Орлова Г.Д. и др. Английский для бакалавров. Часть II

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129

Если бы ты послушался меня, ты бы добился успеха.

1. Had you told him, he would have known about the meeting of the staff. 2.

Had the equipment been provided in time, we could have introduced the new

technology. 3. Were I you, I should discuss this problem again. 4. Had I had this

information before, I should have acted differently. 5. Were the air composed only of

nitrogen, burning would be impossible. 6. Had the students been more careful, they

wouldn’t have broken the new apparatus. 7. Had he known the subject better, he

wouldn’t have failed in his exam.

III. Transform the sentences according to the model.

Model: If I had more time, I should read this book.

Had I more time, I should read this book.

1. If you had asked him, he would have helped you. 2. If I were you, I should

consider this matter again. 3. If it were not so late, we should stay a little longer. 4. If

the manager had been at the office yesterday, I should have spoken to him. 5. If you

were allowed to visit the laboratory, you would see much interesting. 6. I could have

finished my work if it had not been so late. 7. If the engineer had been informed of

the results before, he would have allowed you to repeat the test. 8. If we had used

new methods, we would have saved a lot of time.

IV. Translate the following sentences. Pay attention to the forms of the verbs in

the subordinate clauses.

A. 1. It is necessary that she should come in time. 2. It is important that this

substance should remain liquid at the lowest temperature. 3. It is required that many

new alloys (should) be developed. 4. It is desirable that the engine should combine

high efficiency and lightness. 5. It is essential that he (should) inform us about the

results of his research.

B. 1. We suggested that his project be discussed in details. 2. The engineer

demanded the construction materials (should) be carefully tested. 3. We insist that the

results of this research be published. 4. They proposed that his report be illustrated in

diagrams. 5. The manager demanded that the engineer accomplish the design by next

month.

C. 1. The man spoke as though he were an expert on this subject. 2. You must be

careful with this device so that it should operate without failure. 3. The driver

examined the car in order that the engine should run properly. 4. You must put down

this rule lest you should forget it. 5. This woman behaves as if she were a child.

V. Read and translate the following sentences. Mind the different meanings of

the word “provide”:

provide, v снабжать, обеспечивать; предоставлять, давать

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provide for, v предусматривать

provided, cj при условии;

providing, cj в том случае, если

1. Provided we use the necessary instruments, the measurement will always be

correct. 2. Automation provided the control of whole shops and even factories. 3. Our

plant is provided with the best up-to-date machinery. 4. Safety measures must be

provided for at every plant. 5. Provided this complex mechanism were applied, the

problem under investigation would be solved. 6. We could use that apparatus for

various kinds of tests provided it were in our laboratory. 7. Ohm’s law gives the

possibility of determining resistance provided the voltage and current are known. 8.

The electrical properties of this substance may be changed provided the latter is

exposed to light.

VI. Open the brackets and put the verbs in the Subjunctive Mood.

1. You would play better bridge if you (not talk) so much.

2. If you (read) the instructions carefully, you wouldn't have answered the wrong

question.

3. I could repair the roof myself if I (have) a long ladder.

4. Unless they turn that radio off, I (go) mad.

5. If you were made redundant, what you (do)?

6. I'll probably get lost unless he (come) with me.

7. You (not have) so many accidents if you drove more slowly.

8. Unless they leave a lamp beside that hole in the road, somebody (fall) into it.

9. You'll get pneumonia if you (not change) your wet clothes.

10. If they (hang) that picture lower, we would be able to see it.

VII. Finish the sentences in writing.

1. If only........... you wouldn't now be in such a difficult position.

2. If......... tell him I'm out.

3. I can't understand why........... unless he thinks we are Gods.

4. Is there any point in your coming with us if...............?

5. How............, if you didn't know the address?

6. If.............., I shall blame you for it.

7. If you know the answer, why......................?

8. When................ supposing we left immediately?

9. How I wish.......................

10. If you really have been studying English for so long, it's about time

you...........................

VIII. Transform the sentences using if construction.

Model: You didn't tell me we had run out of bread, so I didn't buy any.

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131

If you had told me we had run out of bread I'd have bought some.

1. We got a lift, so we reached the station in time.

2. You washed it in boiling water; that's why it shrank.

3. We missed the train because we were using an out-of-date timetable.

4. They were driving very quickly. That's why the accident was so terrible.

5. It was raining. That's the only reason I didn't take the children to the beach.

6. It rained all the time. Perhaps that's why he didn't enjoy his visit.

7. I didn’t work hard at school, so I didn’t get a good job when I left.

8. They asked him to leave the dining-room because he wasn't wearing a shirt.

9. It took us a long time to find his house because the streets were not clearly

marked.

10. We didn't go by air only because we hadn't enough money.

IX. Translate into English.

1. Если бы вы ложились спать раньше, вы не чувствовали бы себя таким

усталым.

2. Если бы я хорошо её знал, я позвонил бы ей домой.

3. Если бы у меня было 50 000 долларов, я смог бы совершить

кругосветное путешествие.

4. Если бы Борис лучше знал английский, он смог бы получить хорошую

работу.

5. Если бы Борис хорошо знал английский, он получил бы хорошую

работу.

6. Если бы я был на вашем месте, я стал бы изучать компьютерное дело.

7. Если бы Смиты меня пригласили, я пошел бы на вчерашнюю вечеринку.

8. Если бы мне был известен ваш адрес, я бы вам написал.

9. Если бы вчера вечером не шел дождь, мы пошли бы к нашим друзьям.

10. Если бы Джордж пришел вовремя, он смог бы мне помочь.

11. Если бы вы знали, что пойдет дождь, вам следовало бы взять с собой

зонтик.

X. Fill in the blanks and finish the following sentences.

1. Did you go to the company picnic last Saturday? Yes, I did, and it was

terrible. I wish I ................There were a lot of things I could have done that day. I

wish I .............................. something else.

2. I wish more people from our department ............... at the picnic. I didn't know

very many people at all. If I ........................................... more people at the picnic last

Saturday I ................................ so lonely and I........................... so out of place.

3. Why weren't the employees from the Greenville office at the picnic? I

expected them to come. If they..................... invited to the picnic, it

................................ much livelier.

4. I wish I...................... forget people's names all the times. Can you believe it?

At the picnic last Saturday, I couldn't remember Harry's wife's name, and I had met

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132

her a dozen times before! I wish I hadn't....................her name. After all, if

she................ forgotten my name, I................ liked it.

XI. Open the brackets using Conditionals.

1. I wish I (can) speak several languages.

2. I wish I (have) a car.

3. She wishes her parents (approve) of her boy friend.

4. I wish I (be) older.

5. I wish you (like) pop music.

XII. Finish the sentences.

1. Her life might have been saved if.................................

2. The grass would look better if.....................................

3. Unless it is a nice day...............................................

4. He would lend it to you if.......................................

5. If the storm becomes worse....................................

6. If your uncle sees you.............................................

7. If you didn't shake the camera so much, your photographs..........

8. If you don't like the picture...................................................

9. If the fire had been noticed earlier...............................................

10. You would have been angry if...............................................

Р А Б О Т А С Т Е К С Т О М

Text A. REALMS OF ENGINEERING

Traditionally, engineering activities have been grouped into certain areas of

specialization. These originated as civil and military engineering, catering to man's

early needs. Scientific discoveries and their development gave birth to a variety of

fields of application such as mechanical, chemical, and electrical engineering. Several

of the more commonly accepted categories are described below.

Aerospace Engineering combines two fields, aeronautical and astronautical engi-

neering. The former is concerned with the aerodynamics, structure and propulsion of

vehicles designed for flight in the Earth's atmosphere. The latter relates to flight

above the Earth's atmosphere and involves the design of rockets and space vehicles

incorporating sophisticated propulsion, guidance, and life support systems.

Agricultural Engineering is one of the earliest forms of engineering practiced by

man. It uses agricultural machinery, irrigation, and surveying and deals with the

many associated problems of crop raising and animal husbandry. Not only are the

fundamental engineering subjects such as hydraulics, metallurgy, and structures of

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133

importance, but soil conservation, biology, and zoology are also necessary compo-

nents. It is here that machines interface with the animal and plant kingdoms.

Chemical Engineering encompasses the broad field of raw material and food

processing and the operation of associated facilities. It is mainly connected with the

manufacture and properties of materials such as fuels, plastics, rubber, explosives,

paints, and cleaners. It would be hard to select the most suitable material if the

chemical engineer didn’t know basic and engineering chemistry.

Civil Engineering is one of the oldest branches of the

engineering profession. It covers a wide field, and many

subsidiary branches have grown from it. The civil engineer is

mainly employed in the creation of structures such as

buildings, bridges, dams, highways, harbors, and tunnels. He is

usually knowledgeable in hydraulics, structures, building

materials, surveying, and soil mechanics. One important area

comprises water supply, drainage, and sewage disposal. It is

necessary that the civil engineer should know the properties of

engineering materials. A complete knowledge of these

properties would be required by engineers to prevent failure of structures and

machines.

Electrical Engineering, in general, deals with the creation, storage, transmission,

and utilization of electrical energy and information. Most of its activities may be

identified with power or communications. The field encompasses information

systems, computer technology, energy conversion, automatic control,

instrumentation, and many other specialities.

Industrial Engineering is mainly concerned with the

manufacture of useful commodities from raw materials.

Since most of the other engineering fields have a bearing

on this activity, the industrial engineer requires a

particularly broad view. The management of men,

materials, machines, and money are all within his

endeavor in achieving effective production. Plant layout,

automation, work methods, and quality control are

included, and, more than in most of the other traditional branches of engineering, the

industrial engineer needs to have some grounding in psychology and dealing with

personnel.

Mechanical Engineering develops machines for the generation and utilization of

power. Mechanical engineers design turbines, engines, pumps, and their ancillary

mechanisms and structures. Heating, ventilating, air-conditioning, transportation,

manufacturing, and vibration, are some areas falling within their domain. The art of

mechanical engineering would not have received its greatest boost in the 18

century

unless there had been no invention of the steam engine.

Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, the production and use of metals, has

two distinct branches. One deals with the location, extraction, and treatment of ores

to obtain base metals, and the other with the transformation of these metals into

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useful forms and with the study of techniques for improving their performance in

specific applications.

In addition to the fields identified above, other categories of engineering are

often encountered. These include architectural, ceramic, geological, naval and

marine, nuclear, petroleum, sanitary, and textile engineering.

======================VOCABULARY===================

realm, n область, сфера; перен. царство

originate, v происходить, возникать

cater, v здесь: соответствовать

application, n применение

rise, n подъем, рост

accepted, p.p. общепринятый, общепризнанный

designation, n обозначение, указание; предназначение

commonly, adv обычно

former, adj здесь: первый (из названных)

concerned with, p.p. связанный с.., имеющий отношение к

propulsion, n толчок, движение вперед; движущая сила

vehicle, n средство передвижения, транспорт

latter, adj второй (из названных)

relate (to), v иметь отношение (к), касаться

incorporate, v соединяться, объединяться; включать;

вводить в состав

sophisticated, adj здесь: опытный

guidance, n руководство

support, n поддержка

machinery, n машины, машинное оборудование;

механизмы

irrigation, n ирригация, осушение (земель)

survey, n обследование, изыскание

crop raising рост/подъем (урожая) зерновых (культур)

husbandry, n разведение, выращивание

soil, n почва

interface, v сталкиваться, встречаться,

взаимодействовать

encompass, v окружать; содержать, заключать (в себе)

raw materials сырье

processing, n обработка

facilities, n возможности; оборудование

fuel, n топливо

rubber, n резина, каучук

explosive, n, adj взрывчатое вещество; взрывчатый

paint, n краска

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135

cleaner, n очиститель, чистящее средство

cover, v здесь: охватывать, включать

subsidiary, adj здесь: вспомогательный, дополнительный

harbor, n гавань

comprise, v включать, заключать в себе; содержать,

вмещать

supply, n снабжение

sewage, n сточные воды

disposal, n передача; расположение, размещение

storage, n хранение, хранилище

transmission, n передача

instrumentation, n аппаратура; оснащение аппаратурой, ин-

струментарием

commodity, n товар, предмет широкого потребления

bearing, n здесь: отношение

grounding (in), n образование (в сфере...)

pump, n насос

ancillary, adj вспомогательный

fall, v здесь: попадать

domain, n область, сфера; перен. царство

mining, n горное дело; горная промышленность

distinct, adj отчетливый, определенный, явный

extraction, n извлечение

treatment, n обработка

ore, n руда

performance, n исполнение, выполнение

encounter, v сталкиваться, неожиданно встречаться

======================================================

I. Read and translate the following international words. Consult the dictionary if

necessary.

Technology, specialist, category, aerodynamics, atmosphere, rocket, system,

practice, machinery, problems, fundamental, metallurgy, biology, zoology, operation,

material, plastics, profession, tunnel, mechanics, information, computer, energy,

automatic, control, industrial, production, method, traditional, psychology, personnel,

vibration, metal, textile.

II. Translate the words of the same root. Define speech part.

Tradition – traditional – traditionally

Active – activity

Special – speciality – specialize – specialization

Science – scientist – scientific

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Discover – discovery

Develop – development - developer

Apply – application - applied

Electrical – electrically - electricity

Technology – technological

Machine – machinery

Main – mainly

Create – creative – creation - creativity

Build – builder – building

Know – knowledge – knowledgeable

Transmit – transmission - transmitter

Inform – informative – information

Use – useful – useless

Manage – management - manager

Extract – extraction – extractive

III. Read and translate the following phrases.

Engineering activities; civil engineering; military engineering; aerospace

engineering; agricultural engineering; chemical engineering; electrical engineering;

industrial engineering; mechanical engineering; mining and metallurgical

engineering; architectural, ceramic, geological, naval and marine, nuclear, petroleum,

sanitary, textile engineering; widely accepted designations; fundamental engineering

subject; structures of importance; food processing; save conservation; particularly,

broad view; base methods; useful commodities; the management of men; effective

production; plant layout.

IV. Read the text ‘Realms of Engineering’. Find in the text the English

equivalents of the following Russian phrases:

общепринятые категории; рост зерновых культур; сырье; строительные

материалы; водоснабжение; канализация; обработка сырья и продуктов

питания; управление машинами; методы работы; контроль качества;

извлечение и обработка руды; научные открытия; область применения; системы

жизнеобеспечения; превращение энергии; вспомогательные отрасли;

вспомогательные механизмы.

V. Translate the words given in brackets.

1. The chemical engineer (должен знать основы) of both basic and engineering

chemistry.

2. Many (вспомогательные) branches have grown from civil engineering.

3. Chemical engineering (заключает в себе) the broad field of raw material and

food processing and the operation of associated facilities.

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137

4. Industrial engineering is mainly concerned with the manufacture of useful

commodities from (сырье).

5. (Управление) of men, materials, machines and money are all within the

industrial engineer endeavor in achieving effective production.

6. Mining engineering deals with the location, (извлечением и обработкой

руд) to obtain base metals.

VI. Answer the following questions:

1. What categories of engineering do you know?

2. What fields does aerospace engineering combine?

3. What is aeronautical engineering concerned with?

4. What does astronautical engineering relate to?

5. What does agricultural engineering deal with?

6. What does chemical engineering encompass?

7. What does civil engineering cover?

8. What does electrical engineering deal with?

9. What do you know about industrial engineering?

10. What does mechanical engineering develop?

11. What does mining and metallurgy engineering deal with?

VII. Write out of the text ‘Realms of Engineering’ the sentences:

a) with the Subjunctive Mood;

b) with emphatic construction.

Translate them.

VIII. Translate the text ‘Realms of Engineering’.

IX. Put questions to the underlined parts of the sentences.

1. Scientific discoveries

gave birth to many categories of engineering.

2. The chemical engineer is well grounded in both basic and engineering

chemistry.

3. Civil engineering comprises water supply and sewage disposal.

4. The civil engineer is employed in the creation of structures such as buildings,

bridges, dams, highways and tunnels.

5. Electrical engineering is of recent origin.

6. The industrial engineer needs to have some grounding in psychology and

dealing with personnel.

7. Mechanical engineers design turbines, engines, pumps and their ancillary

mechanisms and structures.

8. Other categories of engineering are often encountered.

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138

9. Metallurgical engineering deals with the transformation of metals into useful

forms.

10. Agricultural engineering

is one of the earliest forms of engineering practiced

by man.

X. Make up sentences of your own with the following word combinations:

the management of men; the manufacture of useful commodities; raw materials;

work methods; traditional branches of engineering; distinct branches; treatment of

ores; base metals; categories of engineering; engineering activities; the rapid use of

technology; sophisticated propulsion; crop raising; save conservation; food

processing; air and water pollution; subsidiary branches.

XI. Make up the plan of the text ‘The Realms of Engineering’. Retell the text

according to your plan.

Text B.

Civil engineering did not develop until the rise of Rome. The Cloaca Maxima,

the great drain of Rome, was built in the sixth century В. С. It is in existence today,

but the oldest part still standing probably dates from the third century В. С. Like most

ancient drains and sewers, it was at first open, but was later enclosed. The original

purpose of Rome's sewers was to drain off waste waters. For efficiency, the sewers

were built along the lines of the natural streams.

Lead or clay pipes were used to conduct water to the houses. The lead pipes (4

1/4 inch in diameter), were made from sheet-lead, bent around a core. Walls were 1/4

inch thick.

The Romans, although they did not invent paved roads, advanced road building

to a new height. The total length of the roads built by the Romans in Britain is

estimated at over 47,000 miles. They were constructed to last forever and many are in

use today; some have simply been resurfaced.

In the construction of their road network, the Romans aimed at the shortest

route, regardless of obstacles. Rocks were cleared away, tunnels were dug through

hills, and swamps were drained. At first the Romans built timber roads, then

somewhat later, a timber road mounted on stakes, many having a covering of

pavement.

Roman bridges, at first made of wood, were later built of stone. Typical Roman

style was a semicircular arch and short span. The bridge builders' chief problem was

to provide solid foundations.

Town building was based on camp tradition, and some towns arose out of army

camps. A typical town built this way was Manchester, England.

Fusion of Roman and North European traditions was reflected in many ways.

Buildings combined the Roman arch and the steep peaked roof of Northern Europe.

Roman traditions were continued in an architectural form known as Romanesque.

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