Powell J. Encyclopedia Of North American Immigration
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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
NORTH AMERICAN
IMMIGRATION
J
OHN
P
OWELL
}
Encyclopedia of North American Immigration
Copyright © 2005 by John Powell
Maps and graphs copyright © 2005 by Facts On File
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage
or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher.
For information contact:
Facts On File, Inc.
132 West 31st Street
New York NY 10001
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Powell, John, 1954–
Encyclopedia of Nor
th American immigration / John Powell.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8160-4658-1
1. United States—Emigration and immigration—Encyclopedias. I. Title.
JV6465.P68 2005
304.8′7′003—dc22 2004007361200300
612
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or modified form, for commercial purposes, without the expressed permission
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Text design by Erika K. Arroyo
Cover design by Cathy Rincon
Maps and graphs by Jeremy Eagle and Dale Williams
Printed in the United States of America
VB Hermitage 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
This book is printed on acid-free paper
To the Martel Clan
}
L
IST OF
E
NTRIES
vi
A
CKNOWLEDGMENTS
ix
A
UTHOR
’
S
P
REFACE
x
A
TO
Z E
NTRIES
1
G
LOSSARY
329
A
PPENDIX
A: D
OCUMENTS
335
A
PPENDIX
B: M
APS
, G
RAPHS
,
AND
T
ABLES
371
B
IBLIOGRAPHY
425
E
NTRIES BY
S
UBJECT
442
I
NDEX
446
Contents
}
vi
Acadia
Addams, Jane
Afghan immigration
African forced migration
Aheong, Samuel P.
Albanian immigration
Alien and Sedition Acts (United
States) (1798)
Alien Contract Labor Act (United
States) (1885)
Alien Labor Act (Canada) (1897)
Alien Land Act (United States)
(1913)
American Federation of Labor and
Congress of Industrial
Organizations
American immigration to Canada
American Protective Association
American Revolution and
immigration
Amish immigration
Angel Island
Anti-Defamation League
Antin, Mary
Arab immigration
Argentinean immigration
Armenian immigration
Australian immigration
Austrian immigration
Austro-Hungarian immigration
Baltimore, Maryland
Bangladeshi immigration
Barbadian immigration
Barnardo, Thomas John
Barr colony
Basque immigration
Belgian immigration
Bill C-55 (Canada) (1989)
Bill C-86 (Canada) (1992)
B’nai B’rith
Border Patrol, U.S.
Bosnian immigration
Boston, Massachusetts
Bracero Program
Bradford, William
Brazilian immigration
British immigration
Bulgarian immigration
Bulosan, Carlos
Burlingame Treaty
Cabot, John
California gold rush
Cambodian immigration
Canada—immigration survey and
policy overview
Canadian immigration to the United
States
Cape Verdean immigration
Carolina colonies
Carriage of Passengers Act (United
States) (1855)
Cartier, Jacques
Castle Garden
census and immigration
Champlain, Samuel de
Chavez, Cesar
Chicago, Illinois
Chicano
Chilean immigration
Chinese Exclusion Act (United
States) (1882)
Chinese immigration
Chinese Immigration Act (Canada)
(1885)
Civil Rights Act (United States)
(1964)
Coast Guard, U.S.
Colbert, Jean-Baptiste
cold war
Colombian immigration
Columbus, Christopher
Compagnie de la Nouvelle France
Connecticut colony
Croatian immigration
Cuban immigration
Customs and Border Protection
Czech immigration
Danish immigration
Delaware colony
Department of Homeland Security
Department of Manpower and
Immigration
Detroit, Michigan
Dillingham Commission
Displaced Persons Act (United
States) (1948)
Dominican immigration
Dominion Lands Act (Canada)
(1872)
Douglas, Thomas
Durham Report
Dutch immigration
Ecuadorean immigration
Egyptian immigration
Ellis Island
Emergency Quota Act (United
States) (1921)
List of Entries
}
LIST OF ENTRIES vii
Empire Settlement Act (Canada)
(1922)
enclosure movement
entertainment and immigration
Estonian immigration
Ethiopian immigration
Evian Conference
Fairclough, Ellen Louks
Filipino immigration
Finnish immigration
Fourteenth Amendment (United
States) (1868)
French immigration
Gentlemen’s Agreement
Georgia colony
German immigration
Ghanaian immigration
Gompers, Samuel
Gonzales, Corky
González, Elián
Gonzalez, Henry B.
Gr
aham v. Richardson (1971)
Greek immigration
Guatemalan immigration
guest children
Gutiérrez, José Angel
Gypsy immigration
Haitian immigration
Hakluyt, Richard
Haldimand, Frederick
Henderson v. Mayor of New York
(1876)
Hispanic and r
elated terms
home childr
en
Homestead Act (United States)
(1862)
Honduran immigration
Houston, Texas
Hudson, Henry
Hudson’s Bay Company
Hughes, John Joseph
Huguenot immigration
Hungarian immigration
Hutterite immigration
Icelandic immigration
illegal immigration
Illegal Immigration Reform and
Immigrant Responsibility Act
(United States) (1996)
Immigration Act (Canada) (1869)
Immigration Act (Canada) (1906)
Immigration Act (Canada) (1910)
Immigration Act (Canada) (1919)
Immigration Act (Canada) (1952)
Immigration Act (Canada) (1976)
Immigration Act (United States)
(1864)
Immigration Act (United States)
(1882)
Immigration Act (United States)
(1903)
Immigration Act (United States)
(1907)
Immigration Act (United States)
(1917)
Immigration Act (United States)
(1990)
Immigration and Customs
Enforcement
Immigration and Nationality Act
(United States) (1965)
Immigration and Naturalization
Service
Immigration and Naturalization
Ser
vice v
. Chadha (1983)
Immigration and R
efugee Protection
Act (Canada) (2002)
Immigration Appeal Board Act
(Canada) (1967)
Immigration Marriage Fraud
amendments (United States)
(1986, 1990)
Immigration Reform and Control
Act (United States) (1986)
immigration regulations (Canada)
(1967)
Immigration Restriction League
indentured servitude
Indian immigration
Industrial Workers of the World
Inouye, Daniel K.
International Ladies’ Garment
Workers’ Union
Iranian immigration
Iraqi immigration
Irish immigration
Italian immigration
Jamaican immigration
Japanese immigration
Japanese internment, World War II
Jewish immigration
Johnson-Reed Act (United States)
(1924)
Kennedy, John Fitzgerald
King, William Lyon Mackenzie
Korean immigration
Kor
ematsu v. United States (1944)
labor organization and immigration
Laotian immigration
La Raza U
nida Party
Latvian immigration
Lebanese immigration
Liberian immigration
Lithuanian immigration
Los Angeles, California
Louisiana
Macdonald, Sir John Alexander
Macedonian immigration
mafia
Manifest of Immigrants Act (United
States) (1819)
Mann Act (United States) (1910)
Mariel Boatlift
Maryland colony
Massachusetts colony
McCarran-Walter Act
Mennonite immigration
Mexican immigration
Miami, Florida
Mine War
Molly Maguires
Montreal, Quebec
Moroccan immigration
Morse, Samuel F. B.
nativism
Naturalization Act (United States)
(1802)
Naturalization Acts (United States)
(1790 and 1795)
navigation acts
New Brunswick
Newfoundland
New France
New Hampshire colony
new immigration
New Jersey colony
New Orleans, Louisiana
New York, New York
New York colony
Nicaraguan immigration
Nigerian immigration
North American Free Trade
Agreement
North West Company
Norwegian immigration
Nova Scotia
Oregon Treaty
Oriental Exclusion Act (United
States) (1924)
viii ENCYCLOPEDIA OF NORTH AMERICAN IMMIGRATION
Our Country: Its Possible Future and
Its Present Crisis
Ozawa v. United States (1922)
P
acific I
slander immigration
padrone system
Page Act (United States) (1875)
Pakistani immigration
Palestinian immigration
Pastore, John Orlando
P.C. 695 (Canada) (1931)
Penn, William
Pennsylvania colony
Peruvian immigration
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
picture brides
Pilgrims and Puritans
Plyler v. Doe (1982)
P
olish immigration
P
ortuguese immigration
Prince Edward Island
Proposition 187
Puerto Rican immigration
Quaker immigration
Quebec
Quebec Act (1774)
racial and ethnic categories
racism
railways and immigration
Raleigh, Sir Walter
Red River colony
Refugee Act (United States) (1980)
Refugee Relief Act (United States)
(1953)
refugee status
religion and immigration
revolutions of 1848
Rhode Island colony
Riis, Jacob
Roanoke colony
Rølvaag, Ole Edvart
Romanian immigration
Royal African Company
Russian immigration
Salvadoran immigration
San Francisco, California
Schwenkfelder immigration
Scott Act
Scottish immigration
September 11, 2001
Serbian immigration
Seven Years’ War
Sifton, Clifford
Simcoe, John Graves
Singh v. Minister of Employment and
I
mmigration (1985)
slaver
y
Slovakian immigration
Slovenian immigration
Smith, Al
Smith, Captain John
South Asian immigration
Soviet immigration
Spanish immigration
sports and immigration
Sri Lankan immigration
Statue of Liberty
Swedish immigration
Swiss immigration
Syrian immigration
Taiwanese immigration
Talon, Jean
Tejanos
terrorism and immigration
Texas, Republic of
Thai immigration
Tibetan immigration
Tijerina, Reies Lopez
Toronto, Ontario
Trinidadian and Tabagonian
immigration
Turkish immigration
Tydings-McDuffie Act (United
States) (1934)
Ukrainian immigration
Ulster
United States—immigration survey
and policy overview
USA Patriot Act
U.S. Citizenship and Immigration
Services
U.S.-Mexican War
Vancouver Riot
Vietnamese immigration
Virginia colony
Voting Rights Act (United States)
(1965)
Waipahu Plantation strike
Wakefield, Edward Gibbon
Wald, Lillian
War Brides Act (United States)
(1945)
Washington, D.C.
Welfare Reform Act (United States)
(1996)
West Indian immigration
Winnipeg general strike
Winthrop, John
World War I and immigration
World War II and immigration
Yugoslav immigration
ix
Acknowledgments
F
rom an early age I was inspired by the Martel clan, hardworking German
farmers who immigrated first to Russia, then to the prairies of South
Dakota in the 1870s. The immigration story needs to be known, and I am
grateful to the editors and staff at Facts On File who have helped me tell it. I
also wish to thank Eric Mattingly and Grady Powell for their assistance in
preparing the manuscript.
}