Powell J. Encyclopedia Of North American Immigration
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ICE. See Immigration and
Customs Enforcement
Icelandic immigration 46, 129
Iglesias, Enrique 92
I
glesias, J
ulio 92
IIRIRA. See Illegal Immigration
R
eform and I
mmigration
Responsibility Act
ILGWU. See International
Ladies
’ G
arment Workers’
Union
illegal alien 130, 131, 291
illegal immigration xiii,
130–131
AFL-CIO 9
American immigration to
Canada 10–11
asylee 64
and benefits 180
U.S. Bor
der P
atrol 31
Bracero Program 33
Brazilian immigration 36
Bulgarian immigration 39
Cesar Chavez 54, 55
Chinese immigration 61
U.S Coast Guard 63
Colombian immigration
65–66
Cuban immigration 70
driver’s licenses 180
Ecuadorean immigration 84
Guatemalan immigration
113
Honduran immigration 122
INS 140
IRCA 142–143
labor organizations and
immigration 172, 173
Lithuanian immigration
178
Los Angeles 180
M
exican immigration 190,
191
NAFT
A 213
nativism 199
Nicaraguan immigration
212
Peruvian immigration 228
Plyler v. Doe 232
P
r
oposition 187 235–236
refugee status 250
S
alv
adoran immigration
261
Trinidadian and Tobagonian
immigration 296
United States—immigration
survey/policy 304
Illegal Immigration Reform and
Immigration Responsibility
Act (IIRIRA) (U.S.) 31, 130,
131–132, 140, 250
I
llinois 190. S
ee also Chicago,
Illinois
immediate r
elatives 330g
Immigrant Arrivals in Canada,
1852–2002 397m–398m
Immigrants Admitted by State of
I
ntended R
esidence, Fiscal
Years, 1988–2002
412m–413m
Immigrants and their Children:
U.S. Cities, 1920 386m
Immigrant Settlement in the
U
nited S
tates, 1860 380m
Immigration Act, (Canada),
1869 132, 182
I
mmigration A
ct, (Canada),
1896 29, 45
Immigration Act, (Canada),
1906 46, 132, 133
I
mmigration A
ct, (Canada),
1907 78, 137
Immigration Act, (Canada),
1910 133, 133
Immigration Act, (Canada),
1919 133, 290, 321
I
mmigration A
ct, (Canada),
1952 17, 18, 46, 64, 101,
133–134, 147, 250–251
I
mmigration A
ct, (Canada),
1976 10, 19, 30, 134–135,
141, 355
I
mmigration A
ct, (U.S.), 1864
135, 171
Immigration A
ct, (U.S.), 1882
135,
136
Immigration Act, (U.S.), 1903
136–137
Immigration Act, (U.S.), 1917
88, 137, 144, 172, 187, 199,
217, 234, 303, 321, 346–347
Immigration Act, (U.S.), 1924.
See Johnson-Reed Act
I
mmigration A
ct, (U.S.), 1965
39, 172
Immigration Act, (U.S.), 1980.
See Refugee Act
I
mmigration A
ct, (U.S.), 1990
138
Immigration Acts of 1921 (U.S.).
See Emergency Quota Act
I
mmigration and C
ustoms
Enforcement (ICE) 138–139,
140
I
mmigration and N
ationality Act
(INA), (U.S.), 1965 139
Canadian immigration to
the U.S. 48
Cape V
er
dean immigration
49
Chicago, Illinois 56
Chinese immigration 61
Civil Rights Act 62
cold war 64
Cuban immigration 70
Dominican immigration 79
Ecuadorean immigration
85
entertainment and
immigration 91
Filipino immigration 97
Greek immigration 112
Houston 123
illegal immigration 130
Immigration Act, 1990 138
Indian immigration 147
IRCA 143
John Kennedy 167
Korean immigration 169
Los Angeles 179, 180
Mexican immigration 191
nativism 199
new immigration 204, 205
New Orleans 207
New York City 209
Nicaraguan immigration
212
Pakistani immigration 223
Portuguese immigration
234
refugee status 250
South Asian immigration
276
Thai immigration 292
Thailand 293
Trinidadian and Tobagonian
immigration 296
Turkish immigration 298
United States—immigration
survey/policy 303
Voting Rights Act 312
Washington, D.C. 316
West Indian immigration
318
Immigration and Naturalization
Service (INS) xiv, 140
U.S. Border Patrol 31
U.S C
ustoms and Bor
der
Protection, 71
DHS 76
dissolution of 266
Elián González 110
ICE 139
illegal immigration 130
labor organizations and
immigration 172
Mexican immigration 190
nativism 199
Nicaraguan immigration 212
Peruvian immigration 228
September 11, 2001 266
United States—immigration
survey/policy 304
USA PATRIOT Act 305
USCIS 306
Immigr
ation and Naturalization
S
ervice v. Chadha 140–141
Immigration and Refugee
Pr
otection A
ct (IRPA)
(Canada) 135, 141–142
Immigration Appeal Board Act,
(Canada), 1967 142
Immigration by Region and
S
elected Countr
y of Last
Residence, Fiscal Years 1820-
2002 392m–396m
immigration depot 51–52, 52
immigration judge 331g
Immigration Marriage Fraud
Amendments (U.S.) 142,
230
I
mmigration R
eform and
Control Act, (U.S.), 1986 9,
55, 138, 142–143, 191, 199
I
mmigration R
egulations,
(Canada), 1967 143–144
Canada 46
Chinese immigration 61
cold war 64
F
ilipino immigration 97
illegal immigration 131
I
mmigration Appeal Board
Act 142
Italian immigration 158
Korean immigration 169
Toronto 295
Trinidadian and Tobagonian
immigration 296
Immigration Restriction League
(IRL) 137, 144, 199
I
mmigration to the U
nited
States, Fiscal Years 1820-2002
390m–391m
Immigration to the United States
fr
om A
ustria-Hungary, 1861-
1920 398m
INA. See Immigration and
Nationality Act
inadmissible 331g
Inca Empir
e 57, 84
indentur
ed servitude 144–145
British immigration 37
Car
olina colonies 50
Compagnie de la N
ouvelle
France 67
German immigration 105
home children 120
Hudson’s Bay Company
124
Indian immigration 146
Irish immigration 153, 154
Maryland colony 186
New France 203
padrone system 221
Quebec 240
racism 244
Royal African Company
257
slavery 272
Jean Talon 289
Trinidad and Tobago 296
United States—immigration
survey/policy 302
Virginia colony 311
India xv, 115, 145–147, 222
Indiana 12
454 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF NORTH AMERICAN IMMIGRATION
Indian immigration 9, 145–147,
146, 295
indigent 130, 135
Indochina M
igration and
R
efugee Assistance Act (1975)
174
industrialization 48
industrial revolution 272
Industrial Workers of the World
(IWW) 148, 148, 290
I
nouy
e, Daniel K. 149
INS. See Immigration and
N
aturalization S
ervice
internal migration 179, 316
International Ladies’ Garment
Workers’ Union (ILGWU) 149
international representative 331g
interracial unions 199
inv
estor 333g
I
ranian immigration 150
Iraqi immigration 151–152
Ireland 36–38, 152, 154, 155,
193, 264, 300–301
Irish Americans. See also
Kennedy, John Fitzgerald
APA 11
Jack Dempsey 280
John Joseph Hughes 125
Irish immigration 155
Robert F. Kennedy 62–63,
184
N
e
w York City 207
Paddy Ryan 280
Al Smith 275
sports and immigration 280
John L. Sulliv
an 280
Y
ankee Sullivan 280
Irish immigration 152–155,
153. See also Scots-Irish
immigration
Boston 33
B
ritish immigration 36, 38
Chicago, I
llinois 55, 56
Molly Maquires 193–194
Samuel F. B. Morse 196
N
e
w Brunswick 201
Newfoundland 202
New York City 208
Nova Scotia 216
Pennsylvania colony 227
Philadelphia 228–229
racial and ethnic categories
242
racism 244
railways and immigration
247
religion and immigration
251
San Francisco 262
Scottish immigration 265
United States—immigration
survey/policy 302
World War I and
immigration 320–321
IRL. See Immigration Restriction
League
I
r
oquois Indians 45, 268
IRPA. See Immigration and
Refugee P
rotection Act
Isabella (queen of Spain) 66
Islam 15, 16, 24, 96, 195, 222,
224, 297. See also Muslims
I
slamic fundamentalists 3, 85,
150, 290
I
srael 85, 176, 195, 224, 286
Italian Americans
APA 11
Joe DiMaggio 279
entertainment and
immigration 91
interment of 199
Italian immigration 157
Japanese internment 162
Fiorello La Guardia 87,
157
mafia 184
Rocky Marciano 280
nativism 199
New York City 207, 209
John Orlando Pastore 225
Frank Sinatra 91
sports and immigration 280
W
orld
War II and
immigration 323
Italian immigration 156–158,
157
Little Italies 156
mafia 184
new immigration 204
New Y
or
k City 208, 209
padrone system 221
racism 244
religion and immigration
251
U
nited S
tates—immigration
survey/policy 302
Italy 156, 158
Ivan the Terrible 258, 277
IWW. See Industrial Workers of
the W
orld
J
Jamaica 159, 280, 291
Jamaican immigration 139,
159–160, 208, 209, 317
James I (king of E
ngland) 35,
37, 186, 248, 311
J
ames II (king of England) 186,
225, 254
James IV (king of Scotland) 264.
See also James I (king of
E
ngland)
J
ames, duke of York 210
Jamestown 311
Janssonists 284
Japan 60, 103, 160, 161, 169,
308, 323
Japanese Americans 149,
161–163, 170, 323, 324
Japanese Canadians 324
Japanese immigration 160–162
AFL-CIO 9
Alien Labor A
ct 8
Angel I
sland 13, 14
Gentlemen’s Agreement
103
labor organization 172
Los Angeles 180
O
riental E
xclusion Act 217,
218
Peru 227
picture brides 229
Vancouver Riot 308
Japanese internment, World War
II 162–163, 163
account of evacuation from
B
ritish Columbia
348–349
D
aniel K. Inouye 149
Japanese immigration 161
Korematsu v. United States
170
nativism 199
Peruvian immigration 228
San Francisco 263
W
orld
War II and
immigration 323, 324
Japanese laborers 314
Japanese-Mexican Labor
Association (JMLA) 172
JAS (Joint Assistance
Sponsorship) 333g
jazz 91
Jean-Claude, François “Baby
D
oc
” 117
Jefferson, Thomas 200, 250
Jewish Americans 15, 46, 91,
150, 280
Jewish immigration 163–165,
164
Austrian immigration 19, 20
Chicago, I
llinois 56
E
vian Conference 94
German immigration 107
guest children 114
William Lyon Mackenzie
King 168
New York City 208
Portuguese immigration 234
racism 244
religion and immigration
252
Rhode Island colony 254
Romanian immigration 256
Russian immigration 259
Soviet immigration 277
World War II and
immigration 324–325
Jews and Judaism xiii
B’nai B’rith 30–31, 31
Egyptian immigration 85
E
ur
ope 164
Hungary 126
Jewish immigration 163,
164
Lithuanian immigration
178
Montreal, Quebec 194
Morocco 195
nativism 199
New Orleans 207
Palestinian immigration
224
P.C. 695 225
Toronto 295
World War II and
immigration 323
Jim Crow laws 207
JMLA. See Japanese-M
exican
Labor Association
J
ohnson, Lyndon B. 64, 139,
312
Johnson-Reed Act, (U.S.), 1924
166
Armenian immigration 18
A
ustrian immigration 20
B
arbadian immigration 25
Basque immigration 28
Bulgarian immigration 39
Canadian immigration to
the U.S. 48
Cape Verdean immigration
49
cold war 64
Croatian immigration 68
Czech immigration 72
Danish immigration 75
Detroit 77
Ellis Island 86
Estonian immigration 93
Finnish immigration 99
Greek immigration 112
Hungarian immigration 127
illegal immigration 130
Italian immigration 156
Jamaican immigration 159
Japanese immigration 161
Jewish immigration 164
Korean immigration 169
labor organizations and
immigration 172
Lebanese immigration 176
Lithuanian immigration
178–179
Macedonian immigration
183
McCarran-Walter Act 187
nativism 199
New York City 209
Oriental Exclusion Act 217
Ozawa v. United States 219
P
alestinian immigration
224
pictur
e brides 229
Polish immigration 233
INDEX 455
Johnson-Reed Act (continued)
Portuguese immigration 234
racial and ethnic categories
242
S
lo
vakian immigration 273
Slovenian immigration 274
Spanish immigration 278
terrorism and immigration
290
Ukrainian immigration
299
United States—immigration
survey/policy 303
War Brides Act 315
West Indian immigration
318
World War I and
immigration 321
Joint Assistance Sponsorship
(JAS) 333g
Jolliet, Louis 203, 289
J
olson, Al 90–91
K
Kazan, Elia 91
Kearney, Stephen 307
Kefauver, Estes 184
Kennedy, John Fitzgerald 64,
69–70, 111, 139, 167–168
Kennedy
, Robert F. 62–63, 184
K
erry, John 354–355
Khmer ethnic group 43
Khmer Rouge 43, 44
Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah
150
Kieft, William 207
Kievan Rus 299
King, Martin Luther, Jr. 54
King, Rodney 180
King, William Lyon Mackenzie
94, 168, 308, 325
King T
iger
. See Tijerina, Reies
López
Klondike pr
ospectors 125
Knights of Labor 171
Kno
w-N
othing Party 125,
197–198, 302
Kohl-Welles, Jeanne 230
Kolumbusari 68
Komogata Maru (ship) 146
Korean businesses 180
K
or
ean immigration 168–170,
169, 180, 229
K
or
ean War 169, 190
Korematsu, Fred 170
Korematsu v. United States 162,
170
Kosovo 6, 7, 115, 184, 267, 327
K
ossuth, Lajos 126
Kr
opotkin, Peter 252
Ku Klux Klan 199, 290
K
ukoc,
Toni 280
Kurds 150–152, 297
L
labor certification 331g
labor demands 190, 271–272
laborers. S
ee also migrants
Bracer
o Program 33
farm laborers 247, 300,
322
Immigration Act, 1864
135
Indian immigration 146
Japanese immigration
160–161
Japanese laborers 314
Korean plantation 169
plantation laborers 169, 296
“temporary” Mexican 33
labor organizations and
immigration 171–173, 172.
See also strikes; specific
headings, i.e.: Industrial
W
or
kers of the World (IWW)
AFL-CIO 9
Alien Labor Act 8
Carlos Bulosan 40, 40
Cesar Chavez
54, 54, 55
Samuel Gompers 109
ILGWU 149
IWW 148, 148
Waipahu Plantation strike
314
Winnipeg general strike
318, 318, 319
labor shortage 195
labor trade 221
labor unrest 193–194. S
ee also
strikes
Labrador 202, 203
La Cosa Nostra. Se
e mafia
Laemmle, Carl 91
La Guardia, F
iorello 87, 157
laissez-fare approach 182, 183
Lambton, John George 81, 340
land and indentured servitude
144
landed immigrant 333g
land grants 107, 247, 270, 294,
295, 314, 315, 322
land ownership 9
Lane, Ralph 255
languages xii
Laotian immigration 173–174
La Raza U
nida Party (LRUP) 57,
110, 114, 174–175
La Salle, René-Robert Cavelier de
181, 203, 206
Latin American immigration
172, 179, 180, 189, 278
Latin music 91
Latinos 119–120, 180, 243
Latvian immigration 175
laundries 60
Laurier
,
Wilfrid 168, 269, 308
Law, John 181, 206
Lazarus, Emma 282
Lebanese immigration 176, 177,
286
Lebanon 16, 176, 286
Lee, Ang 91
legaliz
ed aliens 331g
Le G
rand Dérangement 1
Lemieux, Rodolphe 308
L
’Enfant, Charles 316
Lennon, John 92
A letter on the difficulties of
governing New France, 1685
336
Letters from Iowa to Norway,
1863 and 1865 343–344
level of skill 333g
Liberian immigration 177–178
Linck, Olaf 75
Lincoln, A
braham 5, 121, 125,
135, 140, 272–273
Literacy A
ct. See Immigration
A
ct, (U.S.), 1917
literacy test
B
racero Program 33
Dillingham Commission 78
Immigration Act, 1917 137
IRL 144
labor organization 172
Los Angeles 180
Mexican immigration 190
nativism 199
Portuguese immigration
234
Voting Rights Act 312
Lithuanian immigration
178–179
Little Italies 156
Lloyd, G
eorge 27
Long
fellow, Henry Wadsworth 1
Lopez, Aaron 234
Los Angeles, California 84, 85,
122, 151, 179–180, 180
Louima, A
bner 209, 244
Louis XIV (king of F
rance) 63,
101, 126, 181, 206
Louisbourg 203, 216, 268
Louisiana 181
Acadia 2
African for
ced migration 5
Canadian immigration to
the U
nited States 47
colonization of 45
French immigration 100,
101
New France 203, 204
New Orleans 206
Seven Years’ War 268
Louisiana Purchase 181, 206
Loyalists
American Revolution and
immigration 11, 12
British immigration 36, 37
Canada 45
Dutch immigration 81
German immigration 105
Frederick Haldimand 119
New Brunswick 201
New York colony 211
Nova Scotia 216
Prince Edward Island 235
John Graves Simcoe 270
Swiss immigration 285–286
United States—immigration
survey/policy 302
LPC clause 86
LRUP. See La Raza Unida Party
Lusitania (ship) 321
L
utheranism
D
enmark 74
Estonia 92
Finland 98
Germany 105
Hungary 126
Icelandic immigration 129
Norway 214
Pennsylvania colony 227
Sweden 283
M
Macdonald, Sir John Alexander
45, 62, 80, 182, 183
Macedonian immigration
183–184
Macpherson, Annie 27, 121
mafia 184
mail-order brides. See picture
brides
Malvo, Lee Bo
y
d 291
Manhattan 208
Manifest of Immigrants Act
(U.S.) 50, 184–185. See also
shipping manifest
M
ann, J
ames R. 185
Mann Act (U.S.) 185
manumission 271, 272, 311
maps 372m–384m
Marciano, Rocky 280
M
ar
cos, Ferdinand 96
Mariel boatlift 63, 64, 69, 70,
185, 192, 250
marielitos 70, 185
M
arley
, Bob 92, 159
Marquette, Jacques 203
marriage 13, 142, 229–230,
272, 292. See also War Brides
Ac
t
M
artin, Dean 91
Martin, Ricky 92
Maryland colony 186, 251
M
ason, J
ohn 204
Massachusetts 43, 48, 126, 176.
See also specific headings, i.e.:
Boston, Massachusetts
Massachusetts colony 187
Connecticut colony 67
N
e
w Hampshire colony
204
456 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF NORTH AMERICAN IMMIGRATION
Pilgrims and Puritans 231
Quaker immigration 238
religion and immigration
251
Rhode Island colony 254
United States—immigration
survey/policy 301
John Winthrop 319,
319–320
mass entertainment 90
M
atsui, H
ideki 280
Mayan Empire 113, 122
Mayflower (ship) 35, 187
M
ayflo
wer Compact 35, 187,
231, 231, 336
M
cCarran, P
atrick 188, 303
McCarran-Walter Act, (U.S.),
1952 187–188
Barbadian immigration 25
cold war 64
ex
cerpts fr
om 351–352
Immigration and
Nationality Act 139
Immigration Marriage Fraud
Amendments 142
Jamaican immigration 159
Japanese immigration 161
Johnson-Reed Act 166
John Kennedy 167
nativism 199
Palestinian immigration
224
refugee status 250
United States—immigration
survey/policy 303
West Indian immigration
318
McKinley, William 136, 137,
290
medical examinations 14, 30,
86, 87, 87, 209
M
ennonite immigration xiii,
188, 189, 189, 258
. See also
Amish immigration
Canada 46
G
erman immigration 105
I
mmigration Act, 1919 133
Mexican immigration 191
Pennsylvania colony 227
Quaker immigration 239
religion and immigration
251, 252
Russian immigration 259
John Graves Simcoe 270
Swiss immigration 285, 286
Toronto 295
World War I and
immigration 322
mercantilism 63
mercenaries 285
merchants 13, 203, 204
mestizos
Chicano 56
Chilean immigration 57
Colombia 65
Ecuador 84
El Salvador 261
Hispanic (term) 120
H
onduras 122
M
exican immigration 190
Nicaragua 211
Peru 227
Spanish immigration 278
Métis 124, 145, 214, 243, 248
Mexican Americans 120. See also
Chicano; Latinos
Chicago, I
llinois 56
D
etroit 77
Corky Gonzales 57,
109–110, 174
H
enr
y B. Gonzalez
110–111
Los Angeles 179, 180
LR
UP 174–175
nativism 199
N
e
w York City 207
Mexican-American War. See
U.S.-Mexican War
M
exican immigration 64, 91,
189–191, 190, 192, 205, 247,
262, 263, 324
M
exican Revolution 31, 190
M
exico and M
exicans xiii
Basque immigration 28
U.S. Border Patrol 31
Houston 123
illegal immigration 130,
131
immigration by region and
selected
country,1820–2002
392m–395m
Los Angeles 180
map of, 2004 374m
Mexican immigration 190
NAFT
A 213
O
regon Treaty 217
origin of U.S. population by
region of birth,
1850–2000 388m
Tejanos 289
R
epublic of
Texas 291, 292
U.S.-Mexican War
306–307
“Mexidu” culture 147
M
iami, F
lorida 69, 192–193,
211
M
ichigan 28, 98. S
ee also
Detroit, Michigan
Midw
est 106, 107
migrants 33–35, 34, 40, 54,
54,
55, 57, 130, 331g
military bases 97
militar
y ser
vice 61, 188
Milosevic, Slobodan 7
Mine War 193
mining 194
M
innesota 98, 174
missionaries 6, 203, 274
M
ississippi 68
M
ississippi Riv
er 206, 207, 289
“model minorities” 180
molasses 4, 201, 254
Molly Maquires 193–194, 199
Molokans 259–260
M
ondale, Walter 312
Mongolians (yellow) 244
mongrelization 199
Monk, Maria 197
Monrovia, Liberia 178
Montenegro 267, 326, 327, 327
Montreal, Quebec 194–195
Jacques Cartier 51
H
aitian immigration 117
I
rish immigration 152
Italian immigration 156,
157
Jewish immigration 164,
165
Laotian immigration 174
Lebanese immigration 176
Lithuanian immigration
179
Moroccan immigration 195
New Orleans 206
North West Company 214
Quebec 239, 240
Seven Years’ War 268
moral character 200
Mormons 74, 129, 284
Moroccan immigration 194,
195
Morse, Samuel F. B. 196, 197,
339–340
Muelles, Jacques de 1
M
uhammad, J
ohn Allen 291
Munk, Jens 75
music 89, 91, 92
Muslims xv. See also Islam;
specific headings, i.e.: Sunni
M
uslims
Afghanistan 3, 4
Albanian immigration 6, 7
Arab immigration 15, 16
Bosnia 32
Bosnian immigration 32
D
etroit 77
Egypt 85
Ethiopia 93
Ghana 108
Indian immigration
145–147
Iran 150
Lebanese immigration 177
Lebanon 176
Liberia 178
M
acedonia 183
M
orocco 195
New York City 209
Nigeria 212
Pakistani immigration 222,
223
Palestinian immigration
224
Philippines 96–97
religion and immigration
253
Russian immigration 258
slavery 271
South Asian immigration
276
Sri Lanka 281
Thailand 292
Turkey 297
Yugoslavia immigration 327
Mussolini, Benito 156
N
NAACP. See National
Association for the
A
dvancement of Colored
People
NAFTA. See North American
Free T
rade Agreement
Nafziger, Christian 12
Napoleon 181, 206
national 331g
National Association for the
Advancement of Colored
P
eople (NAA
CP) 207
National Basketball Association
(NBA) 280
National Hockey League (NHL)
280
National Immigration Museum
86, 88, 209
nationalism 194, 252
Nationalities of the Austro-
Hungarian Empire, ca. 1900
381m
National Labor U
nion (NL
U)
171
national origin 64, 166, 199
national security 188
A Nation of Immigr
ants (
John F.
Kennedy) 167
Native Americans. See also
mestizos; Métis
African for
ced migration 4
A
ztec Indians 56, 190
William Bradford 35
Carolina colonies 50
Samuel de Champlain 54
Chicano 120
Colombia 65
Christopher Columbus 66
Ecuador 84
El Salvador 261
Guatemala 113
Hudson’s Bay Company
124
Iroquois Indians 45, 268
Sir John Alexander
Macdonald 182
Mexican immigration 190
INDEX 457
Native Americans (continued)
New France 203
Ne
w Hampshire colony
204
New York colony 211
Nicaragua 211
and William Penn 226
Per
u 227
P
uerto Rico 236
Quebec 240
racism 244, 245
Red River colony 248
slavery 271, 272
Spanish immigration 278
Trinidad and Tobago 296
Virginia colony 311
Yaocomico Indians 186
nativism 197–200, 198. See also
discrimination; racism
Boston 33
Chicago, I
llinois 55
Chinese immigration 59
G
erman immigration 107
home children 121
Immigration Act, 1907 137
Immigration Act, 1917 137
Italian immigration 156
Samuel F. B. Morse 196,
197, 339–340
ne
w immigration 205
O
ur Countr
y 218
Philadelphia 229
P
roposition 187 235–236
religion and immigration
251
San Francisco 262
September 11, 2001 266
terrorism and immigration
290
two examples of
, in print
346–347
T
ydings-McDuffie Act 298
United States—immigration
survey/policy 302–304
NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty
O
rganization
naturalization 64, 200, 218,
219, 331
g
Naturalization Act, (U.S.), 1790,
1795 200
Naturalization Act, (U.S.), 1802
200
Naturalization Law 7, 8
navigation acts 4–5, 201, 204,
257, 272
N
azi G
ermany
Czech immigration 71, 72
German immigration 107
Jewish immigration 164
Latvia 175
Lithuania 178
Morocco 195
Switzerland 285
Ukraine 299
World War II and
immigration 323
NBA (National Basketball
Association) 280
Neapolitan Camorra. See mafia
N
etherlands 230
N
etherlands Farm Families
Movement 82
New Amsterdam 81, 205, 207,
208, 210, 211
N
e
w Brunswick 201–202
Acadia 1
American immigration to
Canada 10
American R
ev
olution and
immigration 12
British immigration 37
Danish immigration 75
Dutch immigration 81
Irish immigration 154
Loyalists 45
Nova Scotia 216
Quebec 240
United States—immigration
survey/policy 302
New England 4, 48, 49, 101,
144, 195, 203
Newfoundland 42, 45, 51, 154,
186, 202, 216, 268
N
e
w France 202–204
Basque immigration 28
B
elgian immigration 29
B
ritish immigration 36
Jacques Cartier 51
Samuel de Champlain 53
Jean-Baptiste Colbert 63
colonization of 45
Compagnie de la Nouvelle
France 66–67
French immigration 101
H
uguenot immigration
126
indentur
ed servitude 144
Irish immigration 153
Montreal, Quebec 194
New Brunswick 201
Prince Edward Island 235
Quebec 239
Seven Years’ War 268
Jean Talon 289
United States—immigration
sur
v
ey/policy 302
New Hampshire colony 187,
204, 231, 254, 301
ne
w immigration 204, 205, 205
.
See also old immigration
J
ane A
ddams 2
census and immigration 53
Chicago, Illinois 56
Dillingham Commission 78
Ellis Island 87
Gypsy immigration 115
Jewish immigration 165
nativism 199
New Orleans 207
New York City 207
Our Country 218
padr
one system 221
P
hiladelphia 229
religion and immigration
252
Slovakian immigration 273
Slovenian immigration 274
sports and immigration 279
United States—immigration
survey/policy 302
New Jersey colony 205–206,
211, 227, 238, 301
N
e
w Mexico 189, 190, 307
New Netherlands 74, 82, 123
New Orleans, Louisiana
an account of, 1763
337–338
Croatian immigration 68
Haiti 117
Honduran immigration 122
Louisiana 181
Miami 192
New France 203
Seven Years’ War 268
New York, New York 207–209,
208
Austrian immigration 19
Castle G
ar
den 51
Chinese immigration 60
Colombian immigration 65
Czech immigration 71
Dominican immigration 79
Dutch immigration 81
Ecuadorean immigration
84
Egyptian immigration 85
Haitian immigration 117
Hispanic and related terms
120
H
onduran immigration 122
H
uguenot immigration 126
Hungarian immigration
126
INS 140
Irish immigration 152, 154
Italian immigration 156,
157
Jamaican immigration 159
Jewish immigration 163,
164
Korean immigration 168
Latvian immigration 175
Liberian immigration 177
Lithuanian immigration
178
Miami 192
New Orleans 206
Norwegian immigration
215
Philadelphia 228
Puerto Ricans 236
Jacob Riis 255
Spanish immigration 278
Trinidadian and Tobagonian
immigration 296
United States—immigration
survey/policy 302
New York colony 75, 119, 123,
205, 210–211, 285, 295, 301
Ne
w
York State 12, 176, 195,
212, 275
New Zealand 220, 221
NHL (National Hockey League)
280
Nicaragua 131, 211, 212
Nicaraguan immigration 192,
211, 211, 212
Nicholas II (czar) 98
N
icolls, Richar
d 205
Nigeria 212–213, 280
Nigerian immigration 212–213
nisei 162, 324
N
ix
on, Richard 167
Nkrumah, Kwame 108, 109
NLU (National Labor Union)
171
nondiscrimination 46, 143, 295
nonimmigrant 331g
nonpreference category 331g
North America 372m–376m,
378m. See also specific headings,
i.e.: Canada
Nor
th American F
ree Trade
Agreement (NAFTA) 48, 77,
191, 213
North Atlantic Treaty Organiza-
tion (NATO) 32, 213
northern Europe 78, 88, 188,
204, 208
Northern P
acific Railr
oad 247
North Korea 169
North West Company 214, 217
N
or
th West Fur Company 248
Northwest Passage 123
Norwegian immigration 55,
214, 215, 215, 255–256
N
o
va Scotia 215–216
Acadia 1
African for
ced migration 5
American immigration to
Canada 10
American R
evolution and
immigration 12
British immigration 37
Samuel de Champlain 53
Dutch immigration 81
Irish immigration 154
Loyalists 45
New Brunswick 201
Prince Edward Island 235
Quebec 240
Seven Years’ War 268
United States—immigration
survey/policy 302
Nowitzki, Dirk 280
nurses 97
458 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF NORTH AMERICAN IMMIGRATION
O
Objectives of the (Canadian)
Immigration Act, 1976 355
OBU (One Big Union) 319
Office of Management and
Budget (OMB) 243
official records xii. See also
shipping manifest
Oglethorpe, J
ames 104
O
hio 12, 273
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 290
Olajuwon, Hakeem 280
Olcott, Chauncey 91
old immigration 78, 204. See
also new immigration
O
lesko
w, Josef 300
OMB (Office of Management
and Budget) 243
One Big Union (OBU) 319
O’Neill, Hugh (earl of Tyrone)
300
Ontario. See also specific headings,
i.e. : Toronto, Ontario
Amish immigration 12
Croatian immigration 67
D
urham R
eport 81
Ecuadorean immigration
84
Finnish immigration 98
Korean immigration 168
Latvian immigration 175
Lebanese immigration 176
Macedonian immigration
183
Nigerian immigration 212
Serbian immigration 267
Slovakian immigration 273
open immigration policy 182,
250
oral hearings 29, 30, 270, 271
Orange, Fort 211
Oregon Treaty 217
organized crime 184
Oriental Exclusion Act, (U.S.),
1924 199, 217, 218, 218
Origin of U.S. Population by
Region of Birth, S
elected
Years,
1850–2000 388m
orphans 78
O
r
thodox Christians
Albanian immigration 6, 7
Armenian immigration 17
Bosnia 32
Croatia 68
Estonia 93
Ethiopia 93
Greek immigration 111
Macedonia 183
Russian immigration 258
Ukraine 299
United States—immigration
survey/policy 302
Orthodox Jews 163–165
Ottoman Empire
Arab immigration 15, 16
Armenian immigration 17
Bosnia 32
Egyptian immigration 85
Greece 111
Greek immigration 112
Lebanon 176
Macedonia 183
New York City 208
Romania 256
Serbia 267
Syria 286
Syrian immigration 287
Turkey 297
World War I and
immigration 321
Yugoslavia 326
Ottoman Turks 17–18, 39, 85,
126, 151
Our Country: Its Possible Future
and I
ts P
resent Crisis 218–219
Ozawa v
. United States 9, 218,
219
P
Pacific Islander immigration
220–221
pacifism 12, 128, 252
padrone system 97, 221
Page, Horace F. 222
Page Act (U.S.) 58, 135, 136,
222–223, 302
P
ahlavi, M
ohammad Reza 150
Pakistan xiii, 24
Pakistani immigration 222–223,
295
Palestine 163, 223–224
Palestine Liberation O
rganization
(PL
O) 176
Palestinian immigration 223–224
Palestinians 176
Panama Canal Act immigrants
331g
“paper sons” 13
parolee xiv, 331g
parole powers (presidential) 64
“
par
tners” (business) 13
Pashtun 3
passenger-ships 184–185
The Passing of the Great Race
(Madison G
rant) 346
P
astore, John Orlando 225
PATRIOT Act. See USA
PA
TRIO
T Act
patroon system 211
P
auls, S
ean 92
paupers 104, 144, 145
P.C. 695 (Canada) 225
Pearl Harbor 161, 162, 323
peasants 82, 84–85, 156, 214,
274, 299
penal colony 104
P
enelas, Alex 110
P
enn, William 75, 105, 206,
225–226, 226, 227, 228, 238
Pennsylv
ania 12, 67, 156, 194,
265, 273, 336–337.
See also
Philadelphia, P
ennsylv
ania
Pennsylvania colony 227
Delaware colony 75
G
erman immigration 104
F
rederick Haldimand 119
Mennonite immigration
188
New York colony 211
William Penn 225
Philadelphia 228
Q
uaker immigration 238,
239
r
eligion and immigration
251
Schwenkfelder immigration
263
Swiss immigration 285
Toronto 295
United States—immigration
survey/policy 301
Pennsylvania Dutch 188. See also
Amish immigration
Pentagon 265
per-countr
y limit 331g
permanent r
esidence
400m–410m
permanent resident xii, xiii,
140–141, 143, 212, 262,
333g
permanent resident alien xvi,
331g
permanent resident card 333g
Permanent Resident Cards
141–142, 266
Perón, I
sabel 17
P
erón, Juan 16, 17
persecution 64, 164, 189
Persian Gulf War (1991) 151,
152
P
ersian G
ulf War (2003) 151,
152
Persians 150
Personal Responsibility and Work
Opportunity Reconciliation
Act 317
Persons Naturalized by Region
and B
ir
th, Fiscal Years 1991-
2002 418m–423m
Peruvian immigration 227–228
petroleum 190
Philadelphia, P
ennsylv
ania 126,
152, 154, 175, 208, 227,
228–229
Philippines xiii, 96, 103. See also
Filipino immigration
physicians. See doctors
pictur
e brides 103, 112, 161,
169,
229–230
Pierce, Franklin 50
P
ilgrims and P
uritans 35, 37, 67,
186, 187, 230, 231, 231, 251,
254
Pinochet, A
ugusto 57, 58
P
itt, William 268
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 67
Pizarro, Francisco 227
place of birth 53
plantations 49, 169, 186, 296
PLO (Palestine Liberation
Organization) 176
Plyler v. Doe 100, 232
Plymouth Colony 35, 187, 230,
231
pogr
oms 164
points system 135, 143
P
oland 178, 232, 233
Poles xiv
police abuse 209
police departments 33
“police power” 119
Polish Americans 207
Polish immigration xiii, 55, 208,
232–233, 233, 269, 302, 303,
325
political crimes 250
political dissidents 212
political freedom 253
political prisoners 57
political repression 113
Polk, James K. 217, 292, 307
P
ol P
ot 43, 292
population. See also specific
headings, i.e.: British
immigration
African Americans 4
approximation of xii
B
ritish colonies, 1700 and
1775 385
m
California gold rush 42
Canada—immigration
sur
v
ey/policy 44
ethnic, in former Soviet
Republics, 1991 259m
exodus of, in Canada 44
foreign-born, 1871–1971
399
m
foreign-born in United
S
tates, 1850–2000 387m
for
eign-born in U
nited
S
tates, 2000 384m, 389m
Irish immigration 154, 155
Kor
ean immigration 168
Los Angeles 179–180
N
ew Orleans 206, 207
New York City 207
New York colony 211
origin of United States,
1850–2000 388m
at time of American
R
ev
olution 302
United States—immigration
survey/policy 300–304
in U.S. cities, 1920 386m
INDEX 459
port of entry 23, 31, 206–209,
331g. See also Angel Island;
Ellis I
sland
Portugal 4, 35–36, 48, 49, 234,
271
Portuguese immigration 49, 209,
234–235
potato famine. See Gr
eat Famine
po
verty 117, 121, 122, 127,
152–154, 301
Powell, Colin 160
Pratz, Le Page du 337–338
preference system 64,
331g–332g
pre-removal risk assessment
(PRRA) 333g
Presbyterianism 264
P
rince E
dward Island 45, 51, 80,
216, 235
principal alien 332g
Proclamation of Juan Cortina,
1859 341–342
The Promised Land (Mary Antin)
15
P
r
oposition 187 180, 191, 199,
232, 235–236, 262, 263, 266,
304
P
r
oposition 227 199
prostitution 61, 130, 132, 134,
136, 185
protected person 333g–334g
Protestant Reformation 230
P
r
otestants and Protestantism
APA 11
Barbados 25
Belgium 29
Bulgarian immigration 39
Chilean immigration 57
John Joseph Hughes 125
Huguenot immigration
126
Hutterite immigration 128
Ireland 152
I
rish immigration 153–155
J
amaica 159
Los Angeles 179
Mexican immigration 190
Netherlands 81
New Orleans 206
Philippines 96
Romania 256
Switzerland 285
Trinidad and Tobago 296
provincial nominee 334g
PRRA (pre-removal risk
assessment) 333g
Prussia 104
public assistance 79
P
uer
to Rican immigration 208,
236, 278, 317–318
Pulitzer
, Joseph 282
Puritans. See Pilgrims and
P
uritans
Q
Quaker immigration 238–239
British immigration 37
Ne
w Jersey colony 206
William Penn 225–226
Pennsylvania colony 227
Philadelphia 228
religion and immigration
251
Rhode Island colony 254
John Graves Simcoe 270
Quebec 239, 239–241
Acadia 1
American immigration to
Canada 10
American R
ev
olution and
immigration 12
British immigration 36, 37
Canada 46, 47
Canada—immigration
survey/policy 44
Canadian immigration to
the U.S. 48
Jacques Cartier 51
Durham Report 81
Egyptian immigration 85
French immigration 100,
101
Haitian immigration 118
Frederick Haldimand 119
Irish immigration 152
IRP
A 141
J
ewish immigration 165
William Lyon Mackenzie
King 168
Newfoundland 202
New France 203
Nova Scotia 216
Quebec Act 241
religion and immigration
252
S
ev
en Years’ War 268
United States—immigration
survey/policy 302
Quebec Act (1774) 11, 45, 240,
241, 338
Quitman, John 306, 307
quotas. See Emergency Quota
A
ct, 1921 (U.S.)
R
racial and ethnic categories
242–244, 244
racial eugenics 199
racism 58–60, 242, 243,
244–245, 245, 272, 312,
352–355. See also
discrimination; segregation
Radisson, P
ierr
e Esprit 124
rafts 70, 118
railways and immigration 39,
182, 245–247, 246. See also
specific heading, i.e.: Canadian
P
acific Railr
oad
Raleigh, Sir Walter 49, 118–119,
247–248, 255
Rastafarianism 159
Rawlings, J
err
y 109
Razilly, Isaac de 1
Reagan, Ronald 70, 141, 149,
163, 185, 212, 250, 261
rebellion 45, 240, 241
reception centers 131
Recollections of the refugee years,
1946–1970 350–351
redemption system 105
Red River colony 80, 124, 248
Reform Judaism 164, 165
r
efugee(s) xiv
, 332g
Albanian immigration 7
Argentinean immigration
17
arriv
als into the U
nited
States by country of
chargeability, 1990–2002
414m–417m
Austrian immigration 20
B
elgian immigration 29
B
ill C-55 29
Bill C-86 30
Bosnian immigration 32
Cambodia 44
Cambodian immigration 43
Chilean immigration 57
cold war 64, 65
Cuba 69
Cuban immigration 70
Czech immigration 72
Displaced Persons Act 78
Estonian immigration 93
Evian Conference 94
German immigration 107
Haitian immigration 117
Honduran immigration 122
illegal immigration 131
Immigration Act, 1976 135
Immigration Act, 1990 138
Immigration and
Nationality Act 139
Indian immigration 147
Iraqi immigration 151
Jewish immigration 164,
165
J
ohn K
ennedy 167
William Lyon Mackenzie
King 168
labor organizations and
immigration 172
Lebanese immigration 176,
177
Liberian immigration 178
Lithuanian immigration
178, 179
M
acedonian immigration
184
M
ariel boatlift 185
Montreal, Quebec 194
nativism 199
Palestinian immigration
224
Polish immigration 233
Portuguese immigration
234
Refugee Act, 1953 249
Refugee Act, 1980
248–249
refugee status 249
religion and immigration
252
S
alv
adoran immigration
261
Serbian immigration 267,
268
Thai immigration 292
V
ietnamese immigration
309,
309, 310
Washington, D.C. 316
W
orld War I and
immigration 322
World War II and
immigration 323, 325
Yugoslav immigration 326
Refugee Act, (U.S.), 1953 249
Refugee Act, (U.S.), 1980 70,
94, 185, 248–249, 250
refugee camps 70, 174, 175
r
efugee class 141
r
efugee-parolee 332g
refugee policy 222
Refugee Relief Act, (U.S.), 1953
64, 68, 139, 250, 268
R
efugees and Asylees Granted
Lawful Permanent Residence
Status by Region and Selected
Country of Birth, Fiscal Years
1991–2002 406m–410m
Refugees and Asylees Granted
Lawful P
ermanent R
esidence
Status in the United States by
Region and Selected Country
of Birth, Fiscal Years
1946–2002 400m–405m
refugee status 249–251, 250,
270–271
r
eggae 92
r
eligion and immigration
251–253, 252. See also specific
headings, i.e.: Catholics and
Catholicism
Amish immigration 12,
188, 227, 239, 251, 252
H
uguenot immigration 50,
101,
126, 187, 254
H
utterite immigration 128,
133, 252, 322
M
assachusetts colony 187
M
ennonite immigration. Se
e
Mennonite immigration
460 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF NORTH AMERICAN IMMIGRATION
Norway 214
Pilgrims and Puritans. See
Pilgrims and Puritans
Quaker immigration. See
Quaker immigration
Schw
enkfelder immigration
105, 239, 251,
263–264
religious freedom
B
ritish immigration 37
fr
eedom of worship 126,
186, 205, 230, 231
German immigration 107
Quebec 240
Quebec Act 45
religion and immigration
251, 252
revolutions of 1848 253
Rhode Island colony 254
religious persecution 164, 189
religious tolerance 35, 49, 50
r
emo
val 332g
removal order 334g
Reno, J
anet 110
R
epublican Party 7, 8
Republic of Texas. See Texas,
Republic of
resettlement 250, 332g
residency 111, 130–131, 133,
142, 200. See also permanent
residence
restrictive legislation xii
r
eunification of families 147,
199
r
evolts 81, 117, 272
revolutions of 1848 72, 106,
253, 320
Rhode Island 48
Rhode I
sland colony 187, 251,
254
Rhodes, Cecil 27
Richardson, Carmen 111
Richelieu, Car
dinal 67
Riis, Jacob 254, 254, 255
riots 8, 168, 180, 192, 229, 308
R
oanoke colony 49, 118, 247,
248,
255, 301, 311
Roberv
al, J
ean-François de la
Rocque de 203
Robinson, Jackie 279
Roijin, J. H. van 82
Rolling Stones 91
R
olv
aag, Ole Edvart 255–256
Roman E
mpire 256, 271, 284
R
omanian immigration
256–257
Roma/R
omany immigration. S
ee
Gypsy immigration
Roosev
elt, Franklin 20, 94, 136,
161, 162, 199, 275, 323
Roosevelt, Theodore 3, 15, 103,
161, 185, 255
Royal African Company 257,
272
R
ussia 175, 178, 184, 199, 217,
233, 257–260.
See also Soviet
U
nion
Russian Empire 178, 208,
257–259, 277
Russian immigration xiii,
257–260, 258
Irving Berlin 91
in former S
o
viet Republics,
1991 259m
German immigration 106
ne
w immigration 204
S
oviet immigration 277
United States—immigration
survey/policy 302
World War II and
immigration 324
Ryan, Paddy 280
Rye, Maria Susan 121
S
“safe” third country 30
Salvadoran immigration 138,
261–262
San Antonio de B
exar 292
S
andinista National Liberation
Front 212
Sandys, Edwin 311
San Francisco, California 42, 43,
60, 103, 157, 161, 262–263
San Martín, José de 84
Santa Anna, Antonio López de
291, 292, 307
S
av
e Our State Initiative. See
Proposition 187
SAW (seasonal agricultural
wor
kers) 332g
S
awer, Charles 55
Scandinavian immigration 121,
208, 269, 302
schools 174, 199. S
ee also
education
Schwarzenegger
, Arnold 92, 180,
191
Schw
enkfelder immigration 105,
239, 251, 263–264
Scots-Irish immigration
B
ritish immigration 37
Car
olina colonies 50
Irish immigration 153, 154
Maryland colony 186
New Jersey colony 206
New York colony 211
Pennsylvania colony 227
Scottish immigration 264
Ulster 301
United States—immigration
survey/policy 302
Scott, William 264
Scott, Winfield 307
Scott Act, (U.S.), 1888 58,
264
Scottish immigration 264–265
British immigration 37
Thomas D
ouglas 80
e
nclosure movement 89
Sir John Alexander
Macdonald 182, 183
Maryland colony 186
N
e
w Brunswick 201
New Jersey colony 206
Nova Scotia 216
Prince Edward Island 235
Red River colony 248
Ulster 301
U.S.—immigration
survey/policy 302
seasonal agricultural workers
(SAW) 332g
Secr
et Order of the Star-Spangled
B
anner 197
segregation 5, 62, 103, 161, 180,
207. See also racism
S
elena 91–92
self-emplo
yed person 334g
self-identification xiv
S
elkir
k, fifth earl of. See Douglas,
Thomas
separation of church and state 12
separatist movement 240
S
eptember 11, 2001, terr
orist
attacks 265–266. See also bin
Laden, Osama
Afghanistan 3
U.S. Border Patrol 31
U.S Coast Guard 63
DHS 75
illegal immigration 131
INS 140
I
raq 151
IRP
A 141
labor organizations and
immigration 173
Mexican immigration 191
Montreal, Quebec 194
NAFTA 213
nativism 200
New York City 209
religion and immigration
253
terrorism and immigration
290–291
United States—immigration
survey/policy 304
USA PATRIOT Act 305
Serbia and Serbs 7, 32, 68, 183,
184, 267, 268, 320, 326, 327
Serbian immigration 266–268,
267
serfdom 127, 178
S
ev
en Years’ War 268
Acadia 1
American R
ev
olution and
immigration 11
British immigration 36
Canada—immigration
survey/policy 44
Canadian immigration to
the United States 47
Connecticut colony 67
French immigration 101
German immigration 105
Hudson’s Bay Company
124
Montreal, Quebec 194
Newfoundland 202
New France 203, 204
Nova Scotia 216
Prince Edward Island 235
Quebec 240
Quebec Act 241
Swiss immigration 285
United States—immigration
survey/policy 302
SEVIS database 305
Seward, William H. 41
Shakira 92
Shankar, Ravi 92
shepherds 28
Shia Muslims 3, 4, 150–152
Shiite Muslims 176
shipping manifest xii, 87, 209.
See also Manifest of
I
mmigrants A
ct
ships 184–185
shunning 12
Sicily 184
Sifton, Clifford 8, 10, 233, 269,
269
Sikhs 146, 147, 276
Simcoe, John G
rav
es 270, 295
Simon, Paul 92
S
imons, M
enno 188
Sinatra, Frank 91
Singer, Isaac Bashevis 282
Singh, Gurdit 146
Singh v
. Minister of Employment
and Immigration 29,
270–271
“six-second physical” 87, 209
skilled wor
kers 25, 38, 72, 97,
135, 144
slav
ery xiii, 271–273. See also
African Americans; African
forced migration; fr
ee blacks
(fr
eed slaves)
abolition 5–6
African forced migration
4–6
African slave trade, 1619-
1760 378m
American immigration to
Canada 10
B
arbados 25
B
razil 35–36
Cape Verde 48
Carolina colonies 49, 50
Chinese immigration 61
INDEX 461
slavery (continued)
Fourteenth Amendment
99–100
Georgia colony 104
G
hana 108
G
hanaian immigration 109
Haiti 117
Haitian immigration 118
indentured servitude 145
Indian immigration 146
Liberian immigration 177
Maryland colony 186
New France 203
New Orleans 206
Nova Scotia 216
Puerto Rico 236
Quebec 240
racial and ethnic categories
242–243
racism 244
Rhode Island colony 254
Royal African Company
257
slave codes 311
Republic of Texas 291
triangular trade 4
Trinidad and Tobago 296
United States—immigration
survey/policy 302
Virginia colony 311
slave trade 4, 108, 257, 271, 272
Slovakian immigration 273–274
Slovenia 274, 326, 327
Slovenian immigration
274–275
slums 255
Smith, Al 275
Smith, John 275–276, 311
smuggling 30, 61, 131, 201
socialism 93, 290
Social Justice (newspaper) 31
social services 52, 70, 180,
235–236, 304, 317
social wor
kers 2, 2–3, 55, 168,
315
S
omalis 355–356
S
omoa 220, 221
Somoza, Anastasio 212
Soto, Hernando de 181
South America xvi, 28, 66,
372m–373m, 378m. See also
specific headings, i.e.: Brazil
S
outh Asian immigration 223,
276
S
outh Korea 169
S
outh
Vietnam 174
Souvanna Phouma (Lao prince)
174
Soviet immigration 260,
276–277
So
viet Union 276–277. S
ee also
cold war; communism; Russia
Afghanistan 3
Armenia 18
cold war 63–65
Cuban immigration 70
C
z
echoslovakia 71–72
Displaced Persons Act 78
Estonian immigration 93
Finland 98
Finnish immigration 99
Hungary 127
Jewish immigration 164
Korea 169
Latvia 175
Lithuania 178
picture brides 229–230
Poland 232
Russian immigration
257–259
Ukraine 299
United States—immigration
survey/policy 303
World War II and
immigration 323
Spain 278, 279
Basques 27
Carolina colonies 49
claims in North America,
1700 376m
Jean-Baptiste Colbert 63
Christopher Columbus 66,
66
Ecuador 84
El S
alv
ador 261
land claims of 278
Louisiana 181
Mexican immigration 190
Morocco 195
New France 204
New Orleans 206
Nicaragua 211
Peru 227
Philippines 96
San Francisco 262
Seven Years’ War 268
slavery 271
Spanish-American War of 1898
236, 298
Spanish Empire 301
Spanish immigration 278–279
Spanish language 119
special immigrants 332g
speech, freedom of 8
speech of P
r
esident George W.
Bush, proposing New
Temporary Worker Program,
2004 368–371
sponsor 332g, 334g
sports and immigration
279–280
spouses 142, 292
S
ri Lankan immigration xiii, 281
SS C
ity of Benares (ship) 114
Stalin, J
oseph 299
S
tandish, Miles 231
Starr, Ellen Gates 2
statehood 236
S
tatue of Liber
ty 86, 88, 207,
282, 283, 283
steamboats 50, 181, 206, 207
steerage class 86–88, 209
S
teinbr
enner, George 280
Stoddard, Lothrop 199
Stojakovic, Peja 280
Stravinsky, Igor 92
strikes 54, 55, 148, 193–194,
314, 318, 318, 319
S
tr
ong, Josiah 218–219
students. See foreign student(s)
study permit 334g
subversive activities 133
sugar 201, 206, 314
sugar industr
y 181
sugar plantations 236
suicide bombings 290
suicides 121
“
suitability” 133
Sullivan, John L. 280
Sullivan, Yankee 280
Sunni Muslims 3, 4, 151
survey, immigration 301–304
Sutter’s mill 42
S
v
endse, Gro 343–344
Sweden and Swedes 46, 75, 205,
283–284
S
w
edish immigration 55, 75, 98,
283–284, 284
Sweeney, John J. 9
S
wiss immigration 285–286
Switzerland 188, 285
“Syrian” classification 16, 176,
286
Syrian immigration 286–287
T
Taft, William H. 185
Taiwanese immigration 61,
288–289
Taliban 3, 265
T
alon, J
ean 63, 203, 289
Tamils 281
T
ampa, F
lorida 69, 278
TANF (Temporary Assistance for
Needy Familes) 317
Taoism 288, 309
taxation 51–52, 86, 115. See also
head tax
T
aylor
, Charles 178
Taylor, Zachary 307
teachers 33
Teamster’s Union 9
technical training 298
technological innovation 12, 188
Tejano (music) 91
Tejanos 289, 291
television 91
Temporar
y Assistance for N
eedy
Familes (TANF) 317
temporary guests 250
temporary immigrants 92
“temporary” Mexican laborers 33
temporary protected status (TPS)
178, 332g
temporary resident 178, 334g
temporary worker 180, 190,
191, 332g
Temporary Worker Program
191, 266, 304
terr
orism and immigration 30,
75, 141, 265–266,
289–291,
305. See also specific headings,
i.e.: September 11, 2001,
terrorist attacks
T
exas 34, 110, 111, 120, 189,
190, 211, 212, 396m
Texas, Republic of 291–292,
307
Thai immigration 292–293
Thailand 44, 174, 292
Thanksgiving holiday 231
Thatcher
, M
argaret 37
theater 89
Thirteenth Amendment 273
Thomas, Gabriel 337
Tiant, Luis 279
Tibetan immigration 293–294
Tijerina, Reies López 174, 294
Tin Pan Alley 90, 91
T
ito, M
arshal (Josip Broz) 32,
267–268, 327
tobacco 49, 186, 201, 311
Tolbert, William R. 178
Toledo, Alejandro 228
Tolstoy, Leo 252
Tonga 220, 221
Tonti, Enrico di 157
Toronto, Ontario 295
Chinese immigration 60
Egyptian immigration 86
E
thiopian immigration 94
F
ilipino immigration 97
Greek immigration 112
Hungarian immigration
126
Indian immigration 145
Iranian immigration 150
Iraqi immigration 151
Italian immigration 156
Jamaican immigration 159
Jewish immigration 165
Korean immigration 168
Laotian immigration 174
Latvian immigration 175
Lithuanian immigration
178, 179
Macedonian immigration
183
Nicaraguan immigration
211
Trinidadian and Tobagonian
immigration 296
TPS. See temporary protected
status
trachoma 87
462 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF NORTH AMERICAN IMMIGRATION
tracking of immigration 51
trade. See also fur trade; specific
headings, i.e.: Royal African
Company
African for
ced migration 4,
5
Chicago, I
llinois 55
Jean-Baptiste Colbert 63
Houston 123
Miami 192
NAFTA 213
navigation acts 201
New Brunswick 201
N
e
w France 203, 204
New Orleans 206
New York City 208
Norwegian immigration
215
Oregon Treaty 217
Quebec 240
Rhode Island colony 254
slave trade 257, 271, 272
triangular trade 4, 108
United States—immigration
sur
v
ey/policy 301
transcontinental railroad 182,
190, 222, 246. See also railways
and immigration
T
r
eaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo,
1848 340–341
Treaty of Paris 194, 202
Treaty of Utrecht 202, 216
Treaty of Versailles 176
treaty trader or investor 332g
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire
149, 172
triangular trade 4, 108
T
rinidadian and
Tobagonian
immigration 139, 296–297,
317
Tr
udeau, Pierre 64
Trujillo, Rafael Leonidas 79
Truman, Harry S. 64, 250, 324,
325
Tucker, Sophie 90, 91
Tureaud, A. P. 207
Turkey 16
“Turkey in Asia” classification
16, 176, 286
Turkish immigration 297–298
Turks 297
T
urner
, Nat 272
Tydings-McDuffie Act, (U.S.),
1934 97, 298, 324
T
yler
, John 292
U
Ubico, Jorge 113
UFW. See United Farm Workers
of America
U
krainian immigration 269,
299–300
U
krainian wedding 205
Ulster (Northern Ireland) 37,
300–301
UMWA. See United Mine
Wor
kers of America
unauthoriz
ed resident 130
underrepresented countries,
natives of 332g
undesirable immigrants 132
undocumented migrant 130
unemplo
yment 172, 298
U
nion of Soviet Socialists
Republics (USSR). See Soviet
Union
U
nion Pacific Railroad 246, 247
unions. See labor organizations
and immigration
U
nited E
mpire Loyalists. See
Loyalists
United F
arm Workers of America
(UFW) 54, 55
United Kingdom 37, 38, 152.
See also Great Britain
United M
ine
Workers of America
(UMWA) 193, 319
United States x, xi, xiii. See also
cold war; specific headings, i.e.:
Massachusetts
Canadian immigration to
the 47–48
cold war 63–65
country and birth of other
B
ritish-born and the
for
eign-born population,
1871–1971 399m
Cuba 69
foreign-born population and
percent of total
population, 1850–2000
387m
foreign-born population for
states, 2000 384m
Gentlemen’s Agreement 103
glossary terms for
329g–334g
immigrants admitted by
state of intended
residence, 1988–2002
412m–413m
immigrants and their
children: U.S. cities, 1920
386m
immigrant settlement in the
United S
tates, 1860
380
m
immigration to the United
States fr
om A
ustria-
Hungary, 1861–1920
398m
Macedonian immigration
184
map of
, 2004 374m
M
ariel boatlift 185
NAFTA 213
Ne
w Orleans 206
Oregon Treaty 217
origin of U.S. population by
region of birth,
1850–2000 388m
Pacific Islander immigration
220
P
hilippines 96, 97
racial and ethnic categories
242–243
railways and immigration
246
r
efugee arrivals by country
of chargeability,
1990–2002 414m–417m
refugees and asylees granted
permanent r
esidence
1946–2002 400
m–405m
Al Smith 275
Taiwan 288
R
epublic of
Texas 291, 292
U.S.-Mexican War
306–307
West I
ndian immigrants to
the U
nited States,
1956–1955 411m
World
War II and
immigration 323
U
nited States—immigration
survey and policy overview
301–304, 303
unskilled labor 78, 79, 158
USA P
A
TRIOT Act 31, 266,
291, 304, 305, 356–358
USCIS. See U.S. Citizenship and
I
mmigration S
ervices
U.S. Citizenship and
Immigration Services (USCIS)
xiii, 31, 76, 140, 266, 304,
305–306
U.S. immigration to Canada. See
American immigration to
Canada
U.S. M
arines 117, 212
U.S.-M
exican War 179, 190,
262, 278, 292, 294, 306, 306,
307
U.S. Navy 97, 298
USSR. See Soviet Union
U
zbek 3
V
Vaile, William 166
Vancouver 60, 67, 122, 168,
179
Vancouver Riot 8, 168, 308
vaudeville 90, 91
V
ene
zuela 279, 280
Verrazano, Giovanni de 51, 156,
205, 211
Vietnam 43–44, 309
Vietnamese immigration 64,
130, 172, 180, 194, 207,
308–310, 309
Vietnam War
American immigration to
Canada 11, 65
Cambodian immigration
43, 44
Chicago, I
llinois 56
Chinese immigration 61
cold war 65
draft dodgers 11, 65
Laos 174
Laotian immigration 173
Thailand 292
V
ietnamese immigration
308
Vikings 74, 202, 214, 284, 299
violence 193, 290
Virginia colony 4, 49, 118, 186,
275–276, 301, 311–312
visa xiii, 332g
cold war 64
D
isplaced P
ersons Act 78
Ellis Island 87
illegal immigration 130
Immigration Act, 1990 138
Immigration and
Nationality Act 139
Immigration and
Naturalization Service v.
Chadha 140
Korean immigration 169
McCarran-Walter Act 188
N
e
w York City 209
Puerto Rican immigration
236
Refugee Act, 1953 249
September 11, 2001 266
terrorism and immigration
291
United States—immigration
survey/policy 303
USA PATRIOT Act 305
visa waiver program 332g
“visible minority” 243
VOLA
GS. S
ee voluntary agencies
voluntar
y agencies (VOLAGS)
44, 347–348
voluntary departure 332g
Voting Rights Act, (U.S.), 1965
312
W
wages 62, 136, 171, 172, 193,
314, 324
W
aipahu Plantation strike 314
Wakefield, Edward Gibbon
314–315
W
ald, Lillian 315
Walker, William 212
W
alloons 29
W
alter, Francis 188
war brides 19, 38
War Brides Act 61, 64, 97, 169,
250, 303, 315–316, 325
INDEX 463