Орлова Г.Д. и др. Английский для бакалавров. Часть II
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They are: (1) the path of a planet is an ellipse with the sun at one focus; (2) a line
from the sun to a planet sweeps out equal areas in equal time periods; and (3) the
square of an orbital period of a planet is proportional to the cube of its average
distance from the sun.
Kepler spent the latter part of his life as a professor of mathematics at Linz,
Austria. He died in Regensburg, Bavaria, on November 15, 1630.
VI. Render in English.
НА ОРБИТЕ - БРИТАНСКАЯ ЛЕДИ
Проводить в полет Хелен и ее российских коллег на космодром Байконур
прилетели ее отец, брат и сестра, а также многочисленные гости из Англии.
Хелен Шарман - технолог известной
шоколадной компании "Марс". Ей 28 лет,
незамужем. Она и ее дублер Тимоти Мейс были
отобраны из 13 тысяч кандидатов на космический
полет.
Путь в космос не был усыпан розами. В
программу полета было включено десять
экспериментов: проблемы роста растений в
невесомости, природоведческие и экологические наблюдения и т. д. Хелен
Шарман производит впечатление очень спокойного, уверенного в себе
человека.
Правительство Великобритании, поддержав проект полета английского
космонавта на борту российского корабля, не выделило ни одного фунта
стерлингов на его подготовку.
Мечта Хелен и ее товарища, майора английских ВВС Тимоти Мейса
оказалась под угрозой. "Этот полет считайте нашим приглашением к
международному сотрудничеству в освоении космоса", - сказал начальник
Центра подготовки космонавтов В. Шаталов.
Великобритания стала 23-й страной, представители которой побывали в
космосе.
CONVERSATION
THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
========================= VOCABULARY ===================
Geographical Position and Physical Features
total area общая площадь
to occupy занимать
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to stretch from … to … протянуться от … до …
to be washed by омываться (чем-либо)
to border on граничить с (чем-либо)
to vary from smth. to smth. варьировать, изменяться от чего-
либо до чего-либо
a desert пустыня
a valley долина
a mountain chain горная цепь
pure чистый
to be rich in smth. быть богатым чем-либо
natural and mineral
resources
природные ресурсы и полезные
ископаемые
a deposit of smth. месторождение чего-либо
oil нефть
lead свинец
iron железо
non-ferrous metals цветные металлы
the current population население в настоящий момент
to be densely peopled быть густонаселенным
outskirts пригороды
to be engaged in agriculture быть занятым в сельском хозяйстве
to produce grain производить зерно
a dairy product молочный продукт
State system
to be set up by smth. быть учрежденным, основанным в
соответствии с чем-либо
under the Constitution в соответствии с конституцией
a presidential republic президентская республика
the federal government федеральное правительство
a branch ветвь (власти)
legislative законодательный
executive исполнительный
judicial судебный
to be checked by smb. контролироваться кем-либо
to be balanced by smb. балансироваться, уравновешиваться
кем-либо
to be vested in осуществляться кем-либо
the Federal Assembly федеральное собрание
a chamber палата
the Council of Federation совет Федерации
to be headed by the Speaker возглавляться спикером
to initiate a legislature внести законопроект
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to approve a bill одобрить (принять) законопроект
to be signed by smb. быть подписанным кем-либо
to veto the bill наложить вето на законопроект
commander-in-chief главнокомандующий
the armed forces вооруженные силы
to make a treaty заключить договор
to enforce the law проводить закон в жизнь
to appoint a minister назначить министра
the Prime Minister премьер-министр
on appointment после назначения
to form the Cabinet сформировать кабинет
to be represented by smb. быть представленным кем-либо
the Constitutional Court конституционный суд
the Supreme Court верховный суд
a regional court региональный суд
to be elected by popular vote
быть избранным всенародным
голосованием
a banner знамя
a hymn гимн
a nation emblem национальный герб
to originate from smth. происходить от чего-либо
the heraldic emblem of the
Ruricovitches
родовой герб Рюриковичей
I. Learn the words. Mind their usage in the sentences:
border on - граничить с
Russia borders on many countries.
native – родной
Our native country is the Russian Federation.
occupy – занимать
Our country occupies half of Europe and a third of Asia.
cover - покрывать, охватывать, покрытие
Forests cover large areas in the East and North of our country.
stretch - простираться
Russia stretches from the Baltic and Black seas in the west to the Pacific Ocean
in the East.
island - остров
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Island Sakhalin is very far from Moscow.
vary - меняться, варьировать, различаться
The climate in Russia varies from arctic to continental and subtropical.
II. Complete the sentences
1.Taiga /простирается/ for many hundreds of kilometers. 2. The climate varies
in /различных/ parts of our country. 3. Moscow is /столица/ of our country. 4.
Numerous canals /соединяют/ all the rives in the European part of Russia. 5.
Southern Russia /покрыта/ with mixed forest-steppe. 6. Russia is one of the leading
/держав/ in the world.
III. Fill in the blanks with the superlative degree of comparison.
1. Lake Baikal is … lake in the world. (deep).
2. The Volga is … river in Europe. (long).
3. The Russian Federation is … country in the world. (large).
4. The Ob, the Yenisei and the Lena are … rivers in Asia. (large).
5. Russia has … oil and natural gas resources. (rich).
6. The water in lake Baikal is … on earth. (pure).
THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The Russian Federation is the largest country in the world. Its total area is about
17 million square kilometers. It occupies most of Eastern Europe and Northern Asia.
Russia is washed by twelve seas and three oceans. The oceans are: the Arctic,
the Atlantic, the Pacific. The seas are: the White Sea, the Barents Sea, the Okhotsk
Sea, the Black Sea, the Baltic Sea and others.
Russia borders on many countries, such as Mongolia and China in the south-
east, Finland and Norway in the north-west, Estonia, Latvia, Belarus and the Ukraine
in the West, Georgia and Azerbaijan in the south-west, and so on.
The federation comprises 21 republics.
The land of Russia varies very much from forests to deserts, from high
mountains to deep valleys. The main mountain chains are the Urals, the Caucasus and
the Altai. There are a lot of great rivers and deep lakes on its territory. The longest
rivers are the Volga in Europe and the Ob, the Yenisei and the Lena in Asia. The
largest lakes are Ladoga and Baikal. Baikal is the deepest lake in the world and its
water is the purest on earth, its depth is of 1600 meters.
The climate in Russia varies from arctic in the north to continental in the central
part of the country and subtropical in the south.
Russia is a highly-industrialized-agrarian republic. Its vast mineral resources
include oil and natural gas, coal, iron, zinc, lead, nickel, aluminium, gold and other
non-ferrous metals. Russia has the world’s largest oil and natural gas resources.
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Three-quarters of the republic’s mineral wealth is concentrated in Siberia and the Far
East.
Approximately 10 million people are engaged in agriculture and they produce
half of the region’s grain, meat, milk and other dairy products.
The current population of Russia is more than 150 million people. The European
part of the country is densely peopled, and most population live in cities and towns
and their outskirts.
The capital of the Russian Federation is Moscow, with the population of about
10 million people.
Russia is a presidential republic. It is one of the leading powers in the world.
IV. Read the text ‘The Russian Federation’ and answer the questions:
1. What territory does Russia occupy?
2. What oceans and seas is Russia washed by?
3. What countries does Russia border on?
4. What are the main mountain chains, rivers and lakes in Russia?
5. How can you characterize Russia’s climate?
6. What mineral resources does Russia possess?
7. What industries are developed in Russia?
8. What is the population in Russia?
V. Make sure you can translate the following text both ways – from English
into Russian and vice versa.
What is the climate like in the
Russian Federation? It is difficult to
answer this question. The country is
very large, that is why there are all sorts
of weather in different regions. It is very
cold in the north most of the year; and it
is rather warm in the south even in
winter. The swimming season on the
Black Sea coast lasts from May to
November.
In the European part of the country
summers are quite hot, the sky is
cloudless, the sun shines most of the
time, although it rains once in a while.
The first half of autumn is rather warm,
too. From October to March the weather
is cold. There are some very severe
frosts in winter, and there is a lot of
snow.
In Siberia winter is quite cold, and
Какой же климат в Российской
Федерации? Трудно ответить на этот
вопрос. Страна очень большая,
поэтому климат разный в различных
ее регионах. Очень холодно на севере
в течение всего года и довольно
тепло на юге даже зимой. Купальный
сезон на побережье Черного моря
продолжается с мая по ноябрь.
В европейской части страны
лето обычно довольно жаркое, небо
безоблачное, почти все время светит
солнце, хотя изредка идут дожди.
Первая половина осени довольно
теплая. С октября по март холодно.
Зимой бывают сильные морозы и
много снега.
В Сибири зима очень холодная,
привычны суровые морозы. Осень
наступает раньше, а лето — позже,
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severe frosts are common. Autumn
comes earlier and summer later than in
the European part of the country. The
climate of Siberia is continental, so
there are dry, hot summers and very
cold winters.
The winters in Moscow are colder
than those in London. There is always a
lot of snow in January and in February.
There is also a lot of wind in winter.
The average temperature is 10 - 11
degrees Centigrade below zero in
January. Winter is a good time for such
sports as skiing, hockey and skating.
чем в европейской части страны.
Климат Сибири континентальный,
поэтому лето сухое и жаркое, а зима
очень холодная.
Зима в Москве холоднее, чем в
Лондоне. В январе и феврале всегда
много снега. Зимой очень ветрено.
Средняя температура в январе 10—11
градусов ниже нуля по Цельсию.
Зима — хорошее время для занятия
такими видами спортa, как лыжи,
хоккей, коньки.
VI. Say in English.
1. Россия расположена в восточной части Европы и северной части Азии.
2. Обширная территория России омывается Северным Ледовитым,
Атлантическим и Тихим океанами.
3. Россия граничит с Монголией, Китаем, Финляндией и другими
странами.
4. Россия располагает большим количеством месторождений полезных
ископаемых.
5. Полезные ископаемые России включают нефть, газ, уголь, железо,
золото и др.
VII. Speak about:
a) the geographical position of the Russian Federation;
b) the physical features of Russia;
c) the climate of Russia.
VIII. Read the text and answer the questions after it.
STATE SYSTEM OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The Russian Federation is set up by the Constitution of 1993.
Under the Constitution Russia is a presidential republic. The federal government
consists of three branches: legislative, executive and judicial. Each of them is
checked and balanced by the President.
The legislative power is vested in the Federal Assembly. It consists of two
chambers. The Upper Chamber is the Council of Federation; the Lower Chamber is
the State Duma.
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Each chamber is headed by the Speaker. Legislature may be initiated in either of
the two Chambers. But to become a law a bill must be approved by both Chambers
and signed by the President. The President may veto the bill.
The President is commander-in-chief of the armed forces, he makes treaties,
enforces laws, appoints ministers to be approved by the Federal Assembly.
The executive power belongs to the Government which is headed by the Prime
Minister. The first action of the Prime Minister on appointment is to form the
Cabinet.
The judicial branch is represented by the Constitutional Court, the Supreme
Court and the regional courts.
The members of the Federal Assembly are elected by popular vote for a four-
year period.
Today the state symbol of Russia is a three-coloured banner. It has three
horizontal stripes: white, blue and red. The white stripe symbolizes the earth, the blue
one stands for the sky, and the red one symbolizes liberty.
A national emblem is a two-headed eagle. It is the most ancient symbol of
Russia. It originates from the heraldic emblem of the Ruricovitches. All these
symbols are official. They have been approved by the Federal Assembly.
The questions to be answered:
1. What branches does the Government consist of?
2. What is the legislative power exercised by?
3. How is a law made?
4. What body does the executive power belong to?
5. What does the system of courts consist of?
6. What are the national symbols of Russia?
IX. Decide whether the following statements are true(T) or false (F). Correct
them if necessary.
1. The form of government in Russia is a monarchy.
2. The Head of State in Russia is the Queen.
3. The government consists of three branches.
4. The Federal Assembly consists of two chambers.
5. Each chamber of the Federal Assembly is headed by the President.
6. The members of the Federal Assembly are elected for 2 years.
7. The government is headed by the Prime Minister.
8. The judicial power belongs to the Prime Minister.
X. Complete the sentences.
1. Russia is a __________ republic.
2. The Head of State in Russia is the __________.
3. The government consists of 3 branches: legislative, _________ and _______.
4. The _________ power is exercised by the Federal Assembly.
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5. A bill becomes a law if it is approved by both _______ and _______ by the
President.
6. The executive power belongs to _________.
7. The _________ power belongs to the system of courts.
XI. Study the diagram below. Use it to answer the questions that follow.
THE SYSTEM OF THE GOVERNMENT
OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
H E A D O F T H E S T A T E
THE PRESIDENT
elected for 4 years by direct popular vote
(over 35 years old; a citizen of Russia, a resident of the country for at least10 years)
LEGISLATIVE AND REPRESENTATIVE BRANCH
FEDERAL ASSEMBLY
the COUNCIL of FEDERATION the STATE DUMA
two representatives from each 450 members elected for 4 years
subject of Federation
EXECUTIVE BRANCH
the GOVERNMENT of the RUSSIAN FEDERATION
the PRIME MINISTER the CABINET
appointed by the President and formed by the Prime minister
approved by the State Duma and approved by the President
JUDICIAL BRANCH
the CONSTITUTIONAL the SUPREME the ARBITRATION
COURT COURT COURT
all appointed by the Council of Federation
Answer the following questions:
1. How is the government in Russia organised?
2. Can you name the branches of government? Who is in each branch?
3. Do we have a president? A prime minister?
4. How is the President of the Russian Federation elected?
5. Who can be the president of our country?
6. What does the Federal Assembly consist of?
7. How many members are there in the State Duma?
8. How often do we re-elect the State Duma?
9. Who makes the Council of Federation?
10. What can you say about the structure of the executive branch?
11. Do we have any political parties in our country?
12. What parties do you know?
13. Does the party that wins the most seats in the State Duma choose the prime
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minister?
14. What is the way of appointing the prime minister in our country?
15. Who forms the Cabinet of ministers?
16. What is the judicial branch represented by?
XII. Translate the following into English:
1. Российская Федерация - это государство, построенное на федеральной
основе.
2. В соответствии с конституцией, принятой в 1993 году, государственную
власть в Российской Федерации осуществляют Президент Российской
Федерации, Федеральное Собрание, Правительство России и суды.
3. Конституция гарантирует основные права и свободы каждого.
4. Президентом может быть гражданин Российской Федерации не моложе
35 лет, постоянно проживающий в России не менее 10 лет.
5. Президент назначает премьер-министра, который становится главой
правительства (кабинета министров).
6. Президент является Верховным Главнокомандующим Вооруженными
силами. Он формирует и возглавляет Совет Безопасности Российской
Федерации.
7. Президент обладает полномочиями назначать выборы Государственной
Думы, распускать Думу, вносить законопроекты на рассмотрение в Госдуму,
подписывать и обнародовать федеральные законы.
8. Федеральное Собрание состоит из двух палат - Совета Федераций и
Государственной Думы.
9. Депутатом Государственной Думы может быть избран гражданин
России старше 21 года.
10. Каждый законопроект рассматривается Госдумой и становится законом
после принятия его двумя третями депутатов.
11. Правительство обладает полномочиями разрабатывать федеральный
бюджет и обеспечивает его исполнение.
12. Министры правительства несут ответственность за проведение в жизнь
финансовой политики.
13. Судебная власть представлена Конституционным Судом, Верховным
Судом и Арбитражным Судом.
14. Конституционный Суд решает дела о соответствии Конституции
Российской Федерации.
XIII. Complete the following in writing.
1. We have a population of around ................................. million, bigger than
................................. , but smaller than ................................. . To the north lies
................................, to the south is ................................; ................................. is to
the east and ................................. is to the west. The people in the north/west have a
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reputation for being a bit................................., but in the south/east the people are
much more ................................. .
2. ................................. is a (very) hilly / mountainous / flat country. The highest
mountain is ................................. and the most important river is the
................................. . Another important feature of my country is
................................. . The climate is ................................. . When you talk to people
about................................. they tend to think of places like ................................. and
................................. which are very ................................. . But there are also places
like ................................. and ................................. which are .................................
and ................................. and well worth visiting.
3. The main regions are ................................. . Of these the most important is
................................. because ................................. . The main cities are the capital
................................. and ................................. . If you could only spend a day /
weekend / week in ................................. I would recommend you
visit................................. and go to ................................. . You should also make sure
you see ................................. . And the ................................. is not to be missed! The
city I like best is ................................. because ....................................................... . I
was born in ................................. and my mother and father come from
................................. . The best place to go on holiday in ................................. is
................................., because ................................., but don't go in
................................. as it gets very hot / crowded.
4. Our main exports include ...............................................................................
.................................. is / are grown in ..................................................................
................................. is / are produced in .............................................................. .
5. Ask people the name of a famous ................................. and they'll probably
say ................................., but we also have ................................. who is / was famous
for ............................... . The thing my country is most famous for is
............................... . The thing I am most proud of in my country is
............................... .
XIV. Describe your own country. Answer these questions as fully as you can:
1. What is the population of your country?
2. What sort of place is it - hilly? mountainous? flat? lots of lakes?
3. Are the different regions very different from each other?
4. What are the four major cities?
5. Why are they important?
6. What are the main industries?
7. What about exports?
8. What is your country most famous for?
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