Орлова Г.Д. и др. Английский для бакалавров. Часть II

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Р А Б О Т А С Т Е К С Т О М

Text A. WHAT IS A STAR?

A star is a body of luminous gas, like the sun. But as stars are much farther away

from the earth than the sun, they appear to be only small points of twinkling light.

With the naked eye it is possible to see about 2,000 stars at any one time or place but

with the most powerful telescope over 1,000 million stars are visible. Although light

travels at 186,000 miles a second, the light from the stars takes many years to reach

the earth.

Stars are not fixed in space, but are traveling in different

directions at different speeds. Seen from the earth, these

movements appear to be so small that groups of stars, or

constellations, seem to have a permanent relationship. The star

patterns we see in the sky are almost the same as those seen by

our ancestors hundreds, or even thousands of years ago.

The sizes of stars vary tremendously, from less than the

diameter of the sun to thousands of times its size. Most stars

appear white when looked at with the naked eye, but some are bluish-white, yellow,

orange and red. The varied colours are due to differences in surface temperature. The

brilliant, white stars are hottest with surface temperatures of several hundred

thousand degrees. The less brilliant, orange and red stars have surface temperatures

of about 2, 000 degrees.

There are exceptions, however. The red giant, Betelgeux, in the constellation (or

group) of Orion, appears to be brilliant because of its size. Its diameter is 250 million

miles, which is greater than the diameter of the earth's orbit round the sun.

Shooting stars which are sometimes seen moving across the night sky for a few

seconds are really meteors. These small particles flare up as they strike the earth's

atmosphere and usually burn out.

========================VOCABULARY=====================

luminous, a светящийся

point, n точка

twinkle, v мерцать, сверкать, мигать

naked, a голый, обнаженный

with the naked eye невооруженным глазом

visible, a видимый

reach, v достигать, доходить до

space, n пространство, космос

constellation, n созвездие

permanent, a постоянный, неизменный

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relationship, n

отношение, связь, расположение

относительно друг друга

pattern, n рисунок, узор

ancestor, n предок

size, n размер

tremendous, a огромный, громадный

due to, a обусловленный, вызванный чем-

либо

surface, n поверхность

flare up, v ярко вспыхивать

strike, v (struck, struck) ударять (-ся)

burn out, v (burnt, burnt) выгореть, сгореть

=========================================================

I. Practise the pronunciation of the following words:

luminous, earth, surface, orange, giant, diameter, meteor, farther, naked,

ancestor, tremendously.

II. Match the adjectives and nouns:

Adjectives Nouns

powerful particles

visible telescope

different eye

permanent relationship

naked speeds

small stars

III. Read and translate the words of the same root. Pay attention to suffixes:

A. to differ - difference - different;

to relate - relation - relationship;

to vary - variety - various;

to move - movement - movable;

to direct - direction - directly;

to except - exception - exceptional.

B. real - really;

usual - usually;

tremendous - tremendously;

visible-visibly;

careful - carefully.

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IV. Read and translate the words with the component tele - Mind! The Greek

word "tele" means "far, at a great distance":

telegraph, television, telescope, telephone, telefax, telepathy, telemetry.

V. Memorize the following word combinations:

small points of twinkling

light

маленькие точки мерцающего

света

with the naked eye невооруженным глазом

with the most powerful

telescope

с помощью самого мощного

телескопа

a permanent relationship постоянное расположение

относительно друг друга

a star pattern звездный узор

a shooting star падающая звезда

VI. Read the text ‘What is a star?’. Answer the questions below:

1. What is a star? Find the definition in the text.

2. How many stars can a man see with the naked eye? With the most powerful

telescope?

3. How long does it take the light from the stars to reach the earth?

4. Stars are not fixed in space, are they?

5. What do we call groups of stars?

6. How do the sizes of stars vary?

7. What are the varied colours of stars due to?

8. Which stars are the hottest?

9. What surface temperatures do the hottest stars have?

10. What are meteors?

VII. Complete the sentences.

1. A star is ... .

2, It is possible tо see ... .

3. The light from the stars takes ... .

4. Stars are traveling ... .

5. Constellations seem to have ... .

6. The sizes of stars ... .

7. The varied colours of stars ... .

8. Shooting stars are ... .

VIII. Find in the text ‘What is a Star?’ the sentences with the Subjective

Infinitive Construction. Translate them.

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102

IX. Say what you have learned from the text about:

a) the number of visible stars;

b) the speed of light;

c) the sizes of stars;

d) the colours of stars;

e) shooting stars.

X. Imagine you are a teacher of astronomy. Deliver a lecture on the topic ‘What

is a Star?’.

Text B. SPACE EXPLORATION

Exploration of outer space in the 20

century has produced

discoveries and inventions that will forever change the way

people live, learn and interact.

The dream of space travel is as old as history but it was in

the 20

century when the dream became reality. The first

aeroplane (airplane) flight occurred in 1903 and in 1926 the first

liquid-fuelled rocket was launched that traveled 200 feet.

After World War II, the superpower opposition between the

USA and the Soviet Union stimulated rocket research and

development. Both nations realized that large rockets can be

used to attack an enemy from thousands of miles away and that

satellites put into orbit around the Earth by rockets could

transmit messages.

The Soviet launch of sputnik, the first man-made object to overcome gravity,

began the space age. The Soviet Union soon achieved many other firsts. In 1961, the

Soviet Union put the first man, Yuri Gagarin, into space. The first long space flights,

a woman in space and space walk were all Soviet achievements. The Soviet Union

made great progress in the peaceful application of space exploration. In its Salyut 6, it

investigated such vital matters as the causes of cancer, since cells are studied in

gravity-free space. The construction of metals that can resist gravity has resulted in

tools of incredible hardness; improved seeds have been developed in Salyut.

In the early 1960s the United States organized the Apollo space program. This

research program concentrated on landing a man on the moon. Two Americans, Neil

Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin, walked on the lunar surface in July 1969.

Since the first moon landing many nations have developed programs of space

exploration. A network communication satellites made world-wide television and

telephone service possible. Space shuttles allowed regular trips between the Earth and

space. Scientific satellites were put in the Earth's orbit. Voyages to Venus were made

by the Soviet spaceships, voyages to Mars, Jupiter and Saturn - by the American

spaceships.

This scientific progress has since resulted in hundreds of benefits for mankind,

from the weather satellites whose information we see in our daily newspapers and on

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TV, to determining from outer space where fish is, where natural resources are

hidden in the earth and in discovering areas which are becoming deserts.

========================= VOCABULARY ===================

exploration, n исследование

outer space открытый космос

occur, v случиться

to launch a rocket запустить ракету

superpower opposition противостояние великих держав

satellite, n спутник

man-made object искусственный объект

overcome, v преодолевать

investigate, v исследовать

to resist gravity противостоять притяжению

space shuttle

космический корабль многоразового

использования

=========================================================

I. Make sure you know the words to text B.

II. Read the text ‘Space Exploration’. Combine elements from column 1,2,3 and

4 so as to get meaningful sentences corresponding to what is said in the text. All

elements should be used.

1 2 3 4

(a) Space exploration is rocket research in 1954

(b)

Soviet scientists organized

discoveries and

inventions

into space in

1961

(d)

The dream of space

travel

stimulated the first man

between the

Earth and

space

(e)

The superpower

opposition

walked regular trips for mankind

(f) The United States allowed the first sputnik

in the early

1960s

(g)

Space shuttles has resulted

the Apollo space

program

and

development

(h)

The scientific

exploration of space

has produced

in a lot of benefits as history

(i) The Soviet Union launched on the lunar surface

that change

our life

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a) Write out the complete sentences:

e.g. Space exploration has produced discoveries and inventions that change our

life.

b) Arrange these sentences in a logical sequence corresponding to the text.

III. Look through text В and find the English equivalents to the Russian word

combinations:

исследование открытого космоса;

вызвать открытия и изобретения;

мечта о космических путешествиях;

полет на самолете;

запустить ракету на жидком топливе;

противостояние великих держав;

стимулировать исследования и изобретения;

нападать на противника с расстояния в ... миль;

спутник;

запустить что-либо на орбиту при помощи ракет;

передать сообщение;

преодолеть земное притяжение;

открыть космическую эру;

сделать что-либо впервые;

запустить в космос первого человека;

длительный космический полет;

выход в космос;

сохранить лидерство в какой-либо области;

мирное применение чего-либо;

причины возникновения рака;

пространство, где не действуют силы притяжения;

высадка человека на Луну;

пройти по поверхности Луны;

разработать программу исследования космоса;

сеть спутников связи;

сделать возможным международное телевидение и телефонную связь;

сделать возможным регулярное сообщение;

научный спутник;

принести человечеству выгоды;

метеорологический спутник;

определять из открытого космоса;

IV. Answer the following questions:

1. How has the space exploration changed the life of mankind?

2. In what way has the superpower opposition stimulated the space research?

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3. What "firsts" in space exploration has the Soviet Union achieved?

4. What peaceful applications of space exploration can you name?

5. What did the US Apollo space program concentrate on?

6. What benefits for mankind has space exploration brought?

V. Translate into English. Consult text B, if necessary.

1. Мечта человека об исследовании космоса стала реальностью в XX веке.

2. Примерно через 20 лет после первого полета на аэроплане была

запущена первая ракета на жидком топливе.

3. После Второй Мировой войны сверхдержавы разработали программы

исследований в области запуска ракет.

4. Ракеты можно использовать в целях нападения с больших расстояний,

спутники, запущенные на орбиту Земли, можно использовать для передачи

сообщений.

5. Эпоха освоения космоса началась с запуска Советским Союзом

искусственного спутника - первого искусственного объекта, преодолевшего

земное притяжение.

6. Советский Союз первым запустил человека в космос, первым

осуществил длительный космический полет и выход человека в открытый

космос.

7. США в 1960-х годах разработали программу «Аполлон», главной целью

которой был выход человека на поверхность Луны.

8. Советский Союз сделал многое в области мирного использования

результатов исследования космоса.

9. Была создана сеть спутников связи, осуществлены полеты космических

кораблей на Марс, Юпитер, Сатурн, Венеру.

10. Освоение космоса принесло человечеству многочисленные выгоды.

11. Метеорологические спутники дают возможность предсказывать

погоду.

12. Из космоса можно увидеть, где находятся месторождения полезных

ископаемых.

13. С помощью спутников можно проводить исследования в различных

областях науки.

VI. Read the following selection. Find the Infinitives, state their forms and

functions. Make a written translation of the selection.

WHY DOES AN ASTRONAUT NEED A SPACE SUIT?

A space suit enables an astronaut to survive by providing him artificially with

conditions like those he is used to on earth.

These conditions can be reproduced in a large space craft or space station in

orbit, but an astronaut still needs a space suit for operations outside the craft or for an

emergency.

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In space men lack the air needed for breathing, the pressure required to stop their

blood from boiling and the natural protection of the atmosphere against radiation. All

these must be supplied by the space suit which also must withstand the cold of space.

When an astronaut ventures into space, he leaves behind the safety of the

atmospheric blanket which we, on earth, take for granted. His space suit becomes his

own personal little world.

Text С. THE LAST MAN TO DISCOVER A PLANET

Clyde Tombaugh, a young American research student, made the

last discovery of a planet while working in 1930 at the Lowell

Observatory, Arizona State College. This planet is Pluto, the ninth

one in order of distance from the sun, 3,670 million miles away.

Although Tombaugh, who was 26 at the time, was the first

astronomer to see Pluto, its existence had been suspected by Percival

Lowell, builder of the observatory at Flagstaff, Arizona. Lowell began searching

for the planet in 1905, the year before Tombaugh was born. He observed that there

was a difference between the predicted and actual positions of Uranus, and this led

him to conclude that there must be another planet. His final calculations about

"Planet X" were published in 1914, but he had still not found the planet when he

died two years later.

Another American, W.H. Pickering, took up the search, concentrating on the

irregular movements of the planet Neptune. He saw a clue in the movement of

comets, which seem to be attracted by large planets. There were 16 known comets

whose paths took them millions of miles beyond Neptune, which is 2,811 million

miles from the sun, and Pickering was convinced that they were being attracted by a

still more distant planet.

In 1919 yet another hunt was begun by Milton Humason at Mount Wilson

Observatory, Pasadena, California. Instead of mathematical calculations, Humason

tried photography. He took two pictures of a series of stretches of the sky, with a gap

of one or two days between exposures. In such photographs stars stay still, but

planets change position.

When Tombaugh discovered Pluto, it became clear that Humason had

photographed the planet twice. Once it had been masked by a star, and the second

time its image had coincided with a flaw in the photographic plate. The main

difficulty in the search had been that Pluto was extraordinarily faint. Pickering

formed the opinion that it was not Lowell's Planet X, but that a huge planet remains

to be discovered.

I. Read the text ‘The last man to discover a planet’. Name all the people who

tried to prove the existence of the ninth planet.

II. Choose the correct answer.

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1. The last man to discover Pluto was …

a) P. Lowell

b) M. Humanson

c) C. Tombaugh

2. The first astronomer to see the ninth planet was …

a) W.H. Pickering

b) M. Humason

c) C. Tombaugh

3. Clyde Tombaugh was born in …

a) 1905

b) 1906

c) 1914

4. Percival Lowell began searching for a new planet in ...

a) 1914

b) 1919

c) 1905

III. Write out of the text sentences with the infinitive. Define its forms and

functions. Translate the sentences.

IV. Make a written translation of the text ‘The last man to discover a planet’

using a dictionary.

V. Learn to speak about great scientists exploring the Universe. Make use of

the following articles.

COPERNICUS

Men have always been fascinated by the stars. Centuries ago, as people looked

up at the sky, they saw that some stars did not twinkle but wandered across the sky as

bright points of light. These "wandering" stars were what we now call the planets.

There were five planets that could be seen by ancient men - Mercury, Venus, Mars,

Jupiter and Saturn.

The ancient Greeks were great watchers of the sky and also great thinkers. As

they watched the stars night after night, it was natural for them to think that the earth

stood still and the stars, planets, sun and moon were going round and round the earth

in space. They thought the sun was between Venus and Mars.

For centuries, men believed this was how the stars moved. To explain the

wandering of the planets, however, was very difficult.

Then one day at Cracow University in Poland, about the year A. D. 1500, a

young scientist named Nicolaus Copernicus began thinking about the way in which

the stars and planets moved.

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Suppose, Copernicus said, the earth was not at the centre of the stars and the

planets, but that the sun was instead. Suppose that the earth itself was a planet just

like Mars and Venus and that the earth and all the other planets were round and round

the sun at different distances from it. "After all," he said, "since light comes from the

sun, it is only proper that the sun and not the earth should be at the centre of

everything."

The ancient Greeks had made the mistake of thinking that because the stars and

planets seemed to move as they looked at the sky, the earth must be still. If you have

sat in a train and looked out at the trees rushing by, it is easy to understand their

mistake. The trees seem to be moving backwards, but really it is the train that is

moving forwards.

Not all of Copernicus' ideas were right. Although he thought, correctly, that the

moon went round and round the earth, he also thought the stars were fixed on a large

ball outside where the planets moved. He thought the stars did not move at all, but

only the earth, moon and planets.

Copernicus was so frightened of what everyone would think of his new ideas

that he did not write them down in a book until he was almost dying. Yet he was the

first person to explain properly our solar system.

Copernicus was born at Torun. He studied mathematics at Cracow, canon law

and astronomy at Bologna and medicine at Padua. His treatise has the title in Latin

"De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium".

(from "Finding Out")

JOHANNES KEPLER

Johannes Kepler, German astronomer and

mathematician, was the founder of modern astronomy.

He was born on December 27, 1571 in the village of

Weil-der-Stadt in the Duchy of Wurttemberg, Swabia.

He studied mathematics, philosophy, theology and

astronomy at the University of Tubingen, earning his

M. A. in 1591.

Kepler became a teacher of mathematics and

astronomy at Gratz, the Austrian province of Styria

from 1594 to 1600. His writings on celestial orbits

impressed the famous Danish astronomer Tycho

Brahe who invited Kepler to join him at Prague.

Kepler accepted and assisted Tycho in preparing new

planetary tables. When Brahe died in 1601, Kepler

succeeded him as Imperial Mathematician. He had

access to all of Tycho Brahe's papers and 20 years of

precise observations which he used to form the foundation of his three laws of

planetary motion (Kepler's laws) published between 1609 and 1618.

Mercury

Venus

Earth

Mars

Jupiter

Saturn

Uranus

Neptune

Pluto

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