Пропп В.Я. Исторические корни волшебной сказки

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.

kh\_jrZ_lky bf_ggh\h \j_fywlbo h[jy^h\>ey ihk\ylbl_evguoijZa^g_kl\ gZ^h

kqblZlv hkgh\ghcq_jlhc lhqlh ^_\mrdbij_\jZsZxlky \`_gsbg g_iml_f [jZdZbeb

iheh\h]h h[s_gbyZ bf_gghiml_f p_j_fhgbcihk\ys_gby 5HLIH]HUHPRQLHQdhlhju_

bf_xl p_evxhieh^hl\hj_gby `_gsbgu\lh\j_fy dZdh[s_gb_ bf_ehf_klh m`_

aZ^he]h ^hwlh]h?keb jh`^Z_lkyj_[_ghd ^hihk\ys_gbylh j_[_gdZm[b\Zxl

lZd dZdlZdhc j_[_ghdg_ kqblZ_lkyq_eh\_dhfl_ij_^iheZ]Zxlqlh hgg_

jh`^_g ij_^dZfbjh^Z

WlZ l_hjbyohly bg_^hklZlhqgh ih^dj_ie_ggZywlgh]jZnbq_kdbfb ^Zggufb\k_ `_

iha\hey_lohly [u]bihl_lbq_kdbh[tykgblv bf_xsmxky\ kdZad_kblmZpbxl_

hl\_lblv gZ\hijhkihq_fm \[jZqgmx ghqvki_j\Z kg_\_klhc eh`blkyihfhsgbdZ

ihlhf m`_kZf ]_jhcK\yaZggu_ kwlbf ij_^klZ\e_gbyih\b^bfhfmg_dh]^Z bf_eb

hq_gv ]em[hdb_dhjgb brbjhdh_ jZkijhkljZg_gb_Hgb hljZ`_gug_ lhevdh\ kdZad_

< Q_jgh]hjbb\ i_j\mxghqv ihke_\_gqZgby jy^hfk g_\_klhckibl ^jm`dZ

%UDXWIXKUHUydh[u ihohjhr_fm < ;hkgbbdZ`^uc fm`kdhc]hklv gZk\Z^v[_

bf__l h[udgh\_gb_ijb`bfZlv g_\_klmd kl_gd_kbf\hebq_kdb bah[jZ`Zywlbf

kmijm`_kdb_ h[tylby%XVFKDQ99,

?keb l_hjbyJ_clp_grl_cgZ \_jgZlh fh`ghij_^iheh`blvqlh ^\Zkh[ulbybf_ggh

jblmZevgZy ^_nehjZpby^h [jZdZijhba\h^bfZy [h`_kl\hfb [jZqgZyghqv k

fm`_fg_dh]^Z jZat

_^bg_ggu_ \h\j_f_gbiha^g__ [uebkh_^bg_gu \h^bg fhf_gl>_nehjZpby

kh\_jrZ_lky m`_g_ ^hk\Z^v[uZ ihke_k\Z^v[uL_f kZfufebphkh\_jrZ\r__ wlhl

Zdl^he`gh nb]mjbjh\ZlvkjZam ihke_[jZdZl_\ i_j\mxghqvQ_eh\_q_kdZy

[jZqgZy ghqvkebeZkv klhl_fbq_kdhc ^_nehjZpb_c>_nehjZpbx kh\_jrZ_le_kghc

^mol_\ kdZad_ihfhsgbd ]_jhybba_]h jmd]_jhc ihemqZ_lg_\_klm

< k\_l_l_hjbb J_clp_grl_cgZfh`gh bihobs_gb_ af__fpZj_\gu bklhedh\ZlvdZd

ihobs_gb_ __k p_evxlhl_fbq_kdhc ^_nehjZpbb?_ kh`bl_evkl\hkh af__fbeb

Dhs__fij_[u\Zgb_ af_y\ ihlZ_gghfqmeZg_ bl^\ k\_l_wlhc l_hjbbihemqZxl

g_dhlhjh_ \hafh`gh_jZaj_r_gb_M[bckl\h Dhs_ybeb af_y^he`gh [ulvk wlhclhqdb

aj_gby ijbagZgh[he__ iha^gbfb koh^gufk k`b]Zgb_fy]bGh\uc h[s_kl\_gguc

kljhcgh\u_ nhjfu[jZdZ aZklZ\eyxl\b^_lv \fZkd_kh\_jrZxs_c ^_nehjZpbx

\h\k_ g_[eZ]h^_l_eyZ gZkbevgbdZhg m[b\Z_lkyOZjZdl_jghqlh \l_o kemqZyo

dh]^Z dg_\_kl_ e_lZ_laf_c\ [jZqgmxghqv \kiZevghc ijhbkoh^bl[hc khaf__f

G_ kibpZj_\bqi_j\mx ghqvk `_ghcom^h [m^_lemqr_ imklbf_gy gZk\h_

f_klhpZj_\bq kh]eZkbekyGZklmibeZ iheghqv\^jm] aZrmf_eb\_lju 

ijbe_lZ_l ^\_gZ^pZlb]heh\ucaf_c;meZlfheh^_p gZqZek gbfkjZ`Zlvkykjm[be

\k_ ^\_gZ^pZlv]heh\ b\udbgme \hdgh:n\ZjLZdbf h[jZahfb a^_kvfu

\b^bf ^\hydmxebgbxK h^ghcklhjhgu^_nehjZpby ihfhsgbdhfkdZadhc \k_]^Zm`_

aZ\mZebjh\ZggZybkiulu\Z_lky dZd[eZ]hk ^jm]hcklhjhguk gZkbevgbdhf\_^ml

[hjv[m bmgbqlh`Zxl _]h

L_hjby J_clp_grl_cgZiha\hebeZ ^Zlv_fm [e_klys__jZaj_r_gb_ ijh[e_fuf_qZ f_`^m

kmijm]Zfb< jmkkdhckdZad_ wlh^h\hevgh j_^dbcfhlb\ HgaZ\gh \

fbjh\hf nhevdehj_fhlb\ wlhl^h\hevgh jZkijhkljZg_gJ_clp_grl_cg ihdZau\Z_l

dZd \[jZqgmx ghqvf_`^m kmijm]ZfbdeZehkv ^_j_\yggh_j_agh_ bah[jZ`_gb_

lhl_fgh]h oZjZdl_jZ>mo ij_^dZydh[u bkh\_jrZe aZqZlb_\lh\j_fydZd `_gbo

\ i_j\mxghqv hlkghr_gbc \ha^_j`b\Zeky<ihke_^kl\bb wlhlhieh^hl\hjyxsbc

bgkljmf_gl ij_\jZlbeky\ jZat_^bgyxsbcij_\jZlbeky \f_q f_`^mfm`qbghc b

`_gsbghcFh`_l [ulvwlh ^Z_l\hafh`ghklv gh\h]hlhedh\Zgby ijZdlbdmxs_]hky^h

kbo ihj\ha^_j`Zgby \i_j\mx ghqvDZ]Zjh\ lhedm_l_]hdZd ijb_f

Zihljhi_bq_kdbc DZ]Zjh\ <hafh`ghqlh lZdh_\ha^_j`Zgb_ \_^_lk\h_ gZqZeh

hl ij_^klZ\e_gbyqlh \wlm ghqv`_gsbgZ hieh^hl\hjy_lkylhl_fguf ij_^dhf

Hlkx^Z `_b^_l ijZ\hi_j\hc ghqbWlh ijZ\hhl fZ]bq_kdb[he__ kbevgh]h

\ihke_^kl\bb i_j_oh^bld khpbZevgh[he__ kbevghfmb klZgh\blkykj_^kl\hf

mamjiZpbb kmijm`_kdboijZ\

Gh \k_wlh g_h[tykgy_l _s_h^ghc ^_lZeb\ dZjlbg_[jZqghc ghqbg_ h[tykg_gh

_s_ bklyaZgb_g_\_klu

OZjZdl_jghqlh \l_o klZ^bZevghjZggbo kemqZyodh]^Z `_gsbgZij_^klZ\e_gZ k

am[Zfb \ijhf_`ghklbfu g_\klj_lbeb fhlb\Z__ bklyaZgbyWlb am[ukbf\he

h[jZagh_ \ujZ`_gb___ fh]ms_kl\Zij_\hkoh^kl\Z gZ^fm`qbghc<uju\Zgb_ am[h\b

bklyaZgb_ _klvy\e_gb_ h^gh]hihjy^dZwlbf `_gsbgZebrZ_lky kbeu

Hlgug_ pZj_\gZihdhjgZ bkemrZ_lky fm`Z< wlhf\k_ ^_ehKlZjh_ fh]ms_kl\h

`_gsbgu ^Z\ghkehfZgh ]hkih^kl\hffm`qbguGh _klv_s_ h^gZh[eZklv]^_ fm`qbgZ

\k_ _s_[hblky `_gsbgukbevghc b\eZklghc k\h_ckihkh[ghklvx ijhba\h^blv

ihlhfkl\h<eZklv `_gsbguhkgh\u\Z_lky bbklhjbq_kdb gZk_dkmZevghf gZqZe_Wlhc

k_dkmZevghklvx hgZb kbevgZb hiZkgZ<ujZ`_gh ebwlh h[jZahfam[h\beb

gZeh`_gb_f jmdbbeb m^mr_gb_fwlh g_lZd kms_kl\_gghKljZo [jZqghcghqb

_klv kljZoi_j_^ _s_g_ kehfe_gghc\eZklvx pZjv^_\bpuWlhc \eZklb__ ebrZxl

ebrZxl kbehcihk\ys_gbyq_j_a dhlhjh_ijhoh^bl lhevdhfm`qbgZHlgug_ `_gsbgZ

ihjZ[hs_gZhgZ mklmibeZfm`qbg_ \kx\eZklvhgZ hlklmibeZhl ihke_^g_c

pblZ^_eb]^_dZd iheZ]ZebhgZ _s_fh`_l ijhy\blvk\h_ lZbgkl\_ggh_

fh]ms_kl\hHlgug_ [_ajZa^_evgh\eZkl\m_l fm`qbgZ

Ij_^\Zjbl_evgu_ \u\h^u

Mihfygmlu_ a^_kvaZ^Zqb g_bkq_jiu\Zxl fZl_jbZeZA^_kv g_bkq_jiZlv aZ^Zq

bf_xsboky \j_i_jlmZj_ jmkkdhckdZadbJ_qv fh`_lb^lb lhevdhh lhfqlh[u

gZf_lblv dZl_]hjbbwlbo aZ^Zqqlh[u \kdjulvg_l eb\ i_kljhl_b jZaghh[jZabb

g_dhlhjh]h _^bgkl\Zg_dhlhjhc kbkl_fugZclb gZijZ\e_gb_\ dhlhjhffh`gh

ijhba\_klb bklhjbq_kdb_jZaukdZgby

Qlh `_ihemqbehkv"DZdb_ \u\h^ufh`gh k^_eZlvba jZkkfhlj_gbyaZ^Zq bl_o

mkeh\bc\ dhlhjuohgb aZ^Zxlky"

<hi_j\uohdZaZehkvqlh kZfu_jZaghh[jZagu_ aZ^Zqb^_ckl\bl_evgh g_

ij_^klZ\eyxl kh[hc]_l_jhghfgh]hjZaghjh^gh]h fZl_jbZeZHgb ihdZau\Zxll_kgmx

k\yav f_`^mkh[hcHgb ij_^klZ\eyxlkh[hc h^ghy\e_gb_H[s__ iheh`_gb_fh`gh

nhjfmebjh\Zlv lZdjZgvr_q_f ihemqblvjmdm pZj_\gu]_jhc ih^\_j]Z_lky

jZaebqguf bkiulZgbyfdhlhju_ hgfh`_l \uihegblvlhevdh lh]^Z_keb hgijhr_e

\_kv imlvdZghgbq_kdbc ^ey]_jhyl__keb hgbf__l \her_[gh]hihfhsgbdZ b

h[eZ^Z_l fZ]bq_kdbfbkj_^kl\Zfb bkbeZfbIh kh^_j`Zgbxk\h_fm aZ^Zqbijb \k_f

bo jZaghh[jZabblZd`_ h[gZjm`b\Zxlg_dhlhjh_ _^bgkl\h=_jhc \jZaebqguo nhjfZo

^hdZau\Z_lqlh hgbeb ih[u\Ze\ bghffbj_ aZ^Zqb gZihbkdbgZ hlijZ\dm\Z^b

l^beb h[eZ^Z_lijbjh^hc f_jl\_pZHg fh`_lk^_eZlvky g_\b^bfufbkiulZgb_

ijyldZfbhg fh`_lg_kdhgqZ_fh _klvg_ bf__lbg^b\b^mZevgh]h h[ebdZbl^

Ih[u\dZ \lhf fbj_\Z`gZ g_ijhklh dZdiml_r_kl\b_hgZ \Z`gZih k\hbf

j_amevlZlZfJ_

amevlZlu wlb^\hydb_K h^ghcklhjhguwlb j_amevlZluk\yaZgu kj_eb]b_c

jh^h\h]h kljhyk ^jm]hcklhjhgu k [jZqgufbbeb ij_^[jZqgufbh[uqZyfb=_jhc

g_ ijhklhcq_eh\_dJZaj_r_gb_f ljm^guoaZ^Zq hgihdZau\Z_lqlh hgmijZ\ey_l

khegp_f]jhfhfoheh^hf b`Zjhcqlh hgfh`_l kha^Zlvmjh`ZcWlh fbnbq_kdZy

ljZ^bpbyhljZ`ZxsZy jZkkdZah lhl_fguoij_^dZokha^Z\rbo bebmkljhb\rbo fbj

Wlhl ij_^hdijbg_k ex^yfi_j\u_ ieh^ua_fgu_gZmqbe ex^_c\k_f bkdmkkl\Zfb

mf_gvyfhg gZmqbebo ieykdZfmqj_^be q_eh\_q_kdb_h[uqZb^Ze bfbo khpbZevgh_

mkljhckl\hWlh ebgby fbnbq_kdh]hij_^Zgby

K ^jm]hc`_ klhjhguih^h[gu_ fbnuhljZ`Zxl bdhgdj_lgmx [ulh\mxbeb h[jy^h\mx

j_ZevghklvDZ`^uc jh^bf__l k\h_]hfZ]bq_kdh]h ihfhsgbdZk\hb Zfme_lub ieykdb

b jZkkdZauBkke_^h\Zl_ev \b^bl\ gbobo h[smxaZdhghf_jghklv>ey kh[kl\_ggbdZ

Zfme_lZ^ey h[mq_ggh]hba\_klguf ieykdZfwlb Zfme_luwlb ieykdbg_qlh

hlebqgh_ hlZfme_lh\ bebieykhd ^jm]bo:gZeba ljm^guoaZ^Zq g_hl^_ebfhl

ZgZebaZ ihfhsgbdZb \k_clhc h[klZgh\db\ dhlhjhchg ijbh[j_lZ_lkyM`_ \ur_\

ebp_ y]bfu \b^_ebl_sm ]_jhyfZlv bebl_ldm bebk_kljm _]h`_gu< wlhck\yab

hkh[mx \Z`ghklvijbh[j_lZ_l hibkZgb_k\Z^_[ghc p_j_fhgbbm d\Zdbmlek^_eZggh_

;hZkhf bijb\_^_ggh_ gZfb\ur_HdZau\Z_lkyqlh aZihk\ys_gb_ xghrbieZlbe g_

_]h hl_pZ hl_p_]h g_\_kluWlh hagZqZ_lqlh `_gboihk\ysZ_lky \lZcgu g_

k\h_]h jh^Zbeb ie_f_gbZ\lZcgu jh^Zk\h_c `_guQlh ihfhsgbdi_j_^Z\Zeky ih

gZke_^kl\mfu \b^_ebijb jZkkfhlj_gbby]bFZl_jbZeu ijb\h^yld lhfmqlh ]_jhc

ihemqZe ihfhsgbdZbeb Zfme_lki_pbnbq_kdbc ^eyjh^Z _]h`_gu bhlebqguc hl\k_o

^jm]bo Zfme_lh\ihfhsgbdh\?keb kdZadZihdZau\Z_lqlh ]_jhcbkiulu\Z_lky kh

klhjhgu \eZ^_gbybf ihfhsgbdhflh wlgh]jZnbq_kdb_fZl_jbZeu ihdZau\Zxlqlh

`_gbo bkiulu\Z_lky\ h\eZ^_gbblZcgZfbki_pbnbq_kdbfb ^eylh]h jh^h\h]h

h[t_^bg_gby\ dhlhjh_hg [m^_lijbgyl q_j_a[jZdHl_p g_\_kluieZlb\r_c aZ

ihk\ys_gb_bf_e ijZ\hgZ ij_^\Zjbl_evgh_bkiulZgb_ `_gbeZb i_j_^[jZdhf

jZau]ju\ZeZkv p_j_fhgbyfbfbq_kdb ih\lhjy\rZyihk\ys_gb_ijb dhlhjhc`_gbo

ihdZau\Zeqlh bfijhc^_g \_kviheZ]Zxsbcky bkdmk

,,,<hpZj_gb_ ]_jhy

Njwa_j hkf_l_ pZj_c

Ljm^gu_ aZ^Zqbij_^r_kl\mxl g_lhevdh [jZdmgh b\hpZj_gbx ]_jhyGb`_ fu

m\b^bfqlh \hpZj_gb_khijh\h`^Z_lky mf_js\e_gb_fklZjh]h pZjyF_`^m aZ^ZqZfb

mf_js\e_gb_f pZjyb \hpZj_gb_f]_jhy bf__lkydZdZylh k\yav

Ljm^gh ijhke_^blvdhgdj_lgh bklhjbq_kdb_dhjgb aZ^Zq\ hl^_evghklbGZh[hjhl

gZke_^h\Zgb_ \eZklbi_j_oh^ __hl h^gh]h

ebpZ d^jm]hfm_klv \iheg_bklhjbq_kdh_gbqmlv g_kdZahqgh_ y\e_gb_nhjfZ

wlh]h i_j_oh^ZgZ ijhly`_gbbbklhjbb f_gyeZkvH^gZ bawlbo nhjfbkke_^h\ZgZ

NjZa_jhf bknhjfmebjh\ZgZ bfke_^mxsbf h[jZahfm g_dhlhjuoZjbckdbo gZjh^h\gZ

hij_^_e_gghc klZ^bbh[s_kl\_ggh]h jZa\blbyih\b^bfhfm[ueh h[uqgufy\e_gb_f

\b^_lv ijh^he`Zl_e_cpZjkdh]h jh^Zg_ \fm`qbgZoZ\`_gsbgZo b\ dZ`^hf

ihke_^mxs_f ihdhe_gbbhl^Z\Zlv pZjkl\hfm`qbg_ ba^jm]hc k_fvbg_j_^dh ba

^jm]hc kljZgu< gZjh^guokdZadZo wlbogZjh^h\ \Zjvbjm_lkykx`_l hq_eh\_d_

ijbr_^r_f \qm`mx kljZgmdhlhjuc aZ\h_\u\Z_ljmdm pZjkdhc^hq_jbZkg_c

iheh\bgm beb\k_ pZjkl\hG_ bkdexq_ghqlh wlhhl]hehkhd j_Zevgh

kms_kl\h\Z\r_]h h[uqZyNjwa_j Ij_^iheh`_gb_ Njwa_jZg_ lhevdh

ih^l\_j`^Z_lky ZgZebahfkdZadb hgh fh`_l[ulv jZkijhkljZg_gh]hjZa^h rbj_

q_f wlhagZ_l Njwa_jki_pbZevgh g_bamqZ\rbc kdZadmDZd ihdZaZekZf Njwa_j

klZjuc pZjvh[uqgh m[b\Zekygh\ufBf_ggh lZdh_iheh`_gb_ khojZgbeZb kdZadZ>h

kbo ihj\iheg_ fh`ghkh]eZkblvky kNjwa_jhfNjwa_j ^Z`_klZ\bl y\e_gb_

gZke_^h\Zgby ih`_gkdhc ebgbbq_j_a ^hqvpZjy\ k\yavkh klZ^bZevghklvx

h[s_kl\_ggh]h jZa\blbyGh Njwa_jmq_guc [mj`mZagucb ^Z`_lZf]^_

gZsmiu\Z_lky ijZ\bevgucimlvNjwa_j \k_`_ g_fh`_l \uclbaZ jZfdbfure_gby b

m[_`^_gbc k\h_]hdeZkkZ

L_hjby kf_gupZj_c e_`bl\ hkgh\_ahehlhc \_l\bGh Njwa_jkZf lh]h

\_jhylghg_ aZf_qZy\k_ k\h_\gbfZgb_ m^_ebekf_gy_fhfm pZjx=_jhc

k\_j]gm\rbc klZjh]hpZjyhklZeky \g_ihey aj_gbyZ\lhjZb wlhh[klhyl_evkl\h

hdZaZehkv jhdh\uf^ey \k_]hihkljh_gby>ey Njwa_jZhg dZdhcgb[m^v khi_jgbd

ex[hc kbevgucq_eh\_dbl^Njwa_j ,,,<hafh`ghqlh

kdZadZ a^_kvemqr_ khojZgbeZg_dh]^Z [u\r__iheh`_gb_b qlhg_ ex[hc kbevguc

q_eh\_dfh] klZlvpZj_fNjwa_j fZeh]h\hjbl lZd`_h j_]eZf_glZpbbwlhc kf_gu

Dhg_qghg_ ex[hcq_eh\_d \ex[hc fhf_glfh] ijbclbm[blv pZjyb aZgylv_]h

f_klh?^bgkl\_ggZy ghjfZdhlhjhc hgdZkZ_lkywlh i_jbh^bqghklv wlhckf_gu

PZjb kf_gyebkvq_j_a e_l?klv b^jm]b_ kjhdbPZjv fh]kf_gylvky

lZd`_dh]^Z hgaZ[he_\ZeIjbqbgZ gZkbevkl\_gghcaZf_gu klZjh]hpZjy gh\uf

djh_lky \lhfqlh pZjvdhlhjuc [ueh^gh\j_f_ggh `j_phffZ]hfhl dhlhjh]h

aZ\bk_eh [eZ]hihemqb_ihe_c bklZ^ijb gZklmie_gbbklZjhklb bebg_aZ^he]h ^h

g__dZd iheZ]ZebgZqbgZe l_jylvk\hx fZ]bq_kdmxihl_gpbxqlh ]jhabeh

[_^kl\b_f \k_fmgZjh^mIhwlhfm hgaZf_gyeky [he__kbevguf ij__fgbdhf

GZf dZ`_lkyqlh nhevdehjgucfZl_jbZe ^Z_lijZ\h gZml\_j`^_gb_qlh wlhl

ij__fgbd ^he`_g[ue ^Zlv^hdZaZl_evkl\h k\h_cfZ]bq_kdhc kbeub qlha^_kv lZd`_

djhxlky dhjgbljm^guo AZ^Zq

Ij_klhehgZke_^b_ \kdZad_

DZdh_ pZjkl\hgZke_^m_l pZj_\bq"Hg ihqlbgbdh]^Z g_gZke_^m_l pZjkl\Zk\h_]h

hlpZHg ijboh^bl\ qm`mxa_fex`_gblky lZfgZ pZj_\g_j_rb\ ljm^gu_aZ^Zqbb

hklZ_lky lZfpZjkl\h\Zlv?keb wlhjZkkdZau\Z_lky \kljZgZo]^_ \eZklvba^Z\gZ

i_j_oh^beZ hlhlpZ dkugmZg_hl l_klyd aylxlh wlhagZqblqlh kdZadZ

khojZgbeZ a^_kv[he__ ^j_\g__iheh`_gb_Ghdhg_qghgZk g_^he`gh m^b\eylv

qlh iheh`_gb_kms_kl\h\Z\r__ \_\jhi_ckdbo fhgZjobyolZd`_ ^he`gh[ueh

hljZablvky \kdZad_>h[u\ pZj_\gm]_jhc bgh]^Z\ha\jZsZ_lky ^hfhcb i_j_gbfZ_l

pZjkl\h hlk\h_]h hlpZWlh ^Zgv [he__iha^gbf nhjfZfij_klhehgZke_^by

Bklhjby \hpZj_gby]_jhy bgh]^ZgZqbgZ_lky ki_j\uo keh\kdZadbPZjv h[ty\ey_l

\k_gZjh^guc debqqlh hghl^Zkl k\hx^hqv bihepZjkl\Z lhfmdlh j_rbllm beb

bgmx aZ^ZqmKdZadZ gbdh]^Zg_ ]h\hjblh lhfqlh aZklZ\ey_lpZjy lZdihklmiZlv

Ba njwa_jh\kdbofZl_jbZeh\ \b^ghqlh kf_gZpZj_c gZklmiZeZi_jbh^bq_kdbFh`gh

ij_^iheh`blvqlh bkdZahqghfm pZjxijhklh gZklZekjhdLh]^Z debq\jh^_ IjbreZ

hl pZjy[mfZ]Z

dlh khkljhbllZdhc dhjZ[evqlh[u fh]e_lZlvaZ lh]h\u^Zkl aZfm`pZj_\gmbl

iij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hcfhf_gl hlj_q_gbyhl ij_klheZFu \b^bflZdbf h[jZahfqlh

fhf_gl hlj_q_gbyhl ij_klheZk\yaZg kaZ^Z\Zgb_f aZ^ZqbBa njwa_jh\kdbo

fZl_jbZeh\ \b^ghqlh h^ghcba ijbqbggba\_j`_gby pZjy[ueZ _]hgZqbgZxsZyky

fZ]bq_kdZy bfihl_gpbybgh]^Z k\yaZggZyk gZqZehfiZ^_gby iheh\hcihl_gpbb

JmkkdZy kdZadZwlh]h g_khojZgbeZ>ey g__pZjv lhevdh mijZ\bl_evgZjh^Zgh

g_ mijZ\bl_evijbjh^uGh _klv^he]Zgkdbc fbn]^_ wlhiheh`_gb_ \ukdZaZgh

kh\_jr_ggh ykghA^_kv pZjvkb^bl \l_fghl_khegpZ g_agZeemgu lh`_g_ agZe

kf]e,,Hg kha^Z_l[eZ]hihemqb_ ex^_c>_lb jh`^Zlvkyg_ ij_djZsZeb

ex^bmfbjZyg_ dhgqZebkvGh \hlm g_]hjh`^Z_lky ^hqvb ^hklb]Z_l[jZqgh]h

\hajZklZ>bqv i_j_e_lZlvi_j_klZeZju[Z ijhiZ^Zlvmf_gvrZlvky klZeZLjZ\Z

`_ bojZklb i_j_klZeZbl^Qlh wlhagZqbl"Hq_\b^gh[jZqguc \hajZkl^_l_c

kha^Zgb_ gh\h]hihdhe_gby ihdZau\Z_lqlh klZjhfmihdhe_gbx ihjZmclbmklmiblv

f_klh gh\hfmPZjv m`_g_ \khklhygbb mijZ\eylvijbjh^hc< ^Zevg_cr_fwlh]h

pZjy mij_dZxlqlh ih _]h]j_oZf kdjuehkvkhegp_Wlhl pZjvaZ^Z_l ljm^gmx

aZ^Zqmijhj\Zlv g_[hb ih\_jgmlvkhegp_Kh\_jrb\r_fm wlhhg h[_sZ_lk\hx ^hqv

b ihepZjkl\Z>he]Zgkdbc nhevdehjA^_kv i_j\hgZqZevgZyijbqbgZ hlkljZg_gby

pZjymklZgh\e_ggZy Njwa_jhfdZd bklhjbq_kdh_y\e_gb_Z bf_gghihl_jy

fZ]bq_kdhc kbeukhojZg_gZ hq_gvykghLjm^gZy aZ^ZqZ`_gblv[Z b^hklb`_gb_

\eZklb khklZ\eyxlg_jZaju\guc dhfie_dkWlhl kemqZcihdZau\Z_l khkh[hc

ykghklvxqlh gZebqb_\ajhkehc ^hq_jbb ihy\e_gb_`_gboZ

ij_^klZ\eyxl kh[hc^ey klZjh]hpZjy kf_jl_evgmxhiZkghklvL_klv baylv a^_kv

bkdhggu_ \jZ]b?keb \eZklvi_j_^Z\ZeZkv q_j_aaylylh pZjv^he`_g [ueh[eZ^Zlv

\ajhkehc ^hq_jvx

\klmie_gb_ __\ [jZqguc\hajZklihy\e_gb_ mg__ `_gboZb _klvfhf_gl hl^Zqb

pZjkl\Z \f_kl_k ^hq_jvx

Fu ihgbfZ_fl_i_jvihq_fm aZ^Zqbghkyl ^\hckl\_ggucoZjZdl_jHgb ^he`gu

ijb\e_qv `_gboZihlhfm qlhwlh]h lj_[m_lh[s_kl\_ggh_ fg_gb_gh hgb`_ ^he`gu

hlim]gmlv `_gboZihlhfm qlhbkiheg_gb_ boih\e_q_l aZkh[hc kf_jlvklZjh]h

pZjyIheh`_gb_ pZj_\gulZd`_ ^\hckl\_ggh_DZd ^hqvhgZ [m^_lg_gZ\b^_lv

`_gboZdhlhjuc ijbg_k_lkf_jlv __hlpmDZd i_j_^ZlqbpZij_klheZhgZ ^he`gZ

\uihegblv k\hc]jZ`^Zgkdbc ^he]b b^lb\f_kl_ k`_gbohf ijhlb\hlpZHgZ beb

klj_fblky m[blv`_gboZ bebhgZ klj_fblkym[blv hlpZBlhb ^jm]h_hgZ \jZaguo

kdZadZo kh[kl\_gghjmqgh\uihegy_l

Ijb\_^_gguc kemqZcba ^he]Zgkdh]hnhevdehjZ g_ _^bgkl\_ggucgh hq_gviheguc

b ykgucKe_^u fZ]bq_kdh]hij_\hkoh^kl\Z xghrbgZ^ klZjbdhf_klv b\ jmkkdhc

kdZad_Hg lZdhcobljuchl^Z^bf ^hqvaZ g_]hOm^Wlh [_kkbeb_pZjy fu

m\b^bf _s_gb`_dh]^Z jZkkfhljbfaZ^Zqm bkdmiZlvky\ fhehd_

KlZjhklv

LZdh_ [_kkbeb__klv j_amevlZlklZjhklbBf_ggh \hajZkl[he_agvg_fhsb kem`beb

klbfmehf ^eyaZf_gu pZjyLZdbo kemqZ_\m Njwa_jZijb\_^_gh ^h\hevghfgh]h

\ ]hjh^_=Zljb ijZ\blf_klguc pZj_ddhlhjh]h \ebyl_evgu_ebpZ m[bjZxl

ke_^mxsbf h[jZahfDh]^Z bfdZ`_lkyqlh pZj_dm`_ ^hklZlhqgh^he]h ijhkb^_egZ

ljhg_hgb h[ty\eyxlqlh ijZ\bl_ev [he_gKfuke wlhcnhjfmeu [ueba\_kl_g

\k_fpZjvdZ kh[bjZxlkym[blvNjwa_j WlZ klZjhklv\ kdZad_nb]mjbjm_l

dZd \gZqZe_ __lZd b\ dhgp_H^bg pZjvhq_gv mklZj_eb ]eZaZfbh[gbsZehg

gZijbf_johq_l klZlvgZ e_l fheh`_ihkueZ_l kugh\_cjZaukdZlv k\hx

fheh^hklvhg klZe klZjblvkybij:nLZdh\h gZqZehkdZadbDhg_p 

\hpZj_gb_ ]_jhyQZs_ klZjhklvdZd ijbqbgZkf_gu \eZklbnb]mjbjm_l \dhgp_

Gm<Zgyy klZeklZjhl \k_]hl_i_jy hldZau\Zxkv<hl l_[_\k_ pZjkl\hlu

ohq_rvlZd ohjhrh`b\bpZjby \k_l_[_ a^Z\ZxGbdbnhjh\ DZd

pZjv m`_[ue \ij_klZj_euo e_lZolh b\haeh`be \_g_pk\hc gZ]heh\m B\ZgZ

dj_klvygkdh]h kugZ:n

AZf_lbfqlh \h\k_o wlbokemqZyo \eZklvi_j_^Z_lky g_ex[hfm kbevghfm

q_eh\_dmZ aylxjZaj_rb\r_fm ljm^gmx aZ^Zqmb l_f^hdZaZ\r_fm k\hxkbem

HjZdmeu

GZjy^m kbkl_q_gb_f kjhdZk gZklmie_gb_fklZjhklb biZ^_gb_f kbeupZjy _klv_s_

h^gZ ijbqbgZ\uau\ZxsZy bgh]^ZaZf_gm klZjh]hpZjy gh\ufWlZ ijbqbgZ

hjZdmeuQlh hjZdmeua^_kv y\e_gb_\lhjbqgh_wlh kh\_jr_gghhq_\b^gh<hey

ex^_c \ujZ`_gZmklZfb [h]h\\eh`_gZ \bo mklZWnbhi

kdbo pZj_c\ F_jhwihqblZeb aZ[hlh\h^gZdhdh]^Z `j_puwlh]h ohl_ebhgb

hlijZ\eyeb dpZjx ihkeZb ih\_e_\Zeb_fm mf_j_lvkkueZykv ijbwlhf gZZjZdmeZ

beb ij_^kdZaZgb_ihemq_ggh_ hl[h]h\Nj_a_j ,,Nhjfmebjh\dZ

dh]^Z `j_puwlh]h ohl_eb\uau\Z_l g_dhlhjh_g_^hmf_gb_Hgbhq_\b^gh

ihq_fmgb[m^v ^he`gu[ueb wlh]hohl_lv\_jhylghhiylvlZdb ihlhfmqlh

bkl_dZe kjhdbeb pZjvg_ m^h\e_l\hjyeFu g_fh`_f a^_kv\oh^blv ihkms_kl\m \

bamq_gb_ hjZdmeh\b lhch]jhfghc jhebdhlhjmx hgbb]jZxl \j_eb]bb b\ fbnZo

Fu fh`_fdhkgmlvky a^_kvlhevdh h^ghcklhjhgu wlh]hy\e_gby

KdZadZdZd bbklhjbq_kdZy ^_ckl\bl_evghklvagZ_l ^\Zkihkh[Z i_j_^Zqb

ij_klheZI_j\uc hl pZjyd aylxq_j_a _]h^hqvI_j_^ZlqbpZ ij_klheZ

pZj_\gZWlh dhgnebdlgZy kblmZpby\_^msZy dm[bckl\m \eZ^_l_eyij_klheZ b

`_gblv[_ gZ_]h ^hq_jbi_j_^Zlqbp_ ij_klheZ<lhjhc kihkh[ij_klhe

i_j_^Z_lky hlhlpZ dkugm [_a\kydh]h dhgnebdlZI_j\Zy nhjfZ_klv jZggyy

\lhjZy [he__ iha^gyyK ihy\e_gb_f\lhjhc nhjfudhgnebdl bkq_aZ_lba

^_ckl\bl_evghklbgh g_bkq_aZ_l bafbnZg_ bkq_aZ_lba khagZgbyex^_c

b^_heh]by g_\k_]^Z kjZamj_]bkljbjm_l ijhbkr_^rb_baf_g_gby?keb klZjuc

dhgnebdl i_j_g_klbgZ gh\u_hlghr_gbylh ihemqZ_lkykemqZcdhlhjuc bf__lky\

W^bi_b lZd`_khojZg_g kdZadhcGZke_^gbd g_aylvZ kugIjb khojZg_gbb

dhgnebdlZ bi_j_ghkZ _]hgZ gh\u_hlghr_gby hggZke_^gbdm[b\Z_l \eZ^_l_ey

ij_klheZkug m[b\Z_lhlpZ>Ze__ijb klZjhfihjy^d_ i_j_^Zlqbp_cij_klheZ

y\ey_lky ^hqvpZjyijb gh\hfijb [_a^_lghklbpZjybeb ba[bjZ_lkygh\uc pZjv

beb i_j_^Zlqbp_c[m^_l \^h\ZpZjyKhojZgyy `_gblv[mgZ i_j_^Zlqbp_ij_klheZ b

i_j_ghky __gZ gh\u_mkeh\byfbn kha^Z_lkx`_l `_gblv[ugZ \^h\_pZjy fZl_jb

gZke_^gbdZKug `_gblkygZ fZl_jbGh lZddZd lZdhckemqZc ijhlb\hj_qbl

h[s_kl\_gghc fhjZeb\\h^blky g_\hevghklvwlh]h ihklmidZKhojZgy_lky bklZjuc

ihjy^hdih dhlhjhfmgZke_^gbd _klvijbr_e_pQlh[u khojZgblv_]h ijbr_evp_f

_]h gZ^hjZaemqblv khlphfLmllh b\klmiZ_l \kbem hjZdmeA^_kv dklZlb

g_h[oh^bfh mdZaZlvqlh khojZgy_lkyb ljm^gZyaZ^ZqZW^bi jZaj_rZ_laZ]Z^dm

knbgdkZGh ba^_fhgkljZpbb fZ]bq_kdhckbeu wlZaZ^ZqZ ij_\jZlbeZkv\

hk\h[h`^_gb_ gZjh^Zhl [_^kl\byWlbfZg_fZ]bq_kdhc kbehchij_^_ey_lky ijZ\h

gZ ij_klheIjb i_j_oh^_\eZklb hll_kly daylx ]b[_evklZjh]h pZjy[ueZ

ij_^mklZgh\e_gguf y\e_gb_fbg_lj_[h\ZeZ gbdZdbohjZdmeh\Gh ijbi_j_oh^_ hl

hlpZ dkugm ]b[_evpZjy hlpZhl gZke_^gbdZkugZklZgh\blky q_flh

g__kl_kl\_gguf bebg_q_klb\ufHgZ ^hihegbl_evghfhlb\bjm_lky \he_c[h]h\ baehc

km^v[hcWlh \b^ghb ihlhfmqlh wlbhjZdmeu qZs_^Zxlky hie_fyggbdZo b

kugh\vyoq_f haylvyo>_^m I_jk_y[ueh ij_^kdZaZgh

qlh hgihl_jy_l ij_klhehl jmdb\gmdZEZcx qlh hgih]b[g_l hlkugZI_ebx 

qlh hghl^Zkl pZjkl\h]_jhx kh^ghc kZg^Zeb_c< wlhf]_jh_ hgmagZ_l k\h_]h

ie_fyggbdZl_ij_^klZ\bl_ey k\h_]hjh^Z

Wlb [he__iha^gb_ kemqZbkeZ[h hljZ`_gukdZadhcKdZadZ khojZgy_l[he__

ZjoZbq_kdh_ iheh`_gb_]_jhc m[b\Z_lk\h_]h l_kly`_gblky bi_j_gbfZ_l pZjkl\h

[_a \kydh]hhjZdmeZLhevdh lZf]^_ m[b\Z_lkybeb mgb`Z_lkyhl_pbf__lky wlhl

hjZdme?keb `_ijhjhq_kl\h dZkZ_lkyg_ hlpZkugZZ aylyl_klylh kdZadZ

kh^_j`bl q_jluiha^g_]h ijhbkoh`^_gbyLZdh\Z kdZadZh FZjd_;h]ZlhfHgZ ghkbl

oZjZdl_j g_klhevdh kdZadbkdhevdh e_]_g^u< h^ghcba \_jkbcwlhc kdZadb

]h\hjblkyHg aZf_klblohaybgZ \wlhf bf_gbbKfgh ^eynhevdehjbklZ

wlh hagZqZ_lhg aZf_klblpZjy \wlhf pZjkl\_< g_f_pdhfnhevdehj_ wlZkdZadZ

jZkkdZau\Z_lky g_h dmip_ZhpZj_@beZ jZa[_^gZy `_gsbgZb hgZjh^beZ

kugZ: lZddZd hgjh^beky \jm[Zr_qd_lh _fmij_^kdZaZebqlh hggZ f ]h^m

`_gblky gZ^hq_jb dhjhey=jbff Dhjhev \kyq_kdbiulZ_lky ba\_klb]_jhy

Wlb kemqZbbeexkljbjmxl gZ[ex^_gb_qlh ]b[_evpZjy hlaZf_klbl_ey ba\_klgZ

aZjZg__b qlh\ kdZad_dZd \bklhjbq_kdhc ^_ckl\bl_evghklbwlh iheh`_gb_

\ujZ`Zehkv mklZfbhjZdmeh\ijbq_f hjZdmeihy\beky lh]^Zdh]^Z g_h[oh^bfhklv

lZdhc nhjfuaZf_gu pZjy\ khagZgbbex^_c m`_klZeZ dhe_[Zlvky

Mf_js\e_gb_ pZjy\ kdZad_

H^gZdh ^_ckl\bl_evgheb klZjucpZjv \kdZad_ ih]b[Z_lb mklmiZ_lk\h_ pZjkl\h

aylx"GZ i_j\uc\a]ey^ dZ`_lkyqlh wlhg_ kh\k_flZdDhgnebdl meZ`b\Z_lky

fbjghPZjv hl^Z_laylx ihepZjkl\Zb h[Zijh^he`Zxl pZjkl\h\ZlvgbdZdh]h

m[bckl\Z a^_kvg_lBeb`_gb\rbkv gZ^hq_jb pZjy]_jhc fbjgh`^_l kf_jlbl_kly

b \klmiZ_lgZ ij_klhelhevdh ihke_kf_jlb pZjyBeb hgijh^he`Z_l `blvijb pZj_

k\h_]h jh^Zijb`b\Zevsbdhf?klv b^jm]b_ \b^uh[oh^Z bkfy]q_gby wlh]h

dhgnebdlZGh \k_wlb kemqZbg_ fh]mlkdjulv hlgZk bkdhggh]hiheh`_gby \_s_c

<hi_j\uo]_jhc ihemqZ_l\k_ pZjkl\h\h\lhjuoklZjuc pZjvijb wlhf

mf_js\ey_lky

Qlh ]_jhcihemqZ_l \k_pZjkl\hZg_iheh\bgm wlhl kemqZc\ kdZad_\_kvfZ

h[uq_ggZebqb_ _]hg_ gm`^Z_lkygb \dZdbo ^hdZaZl_evkl\Zo<hl g_kdhevdh

kemqZ_\B hl^ZeaZ B\ZgZ^mjZpdZ k\hx^hqvb hl^Ze_fm \k_pZjkl\h k\h_Kf

: _fmhl^Ze \k_pZjkl\h k\h_Om^Olh _]h^hklZg_l^Zd lhfmb \k_

]hkm^Zjkl\h hl^Zkl< Hl^Ze _fm\k_ pZjkl\h:nbl^Wlb

kemqZb khojZgyxlbkdhggmx bbklhjbq_kdb aZk\b^_l_evkl\h\Zggmxnhjfmlh]^Z dZd

ihepZjkl\Z_klv [he__iha^gyy kdZahqgZyaZf_gZ

Lh `_fh`gh kdZaZlvhlghkbl_evgh mf_js\e_gbypZjyKdZadZ

iulZ_lky kdjulvwlh h[klhyl_evkl\hbeb kfy]qblv_]hgh wlhg_ \iheg_m^Z_lky

DZd \kdZad_ m[b\Z_lkypZjv"PZjv bgh]^Zm[b\Z_lky ijbihfhsb ^h[uluo\her_[guo

ij_^f_lh\FZ]bq_kdh_ hjm`b_]_jhy a^_kvkem`bl ijbqbghckf_jlb pZjy>ey wlh]h

fh]ml kem`blv^Z`_ ]mkebkZfh]m^u>mjZd aZeh`bek\hb mrbp\_ldhfijbr_e d

dhjhex baZklZ\be b]jZlv]mkebkZfh]m^uLhevdh aZb]jZeb]mkebdZd bkZf dhjhev

b _]h[hyj_ bkljZ`Z ijb^\hjgZy\k_ aZkgmeb^mjZd kgyekh kl_gu[meZlguc f_q

b m[bedhjhey:n\ZjWc^m[bgdZ[_cdhehlb>m[bgdZ [jhkbeZkv

jZa^jm]hc m^ZjbeZb m[beZaeh]h dhjhey^h kf_jlb: ^mjZdk^_eZeky dhjhe_fb

pZjkl\h\Ze ^he]hb fbehklb\hQlh dhjheva^_kv \u\_^_gaeuf wlh g_

f_gy_l ^_eZ< \ZjbZgl_wlhc kdZadb\^jm] ihy\ey_lky<hedkZfh]ehl bih`bjZ_l

pZjyWlhl \hedihfhsgbd ]_jhynmgdpbhgZevguc wd\b\Ze_gl\her_[guo

ij_^f_lh\^m[bgdb^m^hqdb bl^>mjZd k^_eZekypZj_f b`be \f_kl_kh k\h_c

ij_djZkghc pZjbp_cb \hedhf^he]h bkqZkleb\hHkh[_ggh bgl_j_kguckemqZc fu

bf__f \kdZad_ 1Rm :nZgZkv_\ZA^_kv klZjucpZjv ]b[g_lhl g_ijbyl_evkdhc

ZjfbbDhjhev \b^blqlh _]hZjfby [_`bl[jhkbeky [uehkZf \hckdh

hklZgZ\eb\Zlv^Z dm^ZG_ ijhrehb iheqZkZdZd _]hkZfh]h m[bebDh]^Z

dhgqbehkv kjZ`_gb_kh[jZeky gZjh^b gZqZeklj_evpZ ijhkblvqlh[u \aye\ k\hb

jmdb \k_]hkm^Zjkl\hHg gZlh kh]eZkbekyb k^_eZekydhjhe_fZ `_gZ_]h

dhjhe_\hxKemqZc wlhlbgl_j_k_g l_fqlh mf_js\e_gb_pZjy iml_fij_^Zgby _]h

g_ijbyl_ex ^_ckl\bl_evgh\klj_qZ_lkyWlh h^gZ banhjf mf_js\e_gbypZjy

LZdZy nhjfZy\beZkv iha^ghb m`_ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hci_j_oh^ dh\kydh]h jh^Z

dhfijhfbkkZfLZdhc h[uqZcijZdlbdh\Zeky \P_gljZevghc :g]he_]^_ pZjvghkbl

lblme FZlbZf\hIhjlm]ZevkdZy wdki_^bpbymagZeZ ke_^mxs__GZrb FZlbZf\h

h[uqgh eb[hih]b[Zeb gZ\hcg_eb[h mfbjZebgZkbevkl\_gghc kf_jlvxGug_rg_fm

FZlbZf\h ij_^klhblmf_j_lv hljmdb iZeZqZb[h hgm`_ \uijhkbek_[_ ^hklZlhqgh

^he]mx `bagvIhke_ \ug_k_gbyFZlbZf\h kf_jlgh]hijb]h\hjZfu h[uqghijb]eZrZ_f

_]h ijbgylvmqZklb_ \\hcg_ k\jZ]ZfbbihlZdhfm kemqZxkhijh\h`^Z_f \f_kl_k

k_fv_c gZ\hcgm?keb hghklZ_lky p_eb g_\j_^bffu \gh\v\klmiZ_f \\hcgm b

kjZ`Z_fky ljbbeb q_luj_^gy ih^jy^Ihke_ wlh]hfu g_h`b^ZgghhklZ\ey_f

FZlbZf\h kk_fv_c gZijhba\he km^v[uPZjv \wlbo kemqZyodhgqZ_l kkh[hc

\f_kl_ kk_fv_c?keb a^_kvb g_lijyfhc aZ\bkbfhklbf_`^m kdZadhcb

^_ckl\bl_evghklvxlh wlhlkemqZc ihdZau\Z_ldZd h[uqZcbeb fhlb\\klmib\rbc

\ ijhlb\hj_qb_k gZjh`^Zxsbfkygh\uf y\e_gb_f\b^hbaf_gy_lky kh\_jr_ggh

h^bgZdh\hB kdZadZb bklhjbyaZklZ\eyxl ih]b[gmlvpZjy gZ\hcg_ijbq_f lZdZy

nhjfZ b^_lgZ kf_gmg_dh]^Z bf_\r_]hky`_klhdh]h m[bc

kl\Z iml_fm^mr_gby bl^

Gh lZdb_kfy]q_ggu_ dhfijhfbkkgu_nhjfu g_h[yaZl_evguFh`gh gZclbkemqZb

dh]^Z klZjucpZjv m[b\Z_lkyg_ihkj_^kl\_gghHl_p ]h\hjblGmkjm[Zc fg_

]heh\m l_i_j_Hl\_qZ_l khe^ZlbdG_ fh]my l_[_]heh\m kjm[blvPZjkdZy ^hqv

[_j_l rZrdmb ]h\hjblPZjkdh keh\hgbdh]^Z g_f_gy_lkyKjm[beZ _fm]heh\m

< <hl hgZ\ayeZ kh[exb kjm[beZ]heh\m kZfhfmpyjx b\ayeZ wlh\h

iZklmrdZ aZmrdZ bihp_eh\ZeZ _\h\ mklZImklv lufhc fm`Zyl\hy `hgZKf

b^j

Eh`guc ]_jhc

LZdbf h[jZahffu \b^bfqlh ]b[_evklZjh]h pZjy\h\k_ g_ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc

bkdexq_gbyH^gZdh wlhlkemqZc \k_`_ ijhlb\hj_qblmklZgh\b\r_fmky gZke_^h\Zgbx

hl hlpZd kugmb wlbffh`gh h[tykgblvihiuldbh[oh^Z wlhc]b[_ebK ^jm]hc

klhjhgukdZadZ agZ_l_s_ h^bgijb_f h[hclbwlm kblmZpbxg_ khhl\_lkl\mxsmx

bklhjbq_kdb mklZgh\b\r_cky^_ckl\bl_evghklb \j_f_gbkZfh]h kdZahqgbdZG_aZ^he]h

^h \hpZj_gby]_jhyd kZfhfmdhgpm kdZadb\\h^blky gh\ucb g_h`b^Zgguc

i_jkhgZ`wlh dZdhcgb[m^v ]_g_jZebeb \h^h\hadhlhjuc \h\j_fy [hykh af__f

kb^bl aZdmklhfZ ihlhf\kx ih[_^mijbibku\Z_l k_[_Gb bklhjbq_kdZy

^_ckl\bl_evghklvgb h[eZklvh[jy^h\\_jh\Zgbc bfbnh\ g_^Zxl wlh]hh[jZaZFu

^he`gu _]hkqblZlv qbklhkdZahqguf h[jZahf\hagbdrbf gZihq\_ kZfhckdZadbGZf

dZ`_lkyqlh wlhlh[jZa _klvk\h_]h jh^Zdha_e hlims_gbyb qlhhg kha^Zeky

\hh[s_ ihl_f `_ijbgpbiZfih dZdbfkha^Zxlky ih^h[gu_aZf_klbl_evgu_ i_jkhgZ`b

b\h[eZklb h[jy^h\b\h[eZklb nhevdehjZ?]h nmgdpby\aylv gZk_[y ]b[_ev

gZdZaZgb_m[bckl\hdhlhju_ i_j\hgZqZevghgZagZqZebkv kZfhfmpZjxDhfie_dk

\hpZj_gby[jZdZ bqv_clh ]b[_ebmf_js\e_gby dh]hlha^_kv khojZgy_lkyk

i_j_g_k_gb_f mf_js\e_gbyk h^gh]hi_jkhgZ`Z gZ^jm]hc\\_^_gguc DGKRF

<_j_\hqguc fhkl

=b[_ev klZjh]hpZjy bgh]^Zijhbkoh^bl bbgZq_

?fm ij_^eZ]Zxli_j_clb ih\_j_\d_ beb`_j^hqd_ q_j_ayfmHg k\Zeb\Z_lkyWlhl

kemqZc h[uqghk\yaZg kl_fqlh ]_jhcijb\habl djZkZ\bpmPZjv ohq_lgZ g_c

`_gblvkygh ]_jhcg_ kh]eZk_gHg ]h\hjblM f_gyijb]hlh\e_gZ yfZ]em[hdZy

q_j_a yfme_`bl `_j^hqdZdlh ih`_j^hqd_ ijhc^_llhl aZk_[y bpZjbpm \havf_l

EZ^gh<ZgxrZKlmiZc lugZi_j_^=_jhc ijhoh^blih `_j^hqd_

[eZ]hihemqghZ klZjucpZjv k\Zeb\Z_lky\ yfm:nA^_kv g_h[oh^bfh

jZkkfhlj_lv fhlb\lhgdh]h fhklZdZd lZdh\hcb _]hijbf_g_gb_ \^Zgghf kemqZ_

Ijhbkoh`^_gb_ wlh]hfhlb\Z g_ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hcgbdZdhc aZ]Z^dbH]jhfgh_

dhebq_kl\h fZl_jbZeh\ihdZau\Z_lqlh wlhlfhlb\ b^_lhl ij_^klZ\e_gbyqlh

pZjkl\h f_jl\uohl^_e_gh hlpZjkl\Z `b\uolhgdbfbgh]^Z \hehkyguffhklhf

q_j_a dhlhjuci_j_oh^yl mf_jrb_beb ^mrbmf_jrboHkh[_ggh fgh]hfZl_jbZeZ ih

wlhfm Z^kdhfm fhklmkh[jZgh R_nl_eh\b

p_f 6FKHIWHORYL]M bg^_cp_\ie_f_gb bgdZmf_jrb_ moh^yl\ kljZgm g_fuoHgb

^he`gu i_j_clbq_j_a j_dmih \hehkyghfmfhklmBf ijbwlhf ihfh]Z_lkh[ZdZ

.QFNHEHUJ< K_\_jghc:f_jbd_ _klvij_^klZ\e_gb_ hfhkl_ihdhys_fky gZ

]heh\_ [mc\heZDZd lhevdhdlhgb[m^v \klmiZ_lgZ wlhlfhkl[mc\he himkdZ_l

]heh\m .URHEHUBgl_j_kghqlh fhlb\fhklZ ihqlb\k_]^Z lZdbeb bgZq_

kh^_j`bl `b\hlgh_LhgdbcdZd e_a\b_fhkl\_^msbc q_j_aijhiZklv \kljZgm

f_jl\uobf__lky bm wkdbfhkh\1DQVHQWlb ij_^klZ\e_gbyhq_gv

jZkijhkljZg_gu Rl_jg[_j] Hq_gv yjhdwlhl h[jZa\ iZjkbaf_GZ c

^_gv ihke_kf_jlb ^mrZijb \hkoh^_khegpZ ^hoh^bl^h f_klZkm^Z mfhklZ Lrbg\Zl

>h i_j_oh^Zaeu_ ^mobij_^ty\eyxl k\hbh[\bg_gbyGZ \_jguo\_kZo \a\_rb\Zxlky

^h[ju_ baeu_ ^_eZL_i_jv ^mrZ^he`gZ i_j_clbq_j_a hiZkgucfhklIjZ\_^gZy

^mrZ fh`_ljZ^hklgh i_j_clb\_^hfZy ij_djZkghc^_\mrdhc\hiehs_gb_f __^h[juo

^_eb khijh\h`^Z_fZy^h[jufb kh[ZdZfbhojZgyxsbfb fhklIhlhf ^mrZihiZ^Z_l \

jZc bgZdhg_pd ahehlhfmij_klhem :omjZfZa^uAeu_ `_^mrb g_gZoh^yl

ihfhsgbdh\Hgb kihludZxlkygZ lhgdhfdZd \hehkfhklm bgba\_j]Zxlky \ijhiZklv

Aehc ^_fhgbo ko\Zlu\Z_lb mghkbl\ f_klhlvfu$FKHOLV

B kdZahqgucfhkl _klvhljZ`_gb_ \k_l_o `_ij_^klZ\e_gbcHg lhgdbc\hehkyghc

kdhevadbcih^ gbfijhiZklv

Gh dZdwlh ij_^klZ\e_gb_k\yaZgh km[bckl\hf pZjy"GZf dZ`_lkyqlh ijb\_^_ggu_

fZl_jbZeu iha\heyxlk^_eZlv ke_^mxs__aZdexq_gb_i_j_oh^ q_j_alhgdbc fhkl

ijhbkoh^bl ihke_kf_jlb<h\lhjuogba\_j]Zxlky g_bf_xsb_ ihfhsgbdh\\ gZqZe_

`b\hlgh]h oZjZdl_jZiha`_ \ nhjf_\hiehs_gby ^h[juo^_eLh qlh\

j_eb]bhaguo ij_^klZ\e_gbyo_klv ke_^kl\b_kf_jlb\ kdZad_ihdZaZgh dZdijbqbgZ

kf_jlbFh`gh ^mfZlvqlh pZjvm[b\Zeky bih\b^bfhfmij_^iheZ]Zehkvqlh hg

dZd ebr_ggucfZ]bq_kdhc kbeuaZ wlhhg bm[b\Zekyg_ kfh`_li_j_clb q_j_a

fhkl bijh\Zeb\Z_lky \ijhiZklv

KdZadZ i_j_ghkblwlhl fhf_gl\ ij_^_eu`bagb b^_eZ_l bake_^kl\by kf_jlb

ijbqbgm kf_jlbLZdhc i_j_ghkom^h`_kl\_ggh \_kvfZhijZ\^Zgb[h hgkh^_j`bl

hkm`^_gb_ klZjh]hpZjyihdZau\Z_l _]hkeZ[hklvg_eh\dhklv hl]hehkhd _]h

fZ]bq_kdhc keZ[hklb

Dbiys__ fhehdh

Djhf_ bkiulZgbyfhklhf kdZadZagZ_l _s_h^gh bkiulZgb_klZjh]h pZjyijb\h^ys__

_]h dkf_jlbWlh bkiulZgb_ dbiysbffhehdhfFu _s_g_ fh`_f\_gqZlvkylu

klZjy fheh^Zy agZxkj_^kl\h k^_eZlvl_[y fheh^ufihklZ\v gZ^\hj_ ^\Z

dhleZ h^bg kdhaebguf fhehdhf^jm]hc k \h^hcqlh[u d\_q_jm \k_[ueh

]hlh\hB\Zg \udmiZekyb klZelZdbf fheh^phfqlh bg_evay bkdZaZlvZ pZjv

lhl \dhleZo bk\ZjbekyKf

Wlhl fhlb\ij_^klZ\ey_lky f_g__ykgufq_f fhlb\\bkyq_]h

fhklZ<hi_j\uo_klv ]emob_mdZaZgbyqlh m[b\Z_fucpZjv i_j_^mf_js\e_gb_f

ih^\_j]Zeky h[jy^h\hfmdmiZgbxLZd\ ijh\bgpbbD\beZdZj X`gZy Bg^by

pZjv`j_p pZjkl\m_le_lIhke_ wlh]hmkljZb\Z_lky ijZa^gbd>ey pZjvdZ

\ha^\b]Z_lky ^_j_\yggucihfhklaZ^jZibjh\Zgguc r_edh\hcldZgvx< ^_gv

lhj`_kl\Z ih^a\mdb fmaudbhg \khijh\h`^_gbb iurghcijhp_kkbb hlijZ\ey_lkyd

\h^h_fmqlh[u kh\_jrblvhfh\_gb_Njwa_j Ihke_ wlh]hpZjv gZwkljZ^_

kh\_jrZ_l kZfhm[bckl\hhlj_aZy k_[_ghkmrb]m[u bfy]db_ qZklbl_eZbo hg

[jhkZ_l \lheimHg dZd[u kZfk_[y ijbghkbl\ `_jl\mAZl_f pZjvi_j_j_aZ_l

k_[_ ]hjehH^gZdh \hafh`ghqlh a^_kvfu bf__ff_klguc h[uqZcb qlhdmiZgv_

a^_kv [he__beb f_g__kemqZcghK ^jm]hcklhjhgufu bf__ffZl_jbZeuqlh

dmiZgbx b bf_ggh^\mf dmiZgbyfdZd \kdZad_ih^\_j]ZeZkv ^mrZmf_jr_]h \

ij_bkih^g_cLZdgZijbf_jih ij_^klZ\e_gbyfbg^_cp_\ dZlbhk[h] ij_bkih^g_c

bf_e ^\Z\_^jZh^gh kdbiys_c \h^hc^jm]h_ k oheh^ghcDh]^Z q_jgZy ^mrZ

l_]j_rgZy ^mrZijhr_^rb ^\ZdmiZgvyklZgh\beZkv [_ehchgZ fh]eZ\hclb

gZ g_[h_keb g_lhgZ h[j_dZeZkvgZ ^he]he_lgxxly`_emx jZ[hlm6FKLOOLQJ

Ih^h[gu_ fZl_jbZeuijb\h^yl gZkd lhfm`_ djm]mij_^klZ\e_gbcqlh blhgdbc

fhklH^gZdh f_`^mwlbf ihdZaZgb_fb kdZadhc_klv h^gZjZagbpZa^_kv fubf__f

\h^m\ kdZad_wlh h[uqghfhehdhFhehdh wlh\ ijb\_^_gghfkemqZ_ dhav_bgh]^Z

dh[uev_bgh]^Z ijhbkoh`^_gb_fhehdZ g_mihfygmlhIjhoh`^_gb_ kd\havwlh

fhehdh ^Z_ldjZkhlm=_jhc \uoh^bldjZkZ\p_fGh lZdbf`_ djZkZ\p_fhg \uoh^bl

ijhe_aZy kd\havmrb dhgyFu a^_kvbf__f ij_^klZ\e_gb_h[ hfheZ`b\Zxs_fbeb

hqbklbl_evghf dmiZgbbgh \f_kl_k l_f\b^bf k\yavwlh]h dmiZgbyk ijhoh`^_gb_f

kd\hav `b\hlgh_?keb \jmkkdhc kdZad_]_jhc ijhoh^blkd\hav mrbdhgylh \

]jmabgkdhc lj_[m_lky\udmiZlvky \fhehd_ hldhg_c`b\msbo gZ^g_ fhjy

LboZyP_j_l_eb < ]jmabgkdhc`_ kdZad_klZjuc dhjhev\Zjblky \dhle_Z

dh]^Z \fhehdh himkdZ_lky]_jhcdhgv bamoZ [_j_lkg_] bih^kuiZ_l _]h\

fhehdhhklm`Zy _]hlZdbf kihkh[hfFulZdbf h[jZahf\ugm`^_gu aZdexqblvqlh

ljZgknb]mjZpbyZihn_ha ]_jhyhkgh\Z wlh]hfhlb\ZFhlb\ ]b[_ebklZjh]h pZjy

ijbkh_^bg_g dg_fm bkdmkkl\_gghQlh ijb[u\rbc\ pZjkl\hf_jl\uo i_j_`b\Z_l

ij_h[jZ`_gb_ wlh ba\_klghb hljZ`_gb_wlh]h ij_^klZ\e_gbyfu bf__fb a^_kv

AZdexq_gby

DZdb_ `_ba \k_]hbaeh`_ggh]h fh`ghk^_eZlv \u\h^u"G_evay kdZaZlvqlh[u \k_

m`_ [uehkh\_jr_ggh ykgh\ ^_lZeyoGh h^ghykgh \h\kydhf kemqZ_[hjv[Z aZ

ij_klhe f_`^m]_jh_f bklZjuf pZj_f_klv y\e_gb_\iheg_ bklhjbq_kdh_KdZadZ

a^_kv hljZ`Z_li_j_oh^ \eZklbhl l_klyd aylxq_

j_a `_gsbgmq_j_a ^hqvKdZadZ ihdZau\Z_l_s_ ^jm]h_jZgvr_q_f ihemqblvjmdm

pZj_\gu b\f_kl_ kg_c bij_klheaylv ih^\_j]Z_lkybkiulZgbx hlghkbl_evgh

ijhc^_ggh]h bfbkdmkZWlh bkiulZgb_ghkbl ij_^[jZqgucoZjZdl_j b\f_kl_ kl_f

^he`gh ihdZaZlvkihkh[ghklv ]_jhymijZ\eylv ijbjh^hcKdZadZ khojZgbeZlZd`_

ke_^u i_j_oh^Zd gh\hfmihjy^dmgh\u_ ihjy^db\ebyxl gZklZju_ nhjfub lh]^Z

ihemqZxlky y\e_gby\jh^_ \hpZj_gbyW^biZbeb kdZadZijbghjZ\eb\Z_l gh\u_

ihjy^db dklZjufmeZ`b\Zy kha^Z\rbckydhgnebdl fbjghiml_f ij_^klZ\e_gby]_jhx

ihepZjkl\Z bl^LZdb_ y\e_gbykh klhjhgukh^_j`Zgby kZfbih k_[_g_

bklhjbqgugh hgbh[tykgbfu lhevdhbklhjbq_kdb \j_amevlZl_ kf_guh^gh]h

khpbZevgh]h mkljhckl\Z^jm]bf b\hagbdZxsbo hlkx^Zg_khhl\_lkl\bc b

ijhlb\hj_qbc

,9FZ]bq_kdh_ [_]kl\h

;_]kl\h \kdZad_

;jZdhf b\hpZj_gb_f ]_jhykdZadZ dhgqZ_lky

Gh gZrh[ahj [ue[u g_ihehg_keb [ufu g_jZkkfhlj_eb _s_h^gh]h fhlb\Zg_

bf_xs_]h \kdZad_ k\h_]hhij_^_e_ggh]h f_klZwlh fhlb\ihemqb\rbc gZa\Zgb_

fZ]bq_kdh]h [_]kl\Z

;_]kl\h g_bf__l k\h_]hhij_^_e_ggh]h f_klZhlghkbl_evgh l_ofhlb\h\aZ

dhlhjufb hghke_^m_lGh hghh[uqgh klhbl\ dhgp_kdZadbbgh]^Z ^Z`_ihke_

[jZdZKdZadZ fh`_ldhgqblvky ihke_ih[u\db my]b beb^jm]h]h ^Zjbl_eyihke_

^h[uqb bkdhfh]hij_^f_lZihke_ af__[hjkl\Zihke_ `_gblv[ubl^;_]kl\h b

ih]hgy fh]mlke_^h\Zlv ihke_dZ`^h]h bawlbo wlZih\ijbq_f bf__lkyl_g^_gpby

gh g_aZdhgijb^Z\Zlv [_]kl\mb ih]hg_hij_^_e_ggu_ nhjfu\ aZ\bkbfhklbhl

lh]h wlZiZgZ dhlhjhf[_]kl\h ijhbkoh^blLZd]_jhc fh`_l[_`Zlv ihke_ih[u\db

m y]b< wlbokemqZyo hgqZs_ \k_]hkiZkZ_lky[jhkZy ihaZ^bk_[y ]j_[_rhd

e_kdZf_gv ]hjmihehl_gp_ j_dmBeb hgkiZkZ_lky gZ^_j_\h

i_j_iju]b\Z_l kh^gh]h gZ^jm]h_Z y]Z]jua_l kl\he>_\mrdZ bgh]^ZgZoh^bl

aZsblm mi_qdby[ehgbj_qdbdhlhju_ __ijyqml?keb ^_\mrdZ[_`bl hle_kguo

jZa[hcgbdh\hgZ ijyq_lkym \klj_qgh]h\hagbpu \\ham kk_ghf bebk ]hjrdZfbbeb

k dh`ZfbFZevqbd kiZkZ_lkyhl ij_ke_^h\Zgbcdhe^mgZihke_^h\Zl_evgh

ij_\jZsZykv \hdmgyilbpma_jghdhe_qdh bl^Dhe^mg khhl\_lkl\_ggh

ij_\jZsZ_lky \smdmyklj_[Zi_lmoZ bl^M\_a_ggZy pZj_\gZij_\jZsZ_lky

lZd`_ \ju[me_[_^ya\_a^m__ eh\ylbkdmkgbdbIhke_ [hykh af__f]_jhy

bgh]^Z ij_ke_^m_laf_boZhgZ b__ ^hq_jbij_\jZsZxlky \aZfZgqb\u_ dheh^pu

ihkl_eby[ehgbkZfZ af_boZ]hgblky aZgbf bohq_l _]hijh]ehlblvIhke_

ih[u\db mpZjv^_\bpuihoblb\ fheh^bevgu_y[ehdb]_jhc e_lblgZ dhg_Z

pZj_\gZ e_lbl\ke_^ aZgbfGh y]Zh[f_gb\Z_l _fmdhgybhg[eZ]hihemqgh

me_lZ_lGZ dhg_`_ ^h]hgy_l]_jhy Dhs_c@_gb\rbkv gZ^hq_jb <h^y

gh]h]_jhc b_]h km`_gZykiZkZxlkyij_\jZsZykv \p_jdh\v bihiZdheh^_p b

dh\rbd bl^GZdhg_p]_jhc bgh]^ZkiZkZ_lky gZdhjZ[e_Z ^h]hgyxsbck g_[Z

ihjZ`Z_l _]hh]g_fbeb gZh[hjhl]_jhc aZ`b]Z_lihjho bhiZey_l ij_ke_^h\Zl_ex

djuevyhlq_]h lhliZ^Z_l

Fu i_j_qbkebeb^_kylv \b^h\ih]hgb bkiZk_gby:Zjg_ki_pbZevgh bamqZ\rbc

[_]kl\hijbgbfZ_l \jZkq_l lhevdh^\_ nhjfu_]hZ Bho_evkhg\ k\h_cjZ[hl_ h

[_]kl\_ \hh[s_g_ ^bnn_j_gpbjm_lnhjf [_]kl\Zb ih]hgb:ZUQH1R

Bho_evkhg

Ijh[e_fZ a^_kv^\hydZyi_j\Zy ijh[e_fZijhbkoh`^_gb_ fhlb\Z[_]kl\Z dZd

lZdh\h]h\lhjZy fgh]hh[jZab_ _]hnhjfFu a^_kvg_ fh`_fki_pbZevgh bamqZlv

\k_ jZagh\b^ghklb[_]kl\ZFu bamqbflhevdh l_nhjfudhlhju_ [jhkZxlg_dhlhjuc

k\_l gZijh[e_fm [_]kl\Z\hh[s_

;_]kl\h k[jhkZgb_f ]j_[_rdZbij

< wlbokemqZyo ^_lbqZklh gh ^Ze_dhg_ \k_]^Z[_]ml hly]bHgb [jhkZxlihaZ^b

k_[y dj_f_gvbeb dZfmr_dhg ij_\jZsZ_lky\ ]hjmHgb [jhkZxl]j_[_rhd b

ihehl_gp_Wlb \her_[gu_ij_^f_lu ihobs_gu]_jh_f mkZfhc `_y]bbeb_keb

[_]msb_ kiZkZxlkygZ ehrZ^bhgb [_jmlkyba moZehrZ^b :n\ZjBa moZ

\ugbfZ_lky s_ihqdZe_kkdeyghqdZ j_dZ

Fu g_[m^_f ijb\h^blv\ZjbZglh\ bjZagh\b^ghkl_cHgb ijb\_^_gu\ [hevrhf

dhebq_kl\_ \jZ[hlZo :Zjg_b Bho_^vkhgZKdhevdh [ufu gbkhihklZ\eyeb

\ZjbZglh\bo dhebq_kl\hg_ jZaj_rZ_lijh[e_fuHlf_lbf lhevdhqlh wlZnhjfZ

\klj_qZ_lky g_lhevdh ihhlghr_gbx dy]_LZd [_]mlbhlpZjyf_^\_^y :n

b\kdZad_ hNbgbkl_ AI bhl?e_gu Ij_djZkghc:nbl^Fu ^he`gu

__ ihgylvba __hlghr_gby dp_ehfm kdZadbbbag_dhlhjuo bklhjbq_kdbo

iZjZee_e_c

JZkkfhljbf ki_j\Zg_dhlhju_ iZjZee_eb:f_jbdZgkdb_ iZjZee_ebihdZau\Zxl

ke_^mxsb_ q_jlu]_jhc qZklhihobsZ_l g_lhl ij_^f_ldhlhjuc ^Z_lkiZk_gb_ hl

ih]hgb dZd mgZk ihobsZ_lkyrbjbgdZZ h]hgvWlh hq_gv kms_kl\_ggZy

jZagbpZH]hgv hgijbghkbl ex^yfHg mklZgh\bl_ev h]gyGh ]_jhcg_ lhevdh

mklZgh\bl_ev h]gyHg mklZgh\bl_eve_kh\j_d b]hjHg mklZgZ\eb\Z_lbo[jhkZy

ihaZ^b k_[yij_^f_luWlh lZd`_ hq_gvkms_kl\_ggZy jZagbpZIj_^f_lu

[jhkZ_fu_ ihaZ^bk_[ylZd`_ hlebqZxlkyhl ij_^f_lh\[jhkZ_fuo \kdZad_Wlh 

qZklb dZdboeb[h `b\hlguoLZde_k h[jZam_lkyba \hehkha_jh ba `b^dh]h

`bjZ ju[bl^Wlh h[tykgy_lgZfihq_fm \jmkkdhc kdZad_]_jhc bgh]^Z[_j_l

s_ihqdm bamoZ dhgyb wlZs_ihqdZ ij_\jZsZ_lky\ e_kFu \b^bflZdbf h[jZahf

qlh e_kZ]hju bj_db h[jZamxlkykbehc ihfhsgbdZDZd ^h[u\Z_lkyihfhsgbdfu

m`_ agZ_ffu agZ_fqlh ihfhsgbd_klv ghkbl_evfZ]bq_kdbo kihkh[ghkl_c]_jhy

?s_ jZagbpZ\ jmk

kdhc kdZad_^hklZlhqgh [jhkblvij_^f_l\ Zf_jbdZgkdbofbnZo \wlbo kemqZyo

bgh]^Z ihxli_kgv bhl[b\Zxl lZdl%RDVHWFWlb

fZl_jbZeu aZklZ\eyxlij_^iheh`blvqlh fhlb\[jhkZgby ]j_[_rdZ\hagbd bf_gghdZd

fbn h[mkljhbl_e_ fbjZ

Gh g_ijhlb\hj_qbl ebwlh \k_fmoh^m kdZadbg_ ijhlb\hj_qbleb wlh\k_fm lhfm

qlh fuagZ_f h]_jh_"A^_kv gbdZdh]hijhlb\hj_qby g_lGZh[hjhl\ghkblky

h[tykg_gb_ \g_dhlhjmx g_kmjZaghklvkdZadb]_jhc \kdZad_ ihobsZ_llhl kZfuc

ij_^f_ldhlhjuc kiZkZ_l_]h hlih]hgbKhihklZ\e_gb_ ihdZau\Z_lqlh jZgvr_

a^_kv nb]mjbjh\Ze^jm]hc ij_^f_l>Ze__ fum`_ bjZgvr_ \b^_eb\ ]_jh_

mkljhbl_ey fbjZFu \b^_ebqlh hgklZ\bl gZf_klh khegp_qlh hgmkdhjy_l

mjh`Zc bqlh hgijbghkbl wlbkihkh[ghklb babgh]h fbjZA^_kv fu\b^bf \up\_lrb_

hklZldb lh]h`_ ij_^klZ\e_gbyBa bgh]hfbjZ ijbghkblky\eZklv gZ^klbobyfb

< Zf_jbdZgkdhffbn_ dhchlb ebkZihobsZxl h]hgvHgb [_]mlba klhjhgu\

klhjhgmZ ij_ke_^h\Zl_ebkdZdZeb aZgbfb lm^Zb kx^Z<hl ihq_fmj_dZ Ch]mf

<RDJXPba\bebklZ< wlhfkemqZ_ [_]msb_\f_kl_ kl_f ihoblbl_ebh]gy

kha^Zxl j_dm^ey ex^_ch^gh\j_f_ggh kiZkZyk_[yLhqgh lZd]_jhc kha^Z_le_kZ

]hju bj_dbb \_kvwlhl fbn_klv \bklhjbq_kdhc i_jki_dlb\_fbn hkha^Zl_e_

ijbjh^u

GZ^h kdZaZlvqlh \ebl_jZlmj_ ihwlhfm ij_^f_lmpZjbl g_dhlhjZyjZkl_jygghklv

Bho_evkhgr_^rbc qbklh^_kdjbilb\guf iml_fijbagZ_lqlh jZa]Z^dZwlh]h fhlb\Z

^ey g_]hg_\hafh`gZ<u^\b]Z_fZy a^_kv]bihl_aZ ihdZ_klv lhevdh]bihl_aZg_

[hevr_Bgmx ]bihl_am\u^\b]Z_l ;h]hjZaKZfh_ ihkljh_gb_wlh]h fbnZ

khhl\_lkl\m_l l_hjbyfrdheu Nj_c^Zh kjh^kl\_kgh\b^_gby bfbnZb[h wlhlfbnk

_]h ljh_djZlgufih\lhj_gb_f bgZklhcqb\uf klj_fe_gb_fqm^h\bsZ ijh[blvkykd\hav

h]jZ^m bko\Zlblv m[_]Zxsmx`_jl\mkh\_jr_ggh gZihfbgZ_lgZ\yaqb\uc h[jZa

ij_ke_^h\ZgbydZd hg\hagbdZxl bkljhblky \hkg_;h]hjZaLZg LZdbf

h[jZahffu \b^bfqlh ^Z`_lZdb_ djmigu_mq_gu_dZd ;h]hjZag_ moh^yl^Zevr_

nj_c^bafZQlh dZkZ_lkyl_hjbb :Zjg_lh hg_c g_kdhevdhkeh\ [m^_lkdZaZgh

gb`_Fu ^he`gukhihklZ\blv ^Zggmxnhjfm k^jm]bfbqlh[u gZclbg_dhlhjh_ h[s__

j_r_gb_

;_]kl\h kij_\jZs_gbyfb

WlZ nhjfZoZjZdl_jgZ ]eZ\gufh[jZahf ^eykdZahd lbiZFhjkdhc pZjvb <ZkbebkZ

Ij_fm^jZy:nA^_kv fZ]bq_kdbfbkihkh[Zfb h[eZ^Z_lihobs_ggZy m

<h^ygh]h ^_\mrdZH[hjhlbeZ hgZdhg_c dheh^p_fk_[y dh\rbdhfZ pZj_\bqZ

klZjuf klZjbqdhf<h \lhjhcjZa hgZh[hjhlbeZ pZj_\bqZklZjuf ihihfZ

kZfZ k^_eZeZkv\_lohc p_jdh\vxZ\lj_lbc jZa

h[hjhlbeZ dhg_cj_dhx f_^h\hx[_j_]Zfb dbk_evgufbpZj_\bqZ k_e_ag_fk_[y

k_jhc mlbp_c<h^yghc pZjv[jhkbeky gZdbk_ev bkulm_e_eibeibe^h