Орлова Г.Д. и др. Английский для бакалавров. Часть I

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141

Утвердительная

форма

Вопросительная

форма

Отрицательная

форма

I have asked

He has asked

Have I asked?

Has he asked?

I have not asked

He has not asked

Обратите внимание !

а) При образовании вопросительной формы вспомогательный

глагол to have ставится перед подлежащим.

б) При образовании отрицательной формы отрицательная частица

not ставится после вспомогательного глагола.

Запомните основные случаи употребления

Present Perfect Tense:

1. Действие совершилось, и результат его связан с настоящим; время

не указано.

Science and education have become inseparable.

Наука и образование стали неразрывны.

2. Действие совершилось, в предложениях употребляются наречия

неопределенного времени: already – уже, just – только что, ever –

когда-либо, never – никогда, lately – недавно, recently – в последнее

время, (not) yet – еще не.

Обратите внимание: наречия неопределенного времени ставятся

между вспомогательным и смысловым глаголами, наречие yet – в

конце предложения.

They have already translated this article, you may take it.

Они уже перевели эту статью, вы можете взять ее.

He has not published the results of his work yet.

Он еще не опубликовал результаты своей работы.

Заметьте, наречие yet употребляется только в отрицательных и

вопросительных предложениях.

3. Действие совершилось, а указанный период времени не истек. В

предложениях используются обстоятельства типа: this week (month,

year, summer) – на этой неделе (в этом месяце, в этом году, летом);

today – сегодня.

She has entered the institute this year.

Она поступила в институт в этом году.

4. Действие началось в прошлом и продолжается в момент речи. В

предложениях употреблены предлоги since – с, for – в течение.

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142

I haven’t seen you for ages.

Я не видел тебя целую вечность.

I have known him since childhood.

Я знаю его с детства.

Запомните! Предлог for употребляется, когда речь идет о

периоде времени:

for two days – два дня (в течении двух дней);

for a week – неделю;

предлог since употребляется, когда обозначается начало периода

времени:

since Monday – с понедельника;

since childhood – с детства.

5. После превосходной степени прилагательных.

What a boring film! It is the most boring film I’ve seen.

6. С выражениями:

This is the first (the second) time ...

It is the first (the second) time ... etc.

This is the first time I have driven a car.

Я веду машину в первый раз.

Правила перевода.

Помните!

1. Если в предложении говорится о действии, которое только

что (уже или недавно) закончилось, сказуемое переводится

глаголом прошедшего времени совершенного вида:

I have already posted the letter.

Я уже отправил письмо.

She has been to England twice.

Она была в Англии дважды.

2. Если в предложении говорится о действии, которое еще

продолжается в настоящий момент, сказуемое следует перевести

глаголом в настоящем времени:

We have been married for 20 years.

Мы женаты 20 лет.

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143

Сравните употребление двух времен:

Present Perfect Past Indefinite

Всегда связано с настоящим:

today, this week, recently, lately, ever, never, just, yet.

today

past (unfinished present

time)

She has been to London this year.

(this year is not finished yet).

He has never

played golf. (in his life;

this period continues up to the

present).

Have you seen Nick this morning?

(It is still morning)

Tom hasn’t written to me recently.

(a period of time between a short time

ago and now).

I have seen a new film. (new

information is announced).

Всегда связанно с законченным

моментом в прошлом:

yesterday, two years ago, last week, in 1981, when I was a child.

yesterday

past (finished present

time)

She was in London in 1995. (now it is

not 1995, it is a finished time in the

past).

He didn’t play golf when he was in

England last summer.

(a finished time

in the past).

Did you see Nick this morning?

(It is now afternoon)

Tom didn’t write to me last year.

finished time in the past).

I saw a new film last week.

(an action

in the past, not connected with the

present).

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144

2. Функции that (The Functions of that)

Указательное

местоимение

Союз Союзное слово

Слово-заместитель

(заменяет

существительное во

избежании повтора)

He visited that

country twice.

Он посетил эту

страну дважды.

1. She says that the

plane has already

landed.

Она говорит, что

самолет уже

приземлился.

2. That London is the

capital of the UK is

known to

everybody.

То, что Лондон

столица

Соединенного

Королевства, всем

известно.

Water is one of the few

substances that man

knows well.

Вода – одно из немногих

веществ, которые

человеку хорошо

известны.

The density of the liquid

air is only a little less

than that of water.

Плотность жидкого

воздуха лишь немного

меньше плотности

воды.

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145

3. Словообразование. Суффиксы существительных

(Word-building. The suffixes of nouns)

а) Суффиксы -er, -or образуют имена существительные, обозначающие

действующее лицо:

to teach – обучать; teacher – учитель

to listen – слушать; listener – слушатель

б) Суффикс -ian указывает на национальную принадлежность или

профессию:

Russian – русский

historian – историк

в) Суффикс -ist обозначает принадлежность к политическому или

научному направлению, а также профессию:

artist – художник

specialist – специалист

physicist – физик

г) Суффиксы, образующие существительные, обозначающие

отвлеченные понятия:

-ion, -tion, -ation, -sion, -ssion.

organization – организация

compression – сжатие

explosion – взрыв

-ment

government – правительство

achievement – достижение

-ure

lecture – лекция

pressure – давление

-ance, -ence

dependence – зависимость

resistance – сопротивление

-ness (образует существительные от прилагательных)

kindness – доброта

-hood

childhood – детство

-ship

friendship – дружба

-th

long – длинный; length – длина

wide – широкий; width – ширина

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146

-dom

kingdom – королевство

freedom – свобода

-ism

capitalism – капитализм

E x e r c i s e s

I. Write three forms of the verbs:

to be, to become, to begin, to break, to bring, to buy, to come, to catch, to

choose, to do, to drink, to drive, to draw, to eat, to fall, to feel, to forget, to give,

to go, to grow, to hear, to keep, to know, to leave, to lose, to make, to pay, to

read, to rise, to run, to see, to send, to show, to sit, to sleep, to stand, to strike, to

take, to teach, to think, to wake, to write.

II. Practise all possible combinations by using the tables.

а)

she

my sister

Tom

her friend

has (not)

you

they

our friends

have (not)

written

read

come

seen

been

bought

booked

travelled

visited

a letter

this book

the test

home

a new film

by plane

to England

the USA

tickets by phone

a TV set

б)

Has

she

Tom

Mary

Have

you

they

visited

been

travelled

booked

seen

translated

to England?

Egypt?

by ship?

tickets by phone?

a new film?

a lot?

this poem?

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147

III. Make up sentences. Use the Present Perfect Tense.

Model: He - /to send/ a telegram.

He has just sent a telegram.

1. John - /to come/ home.

2. Jim - /to go/ to Canada.

3. We - /to arrive/.

4. I - /to see/ him.

5. They - /to have/ lunch.

6. She - /to book/ tickets.

7. Ann - /to phone/.

IV. Make the following sentences a) interrogative; b) negative.

Model: We have been to Greece.

Have you been to England?

No, we haven’t been to England.

We’ve been to Greece.

1. They have travelled a lot. 2. I have never been to London. 3. She has

visited China twice. 4. This is the first time he has driven a car. 5. Tom has met

many interesting people. 6. She has already translated this article. 7. Nick has

just seen him.

V. Complete these questions. Let your fellow students answer them.

1. Have you seen ...? 2. Have you been to ...? 3. Have you written ...? 4.

Have you visited ...? 5. Has he booked ...? 6. Has she travelled by ...? 7. Has

Tom done ...?

VI. Put who-questions.

Model: They have sent a letter.

Who has sent a letter?

1. I have written a letter to my friend. 2. They have eaten at a new English

restaurant. 3. I have been to Italy this year. 4. We have had our lunch. 5. He has

already booked tickets. 6. We have met a lot of interesting people. 7. She has

studied very much this term.

VII. Put all possible questions to the following sentences:

1. Nora has traveled a lot. 2. She has already booked tickets. 3. She has

visited China twice. 4. I have known him since my childhood. 5. They have seen

this film. 6. We have just seen him. 7. He has read a lot of English books.

VIII. Fill in the blanks with “for” or “since”.

1. He has forgotten his Spanish ... he left Cuba. 2. What have you done ...

I last saw you? 3. I haven’t seen him ... ages. 4. It has rained ... Monday. 5. I

have known him ... childhood. 6. I’ve known him ... years. 7. How long have

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148

you been here? – I’ve been here ... two months, ... last May. 8. How long have

you studied Chinese? - ... five years, ... I was eighteen. 9. How long have you

been in the library? – I’ve been here ... ten o’clock, ... three hours. 10. Peter is

hungry because he has had nothing to eat ... five hours, ... morning. 11. They

have been here ... an hour. 12. It’s been foggy ... a fortnight. 13. ... when has he

been in love?

IX. Put the adverbs in the right place.

1. (ever) Have you travelled? 2. (always) She has been a bright student. 3.

(never) We have seen a flying saucer. 4. (just) They have had a walk in the park.

5. (yet) Have you finished your homework? 6. (always) I have wanted to meet

your parents. 7. (yet) She hasn’t sent a telegram. 8. (lately) Have you heard from

Mary? 9. (long) He has studied the subject. 10. (ever) Has your sister had any

troubles with her son?

X. Mary has had a day off today. Say what she has done. Use the following

word combinations:

to clean the windows, to sweep the floor, to dust the furniture, to water the

flowers, to wash up the dishes, to go shopping, to buy some food, to pick up the

linen from the laundry, to iron clothes, to sew some buttons on the kids’ jackets,

to cook dinner, to bake a cake, to make coffee, to take the dog for a walk, to

meet the children from school, to have a busy day.

XI. Make up sentences using Present Perfect:

Model: I am very tired. (to work) – I have worked hard.

1. She can speak English. (to learn) 2. He can share his impressions about

the film. (to see) 3. I know the contents of the letter. (to read) 4. I like her

husband. (to meet) 5. They may come to the party. (to return) 6. Ann isn’t here.

(to leave) 7. I am going to wear a new blouse tonight. (to buy) 8. She knows the

truth. (to tell) 9. They can tell us a lot about London. (to visit) 10. I know how to

get there. (to be) 11. She looks fresh. (to have a rest) 12. I have no money. (to

spend) 13. Sue is looking for her gloves. (to lose) 14. Bill can’t play football. (to

break)

XII. Make up questions. Use the model.

Model: you ever /be/ to Italy?

Have you ever been to Italy?

1. you ever /be/ to South America?

2. you / read/ any English books?

3. you /live/ in this town all your life?

4. how many times / you/ be / to England?

5. What’s the most beautiful country you /ever/ visit?

6. you ever /speak/ to a famous person?

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149

XIII. Complete the sentences:

1. I’ve just умылся

накрыл на стол

добрался до института

пообедал

совершил ошибку

опоздал на поезд

включил телевизор

поссорился с ней

обсудил этот вопрос

2. He’s (already) посмотрел этот фильм

перевел третий текст

встретил их на станции

проводил ее

нашел книгу

прибыл в город

потратил деньги

ушел

3. She’s never работала на фирме

читала книги в оригинале

спорила с ним

переходила улицу на красный свет

готовила обед мужу

вставала рано

путешествовала вокруг света

получала любовные письма

видела достопримечательности Рима

брала чужие вещи

4. They’ve always покупали только дешевые вещи

обедали на кухне

платили наличными

жили в самых роскошных отелях

приглашали гостей на Рождество

делали работу по дому сами

читали «Таймс»

гуляли в дождливую погоду

сдавали экзамены успешно

любили петь громко

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150

5. Have you ever гуляли под дождем без зонта?

видели семь чудес света?

наблюдали сильный снегопад?

слышали эту песню?

влюблялись с первого взгляда?

купались в реке зимой?

пробовали манго?

обижали своих родителей?

6. I haven’t сказала ему правду

путешествовала по Европе

видела достопримечательности Лондона

видела спектакль

послала ей письмо

нашла свое кольцо

пробовала пирог

написала книгу

говорила с ним

звонила ей

кончила читать книгу

купила билеты

XIV. Use Present Perfect or Present Indefinite:

1. Helen (to be) sick since last week. She (to miss) her grammar test. 2.

He (to read) a lot and (to know) a lot. 3. Bob’s parents usually (to stay) in the

country the whole summer. 4. We (to stay) here for a month, and it (to rain)

almost every day. 5. You (to be) at home in the evening? 6. I (to be) here ever

since morning. 7. He (to receive) letters from her every week. 8. He (to receive)

letters from her since last year. 9. Is it the first time he (to see) a tiger? 10.

That’s the third time I (to phone) her today. 11. How long you (to know) each

other? 12. I hardly (to hear) anything from her since that time. 13. It long (to be)

my dream to visit Canada. 14. She (to dream) of becoming an actress. 15.

Normally I (to have) breakfast at 8 in the morning. 16. I (to have) just my

breakfast.

XV. Translate the first part of the sentences using Present Indefinite or Present

Perfect:

1. Мы живем в Москве now

since 1960

2. Я изучаю английский twice a week

since childhood

3. Он работает на фирме three days a week

for two years

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