON

hl\_lgu_ ^_ckl\by]_jh_\ =JIb [eZ]hihemqguc bkoh^\hkklZgh\e_gb_

jZajmr_ggh]h ihjy^dZ\_s_c EKiMHGKf_`^m gbfbi_j_f_s_gbyKdZadZ

ih _]hfg_gbxkha^Z_lky jZa\hjZqb\Zgb_fwlhc ljhbqghcko_fu

< aZdexq_gb_fu iha\hebek_[_ [_]eh\ukdZaZlv g_dhlhju_khh[jZ`_gby h

\hafh`ghklb ^hihegbl_evghcfhjnheh]bq_kdhc bgl_jij_lZpbb\her_[ghc kdZadb

bkoh^y baijbgpbibZevguo hkgh\aZeh`_gguo <YIjhiihf \_]h dgb]_

>hihegbl_evgu_ k\yabf_`^m nmgdpbyfb<YIjhiiZbo _^bgZyijbjh^Z dZd

kbglZ]fZlbq_kdZylZd hlqZklbb k_fZglbq_kdZyh[gZjm`b\Z_lky ijbZgZeba_

[he__ Z[kljZdlgh]hmjh\gy [hevrbokbglZ]fZlbq_kdbo _^bgkl\LZdbfb

kbglZ]fZlbq_kdbfb _^bgkl\Zfby\eyxlky jZaebqgu_\b^u bkiulZgbcb ijbh[j_lZ_fuo

]_jh_f \j_amevlZl_ bkiulZgbckdZahqguo p_gghkl_cJblf ihl_jvb ijbh[j_l_gbc

h[t_^bgy_l \her_[gmx

kdZadm kfbnhf bk ^jm]bfb\b^Zfb ih\_kl\h\Zl_evgh]hnhevdehjZ

:gZeh]bqgmx bkiulZgbyfih k\h_c^bkljb[mpbbdexq_\mx jhev\ fbnZob]jZxl

dhkfh]hgbq_kdb_ bdmevlmjgu_ ^_ygby^_fbmj]h\\ `b\hlguokdZadZo ljxdb

ahhfhjnguo iemlh\ljbdkl_jh\\ gh\_eebklbq_kdhckdZad_ hkh[u_dZl_]hjbb

bkiulZgbc\_^msb_ djZaj_r_gbx bg^b\b^mZevghc^jZfZlbabjh\Zgghc dheebabb>ey

deZkkbq_kdhc nhjfu\her_[ghc kdZadbki_pbnbqgZ ^\hcgZyhiihabpby

ij_^\Zjbl_evgh]h bhkgh\gh]h bkiulZgbc\hi_j\uoih j_amevlZlm\ i_j\hf

kemqZ_ lhevdhqm^_kgh_ kj_^kl\hg_h[oh^bfh_ ^eyijhoh`^_gby hkgh\gh]h

bkiulZgby\h \lhjhf^hklb`_gb_ hkgh\ghcp_eb\h\lhjuoih oZjZdl_jm

kZfh]h bkiulZgbyijh\_jdZ ijZ\bevghklbih\_^_gby ]_jhbq_kdbc ih^\b]

< ZjoZbq_kdhfkbgdj_lbq_kdhf nhevdehj_wlZ hiihabpbyeb[h hlkmlkl\m_leb[h

g_j_e_\ZglgZZ\deZkkbq_kdhc \her_[ghckdZad_ hgZaZeh`_gZ \kZfhc

k_fZglbq_kdhc kljmdlmj_b g_mkljZgbfZ

GZjy^m kij_^\Zjbl_evguf Hb hkgh\guf?bkiulZgb_f \\her_[ghc kdZad_qZklh

gh g_h[yaZl_evghbf__lky _s_b ^hihegbl_evgh_?bkiulZgb_ gZb^_glbnbdZpbx

]_jhyDjhf_ lh]h^_ckl\by ZglZ]hgbklZbeb ^Z`_kZfh]h ]_jhygZjmr_gb_

aZij_lZih^^ZqZgZ ih^\hob\_^msb_ d[_^_ bd g_^hklZq_fh]ml [ulv

mkeh\gh bgl_jij_lbjh\ZgudZd k\h_]hjh^Z bkiulZgb_k h[jZlgufagZdhf ?\q?keb

fu khhl\_lkl\_gghh[hagZqbf ihl_jxbeb g_^hklZqmq_j_a Oqm^_kgh_ kj_^kl\h

ihemq_ggh_ hl^Zjbl_ey \j_amevlZl_ ij_^\Zjbl_evgh]hbkiulZgby qm^_kguc

ij_^f_lihfhsgbdkh\_lq_j_a eebd\b^Zpbx g_^hklZqb\ke_^kl\b_ hkgh\gh]h

bkiulZgby q_j_a Olh ihemqbfke_^mxsmx nhjfmem

LZdbf h[jZahf\her_[gZy kdZadZgZ gZb[he__Z[kljZdlghf mjh\g_ij_^klZ_l dZd

g_dZy b_jZjobq_kdZykljmdlmjZ [bgZjguo[ehdh\\ dhlhjhcihke_^gbc [ehdiZjguc

qe_gh[yaZl_evgh bf__liheh`bl_evguc agZd

F_g__ `_kldZykljmdlmjZ i_j\h[ulguokbgdj_lbq_kdbo kdZahd\uklmiZ_l dZdk\h_]h

jh^Z f_lZkljmdlmjZih hlghr_gbxd deZkkbq_kdhc\her_[ghc kdZad_

Ijhiih\kdb_ nmgdpbbe_]dh ]jmiibjmxlkyih mdZaZgguf[bgZjguf [ehdZf[hevrbf

kbglZ]fZlbq_kdbf _^bgbpZfG_ lhevdh^bkljb[mlb\gh lh`^_kl\_ggu_[hjv[Z 

ih[_^Z baZ^ZqZ j_r_gb_ h[hagZqbf bodZd $%b $%hdZau\Zxlky

ZeehfhjnZfb hkgh\gh]hbkiulZgby [h]Zlujkdbc bqbklh kdZahqguc\ZjbZglugh

lZd`_ qm^_kgh_i_j_f_s_gb_ dp_eb DEb fZ]bq_kdh_[_]kl\h ZE\qkljh]h

jZaebqgu_ ^bkljb[mlb\gh^h bebihke_ [hjv[ukmlv ^bgZfbq_kdb_

ijbkh_^bgbl_evgu_we_f_glu hkgh\gh]hbkiulZgbyKhhl\_lkl\_ggh ij_l_gabb

kZfha\ZgpZ bhihagZgb_ bklbggh]h]_jhy >beb g_]Zlb\guc\ZjbZglm[_]Zgb_

fZkdbjh\dZ]_jhy ihbkd \bgh\Zlh]h@khklZ\yl dhfie_dk^hihegbl_evgh]h

bkiulZgbyF_`^m i_j_qbke_ggufbnmgdpbyfb \hafh`gufgh]h\Ze_g]gu_ hlghr_gbykj

aZf_qZgb_ kZfh]h<YIjhiiZ hkbgdj_lbaf_ nmgdpbcLZdgZijbf_jm[_]Zgb_

kdjhfgh]h]_jhy\oh^ys__ \kbkl_fm ^hihegbl_evgh]hbkiulZgbyfh`gh

h^gh\j_f_ggh jZkkfZljb\ZlvdZd h[jZs_gguc\ZjbZgl fZ]bq_kdh]h[_]kl\Z

<ur_ m`_hlf_qZehkv ijbgpbibZevgh_jZaebqb_ ij_^\Zjbl_evgh]hbhk

gh\gh]h bkiulZgbcb khhl\_lkl\mxs__^_e_gb_ gZijZ\bevgu_ ihklmidbb ih^\b]b

>Zjbl_ev ijh\_jy_lijZ\bevghklv ih\_^_gby]_jhy _]h ^h[jhlmkhh[jZabl_evghklv

\_`eb\hklvZ qZs_\k_]h ijhklh agZgb_k\h_h[jZaguo ijZ\beb]jub kgZ[`Z_l

_]h qm^_kgufkj_^kl\hf]ZjZglbjmxsbf mki_ohkgh\gh]h bkiulZgby<her_[gu_ kbeu

Zdlb\gh ihfh]Zxlkh\_jrblv ih^\b]ihjhc ^Z`_^_ckl\mxl aZ]_jhygh \

ijZ\bevghf ih\_^_gbb\k_]^Z ijhy\ey_lky^h[jZy \h^y]_jhy b aeZy\hey eh`gh]h

]_jhy

IjZ\beZ ih\_^_gbykljmdlmjZ kdZahqgh]hihklmidZkhklZ\eyxl p_evgmx

k_fZglbq_kdmx kbkl_fm\ dhlhjhcnmgdpbb h[gZjm`b\Zxl^hihegbl_evgu_ eh]bq_kdb_

hlghr_gbyg_aZ\bkbfu_ hlbo kbglZ]fZlbq_kdbok\ya_cHlf_lbfqlh ih\_^_gb_ih

ijZ\beZf \_^_lg_ lhevdhd mki_om\ ij_^\Zjbl_evghfbkiulZgbbgh bd [_^_

ihkdhevdm \kydbcklbfme \e_q_laZ kh[hchij_^_e_ggmx j_Zdpbx]_jhc h[yaZg

ijbgylv \uah\hl\_lblv gZ\hijhk\uihegblv ijhkv[m^Z`_ _kebwlh bkoh^blg_

lhevdh hlg_cljZevgh[eZ]h`_eZl_evgh]h ^Zjbl_eygh bhl y\gh\jZ`^_[gh]h b

dh\Zjgh]h \j_^bl_eyBa\_klguc nhjfZebafkbkl_fu ih\_^_gbyih^l\_j`^Z_lky

g_h[oh^bfhklvx gZjmr_gbyaZij_lZ h[jZs_ggZy nhjfZihgm`^_gby d^_ckl\bx

H[hagZqbf iZjgu_nmgdpbbhlghkysb_ky dijZ\beZf ih\_^_gby]j_q_kdbfb [md\Zfb

Zj \hlebqb_ hleZlbgkdbo :<ZEhlghkysboky dih^\b]ZfAgZdhf hljbpZgbygZ^

[md\hc mdZ`_fgZ g_]Zlb\gmxnhjfm bkiulZgb_ g_^Zjbl_e_fZ \j_^bl_e_f

bg^_dkZfb lb LjZa]jZgbqbf fZl_jbZevgh_^_ckl\b_ bkeh\_kgmx bgnhjfZpbxLh]^Z

ihemqbf

KljmdlmjZ ihklmidZ]_jhy bf__l\b^ Zjb khhl\_lkl\_ggh:<beb Zj

iheh`bl_evguf ^he`_g[ulv \lhjhcwe_f_glkhhl\_lkl\mxsbc j_Zdpbbihklmidm

]_jhyIhklmihd eh`gh]h]_jhy bf__l\b^ Zjb aZl_f:<Ih \lhjhfmwe_f_glm

Eijhlb\hihklZ\e_g ]_jhcb eh`guc]_jhcih i_j\hfmwe_f_glm Zfh`gh

jZaebqblv ij_^\Zjbl_evgh_bkiulZgb_ ZEb hljbpZl_evgh_bkiulZgb_\_^ms__ d

[_^_ Z\qEDE\q

M`_ <YIjhii^Z\Zy bg\ZjbZglgmxkbglZ]fZlbq_kdmx ko_fmnmgdpbcgZf_lbe b

khijy`_ggmx kg_c kljmdlmjgmxfh^_ev jZkij_^_e_gbyi_jkhgZ`_c ihjheyfZ lZd`_

ihklZ\be aZ^Zqmbamq_gby Zljb[mlh\i_jkhgZ`_c< bamq_gb_Zljb[mlh\ bkZfbo

i_jkhgZ`_c fh`gh\\_klb g_dhlhju_iZjZ^b]fZlbq_kdb_ hlghr_gbylZd`_ bf_xsb_

[bgZjguc oZjZdl_jLZdh\ZgZijbf_jko_fZ Zljb[mlh\]_jhy beh`gh]h ]_jhyBa

g__ f_`^mijhqbf\ul_dZ_lqlh ]_jhxk qm^_kgufbk\hckl\Zfb khimlkl\mxleh`gu_

]_jhb lh`_k qm^_kgufbk\hckl\Zfb gZijbf_j<uj\b^m[Z ^jm]bf]_jhyf

khhl\_lkl\mxl kZfha\Zgpuijhlb\hiheh`gh]h ^moh\gh]hk_f_cgh]h

khpbZevgh]h klZlmlZhiihabpby feZ^rbcklZjrbc bli=_jhbg_ ih^Zxsb_

gZ^_`^fh]ml jZkkfZljb\ZlvkydZd g_]Zlb\gu_\ZjbZglu baex[e_ggu_ kdZadhc\

hlebqb_ hlwihkZ]_jh_\ k[eZ]hjh^ghc \b^bfhklvx

Hlghr_gby ]_jhyb \j_^bl_eyZglZ]hgbklZ kljhylkyh[uqgh gZhiihabpbb k\hc

qm`hcijh_pbjh\Zgghc gZjZaebqgu_ iehkdhklb^hf e_k j_[_ghd [Z[Zy]Z

gZr_ pZjkl\hbgh_ pZjkl\hfheh^_p af_cjh^gZy k_fvyg_jh^gZy k_fvy

iZ^q_jbpZ fZq_oZ<j_^bl_ex khhl\_lkl\m_lb oZjZdl_j\j_^bl_evkl\ZfZq_oZ

ba]hgy_l iZ^q_jbpmqlh[ __ba\_klb[Z[Zy]Z aZfZgb\Z_l^_l_cqlh[ bokt_klv

af_c ihobsZ_lpZj_\gm k_[_\ gZeh`gbpubliWlh ijbf_juqbklh k_fZglbq_kdh]h

ZgZebaZdhlhjuc hkgh\ZggZ \uqe_g_gbbhiihabpbce_`Zsbo \hkgh\_ kdZahqguo

ij_^klZ\e_gbc bkhhl\_lkl\mxs_c bffh^_eb fbjZ

<hafh`ghklv \u^_e_gbyg_dhlhjuo Zeehfhjnijhiih\kdh]h f_lZkx`_lZ^himkdZeZkv bf

kZfbfhg mdZau\ZegZ Zevl_jgZlb\ghklvkdZahd k;IbJ l_$%b:<

k:bZih gZr_ckbf\hebd_ k:k \j_^bl_evkl\hfb [_ag_]hBkoh^y bawlbo

Zevl_jgZlb\fh`ghgZijbf_jq_ldh hl]jZgbqblvg_dhlhju_ jh^kl\_ggu_f_`^m

kh[hc kx`_lgu_lbiu ]jmiim ih kbkl_f_$7:Zjg_LhfikhgZhl

]jmiiu \ i_j\hfkemqZ_:O\q b:<\h \lhjhfO\q b$%]jmiim 

bl^hl $%:%H^gZdh ^ey\u^_e_gby [hevrbo

nmg^Zf_glZevguo kx`_lguo]jmii hdZavrZxlky[he__ ijb]h^gufbbgu_ djbl_jbbZ

bf_ggh

Hiihabpby HYVH\q Kbf\hehf Hh[hagZqZ_lky gZebqb_g_aZ\bkbfh hl]_jhy

g_dh_]h kdZahqgh]hh[t_dlZaZ dhlhjucb^_l [hjv[ZH YVH\q hij_^_e_gb_

gZijZ\e_gby \j_^bl_evkl\Zb ihbkdh\TXHVW2`_gsbgZ \ bkdexqbl_evguo

kemqZyogZh[hjhlfm`qbgZ\hh[s_ \hafh`guc iZjlg_jih [jZdm2

qm^_kguc ij_^f_lHiihabpby HYVH\q q_ldhijhlb\hihklZ\ey_l kdZadb\ dhlhjuo

]_jhc kiZkbl_evbkdZl_ev bebgZh[hjhl`_jl\Zba]gZggbd

Hiihabpby 6YV6\q Kbf\he 6mdZau\Z_lqlh ]_jhbq_kdZy^_yl_evghklv kem`bl

kh[kl\_gguf bgl_j_kZfZ 6bgl_j_kZf pZjyhlpZ\hh[s_ h[sbgu\ p_ehfdZd \

]_jhbq_kdhf wihk_b\fbn_6YV6\q ijhlb\hihklZ\ey_lkdZadb ]_jhbq_kdh]h

hlqZklb fbnheh]bq_kdh]hoZjZdl_jZ ]^_ ]_jhcqZklh [u\Z_lqm^_kgh]h

ijhbkoh`^_gby bkbeu]^_ \bkiulZgbyo ihjhcij_h[eZ^Z_l ]_jhbq_kdZy[hjv[Z k

fbnbq_kdbf ijhlb\gbdhfblilbibqgh \her_[gufkdZadZf

Hiihabpby )YV)\q Kbf\hehf )h[hagZqZ_lky k_f_cgucoZjZdl_j hkgh\ghc

dheebabb)\u^_ey_l kdZadbh ]_jhyo]hgbfuo fZq_ohcklZjrbfb [jZlvyfbbli

Hiihabpby FYV0\q jZaebqZ_lfbnbq_kdbc bg_fbnbq_kdbc oZjZdl_jh[eZklb

hkgh\gh]h bkiulZgby\u^_ey_l kdZadbk hlq_leb\hfbnheh]bq_kdhc hdjZkdhc

\jZ`^_[gh]h ]_jhx^_fhgbq_kdh]h fbjZHkgh\gu_ kx`_lgu_lbiu H\q 62626\q

^Ze__ ^_eylkygZ ih^lbiu

H\q 6P)b )\q D26bH6\q gZ2bH^Ze__ \k_ih^lbiu bf_xl\ZjbZglu Fb

F\q LZdbf h[jZahf\u^_eyxlky ke_^mxsb_nmg^Zf_glZevgu_ kx`_lgu_lbiu

26\q )\q F]_jhbq_kdb_ kdZadbaf__[hjq_kdh]h lbiZih

kbkl_f_ :L

26\q )\q F]_jhbq_kdb_ kdZadblbiZ TXHVW

2\q 6)\q 0ZjoZbq_kdb_ kdZadblbiZ ^_lb mex^h_^Z

H\q 6)0kdZadb hk_f_cgh]hgbfuohl^Zgguo \h\eZklv e_kguf

^_fhgZf

H\q 6)0\q kdZadb hk_f_cgh]hgbfuo [_afbnbq_kdbo we_f_glh\

B

H6)\q FkdZadb hqm^_kguo `_gZofm`vyob^j

26)\q0kdZadb hqm^_kguo ij_^f_lZo26

)\q FkdZadb hk\Z^_[guo bkiulZgbyo[

26\q)\q0\q 

26\q )\q 0\q

LZdbf h[jZahfijheZ]Z_lky imlvd nhjfZebaZpbbhij_^_e_gby lbiZkdZahqgh]h kx`_lZ

bd[he__ kljh]hcjZpbhgZevghc deZkkbnbdZpbbkx`_lh\

>Zevg_crbc rZ]^he`_g khklhylv\ \ha\jZs_gbbd bamq_gbxfhlb\h\gh m`_k

ihabpbc^hklb]gmluo kihfhsvx kljmdlmjgh]hZgZebaZiZfylmy hlhfqlh

jZkij_^_e_gb_ fhlb\h\\ kx`_l_kljmdlmjgh bijhbkoh^bl ijZdlbq_kdbih

ijb\_^_gghc \ur_nhjfme_Gh _kebkZfZ wlZnhjfmeZ ij_^klZ\ey_lkh[hc hkh[uc

f_oZgbaf ^eykbgl_aZ kdZahdlh fhlb\wlh dZj^bgZevgZy_^bgbpZ ZgZebaZ

LZdbf h[jZahfFhjnheh]by kdZadb<YIjhiiZ hldju\Z_lp_eh_ gZijZ\e_gb_\

bamq_gbb ih\_kl\h\Zl_evgh]hnhevdehjZGh b\ ij_^_eZowlh]h gZijZ\e_gby

g_kfhljy gZkhjhd e_lijhr_^rbo kfhf_glZ \uoh^Zi_j\h]h ba^ZgbywlZ dgb]Z

hklZ_lky gZb[he__nmg^Zf_glZevguf ljm^hfgb \q_f g_ihlmkdg_\rbf hl\j_f_gb

;b[ebh]jZnbq_kdb_ ijbf_qZgby

<YIjhiiFhjnheh]by kdZadb<hijhku ihwlbdb=hkm^Zjkl\_gguc bgklblml

bklhjbb bkdmkklZ\ui;,,E

9,J]hjj0RUSKRORJ\RIWKH)RONWDOH(GLWHGZLWKDQ,QWURGXFWLRQE\6YDWDYD

3LONRYD-DFREVRQ7UDQVODWHGE\/DXUHQFH6FRWW,QGLDQD8QLYHUVLW\5HVHDUFK

&HQWHULQ$QWKURSRORJ\)RONORUHDQG/LQJXLVWLFV3XEOLFDWLRQ7HQ%ORRPLQJWRQ

I_j_i_qZlZgh \ke_^mxsbo ba^Zgbyo,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI$PHULFDQ

/LQJXLVWLFVYRO1RSW

%LEOLRJUDSKLFDODQG6SHFLDO6HULHVRIWKH$PHULFDQ)RONORUH6RFLHW\YRO

Kfgh\uc Zg]ebckdbci_j_\h^9J]hjj0RUSKRORJ\RIWKH)RONWDOH6HFRQG

(GLWLRQ5HYLVHGDQG(GLWHGZLWKD3UHIDFHE\/RXLV$:DJQHU1HZ,QWURGXFWLRQ

E\$ODQ'XQGHV8QLYHUVLW\RI7H[DV3UHVV$XVWLQ/RQGRQ>@

9,-DJ]hjj0RUIRORJLDGHOODILDEDFRQXQLQWHUYHQWRGL&ODXGH

/HYL6WUDXVVHLQDUHSOLFDGHOODXWRUHDFXUDGL*LDQ/XLJL%UDYR1XRYD

ELEOLRWHFDVFLHQWLILFD(LQDXGL7RULQR

:J]hjj0RUIRORJLDEDMNL3DPLHWQLNOLWHUDFNLURF]QLN/.]HV]\W

:URRODZ:DUV]DZD.UDNRZkkhdjZs_gguc i_j_\h^Kl;Zev[mkZ

<YIjhiiBklhjbq_kdb_ dhjgb\her_[ghc kdZadbE

:G<_k_eh\kdbcBklhjbq_kdZy ihwlbdZih^ j_^<F@bjfmgkdh]h Bgklblml

ebl_jZlmju :GKKKJEI_j\h_ ba^Zgb_kf:G<_k_eh\kdbcKh[jZgb_

khqbg_gbck_jl\uiKI[

D6SLHVV'DVGHXWVFKH9RONVPDUFKHQ/HLS]LJ%HUOLQ)YRQGHU/H\HQ

'DV0DUFKHQ$XVJ/HLS]LJ

3F<hedh\KdZadZJhaukdZgby ihkx`_lhkeh`_gbx gZjh^ghckdZadbl

KdZadZ \_ebdhjmkkdZymdjZbgkdZy[_ehjmkkdZy=hkba^Zl MdjZbgu>H^_kkZ@

-%HGLHU/HVIDEOLDX[3DULV

:BGbdbnhjh\D \hijhkmh fhjnheh]bq_kdhfbamq_gbb gZjh^ghc

kdZadbK[hjgbd klZl_c\ q_klvZdZ^_fbdZ :BKh[he_\kdh]hEk



J_p_gaby >DA_e_gbgZ him[ebdh\ZgZ\ `mjgZe_6ODYLVFKH5XQGVFKDX

%HUOLQ/HLS]LJ3UDJ1Rk

<GI_j_lpGh\Z f_lh^Z\b\qZlb dZadb?lgh]jZnLqgbc \Lkgbd1RDb_\

k

$-ROOHV(LQIDFKH)RQQHQ+DOOH6DDOH$XVJ