Орлова Г.Д. и др. Английский для бакалавров. Часть I

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that is being typed into it. Nevertheless, Weizenbauni's secretary fell under the spell of

the machine. Weizenbaum says:

Well, I asked her to my office and sat her down at the keyboard, and she began

to type and of course I looked at her to make sure everything was operating properly.

After two or three interchanges with the machine she turned to me and she said,

"Would you mind leaving the room please?"

Eliza responds sympathetically to what is typed in, but that it never adds new

information, or gives an opinion. Ordinary psychiatrists use this reflective listening

technique, too.

Here is an example of Eliza in operation:

Input Eliza

It's my girlfriend. So, you're worried about your girlfriend.

I'm a bit upset. Why do you feel upset?

She doesn't understand me. She doesn't understand you?

She argues with everything I say. Why do you think she argues with you?

She's afraid of me. Does it please you to think she's afraid of

you?

No, but... she goes crazy. What exactly do you mean by crazy?

She makes me miserable. I'm sorry to hear you're miserable.

Psychiatrists (and teachers) say that this technique helps people to talk about

themselves, and that talking about themselves helps them.

I. Try this technique with some fellow students. A is consulting В. В does

not give any opinion, but simply listens sympathetically. Make a list of 'problems' for

A to speak about. It's a good way of keeping a conversation going.

Eliza simply operates a clever program and cannot be described as artificial

intelligence. The program can be fooled:

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Eliza

Hi! I'm Eliza. What's your problem?

Computers

What is it about machines that

worries you?

They are stupid

I'm not sure I understand you fully

You cannot think

Oh, I cannot think

That is correct

Come, come elucidate your thoughts

why

What else comes to mind when you ask

that?

Bananas

Can you elaborate on that?

What does that suggest to you?

I see

Where are your eyes?

Why are you interested in whether or not I am r

eyes

That is rubbish

I'm not sure I understand you fully

J cannot help that

Come, come elucidate your thoughts

You are repeating yourself

Does it please you to believe I

am repeating myself?

Why not?

Please leave the room

Can you elaborate on that?

Say, do you have any psychological

problems?

However it may not be very long before truly intelligent computers are created.

What will happen? Two eminent scientists at MIT have expressed views on this:

Professor Edward Fredken (МГГ) Professor Fredken thinks that the artificial

intelligences of the future will be concerned with weighty problems that humans

cannot understand. He thinks that they may condescend to talk to us occasionally, to

amuse us and to play games that we enjoy. In some sense they might, he suggests,

keep us as pets.

Professor Joseph Weizenbaum (МГГ) Professor Weizenbaum expanded on the

idea of computers keeping us as pets and quoted Arthur C. Clarkc (the author of 2001)

as saying it would serve us right. Weizenbaum queries the use of the word 'us'. He

points out that the thousand or so people working on the high-level computers are

doing so without having asked the rest of 'us' our opinion/permission. We will all be

affected, however, if they produce the monstrosities that are being forecast. He

concludes that this situation says a great deal about the issue of responsibility in

science.

II. Answer the following questions:

1. Do you believe in the computer intelligence?

2. If you had a chance to choose either to be tested by a computer or by a

human being, which would you prefer and why?

3. Do you think the program Eliza is a good one? Why? Identify its merits and

demerits.

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293

4. What other computer programs do you know?

5. Have you ever tried to develop a program? What must a programmer know

to develop a good one?

6. Would you like to be a citizen of a computer land and be ruled and controlled

by computers?

7. What films devoted to the problem of artificial intelligence have you seen?

III. Be ready to talk on the following topics:

1. Home computers have become powerful tools of knowledge.

2. Internet is a source of information and a means of communication.

3. The possibilities of advanced technology. Will it bring people together or

isolate them?

4. Artificial Intelligence, its role and influence on homo sapience.

5. You are a computer designer. What computer are you going to develop?

6. Computers in 50 years. Their role in everyday life and their possibilities.

IV. Compose dialogues on the following situations.

1. Discuss with your friends the possibilities of intelligent computers.

2. Discuss the problems the artificial intelligence of the future will be

concerned with.

3. Discuss the interrelations between a computer and a man.

J U S T F O R F U N

I. This is an extract from a novel, Satan by Jeremy Leven, in which Lupa meets a

truly intelligent computer.

Lupa laughed. She liked the voice that had been selected for the computer. It

wasn't the typical low mechanical voice that sounded like a record being played at too

slow a speed. It sounded natural. It had charm to it.

"Do you have a name?" Lupa asked.

"Not yet," the computer answered.

"They're running a contest. The kids are supposed to name me. I'm dreading the

whole thing, believe me."

Now Lupa thought this was clever, the way they had programmed the computer.

She wondered it there was some way to screw up the program. She had once heard

that even a sophisticated analog computer couldn't pick up certain subtleties in the

English language, no matter how good the programming, so she decided to give it a

try.

"My paws give me pause," she said.

The computer was silent.

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294

"My paws give me pause," Lupa repeated. "It's a clause without claws."

Lupa waited in silence for a response.

"You know something," the computer said. "I thought you'd be different. Just

once today I was hoping I'd get someone who wouldn't try to beat the program”.

Lupa smiled. This was marvelous, she thought to herself. They'd thought of

everything.

"Sorry," she said. "My displace".

"Ah, you speak Italian", the computer said with some sarcasm.

"Oui, d'accord," Lupa answered.

"C'est vrai."

"And French, too. Your French is better than your Italian. Though neither one is

great. Now, if you excuse me, I have to shut down. It's closing time."

Lupa stood up and walked around the room. It was evident to her that

somewhere in the building, listening through an intercom, was someone with a

microphone. She thought about how to test for this.

"You wouldn't happen to know what day of the week September the fourteenth,

1321, fell on, would you?" Lupa asked.

"It was a Sunday," the computer answered, "but how do you know whether I'm

right? Thank you for visiting the computer exhibit."

II. Design a computer for your home. Write a description of it and its functions.

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K E Y S

Unit 3

Unit 4

Answers:

tea; ice-cream; rice; butter; salt; sugar; meat; eggs.

Unit 6

e n d a n g e r e d

l i o n r d a i r

e g g b e t r e e

p h t o e i t a

h e a r n s h i d

a n n e o d d

n e d w

h a l e

t a r t s a y e n

s u g a r t o t

t y p e e n s u e

n o e f r e e r

Unit 7

Answers:

1. radioactivity; 2. explanation; 3. proper; 4. among; 5. radium; 6.

example; 7. split; 8. property; 9. powerful; 10. add; 11. space; 12. contain; 13. rays;

14. simple; 15. travel; 16. sciences; 17. obtain.

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296

Unit 8

Answers:

I. The Scientists and the Watches

1. The two scientists were arguing about whose watch was better.

2. They couldn't continue the experiment because there was something wrong with

both watches.

3. They observed the watches for a couple of hours without speaking.

4. They realised the Swiss watch was losing sixty minutes an hour.

5. (b) if a watch is losing sixty minutes in sixty minutes, it's stopped.

6. (a) Once in every twelve hours the Swiss watch would show the right time.

7. The Japanese watch was losing 120 minutes every sixty minutes.

8. (с) It is going backwards if it loses 120 minutes every sixty minutes. In other words,

every time a clock telling the correct time moved forward an hour, the Japanese clock

moved back exactly an hour.

9. The Japanese watch will show the correct time twice in every 12-hour period, i. e.,

every six hours.

10. The scientist with the Japanese watch was right when he said, "My watch is right

more often than yours."

11. Neither watch tells the correct time - they only show it. You wouldn't know they

were showing it without a third watch to refer to.

II. Word Bingo

Material for the game "Word Bingo"

1. A system of words used by the people of one country as a means of communication,

(language)

2. A spoken or written test organised by teachers in order to check students'

knowledge in this or that subject, (examination)

3. A science which is concerned with the study of matter and natural forces, (physics)

4. The study or science of different numbers and calculations. (mathematics)

5. A useful thing or idea which is produced by scientists for the first time. (invention)

6. The study of events of a nation. These events are usually arranged in order from the

earlier time to the later. The events concern the rulers and the governments. (history)

7. The whole world around us: trees, rivers, lakes, animals and so on. (nature)

8. Something is finished or gained through skill or hard work. (achievement)

9. A system of special tracks for trains with locomotives and stations. (railway)

10. The passing of the seconds, minutes, days, weeks, months taken as a whole, (time)

11. Water in the state of gas produced by boiling at the temperature of 100 degrees,

(steam)

12. A black or dark brown mineral can be found deep in the earth. It can be burnt to

give heat. Gas and other products can be made of this mineral. (coal)

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297

13. An underground or underwater passage for an automobile road. railway. Very

often it is built through or under a hill, a river, a town or a mountain. (tunnel)

14. Heavy firm earth. When it is wet it is soft, but it becomes hard when it is heated to

a high temperature. Many things are made of it, for example, cups, plates and bricks.

(clay)

15. Flat pieces of bread with some cold food between them. It is eaten with your

hands. (sandwich)

16. Knowledge or skill which comes from practice rather than books. (experience)

17. A trail or a test which is made usually by. scientists to learn something or prove

some scientific idea. (experiment)

18. The movement of people or vehicles along the streets or roads, the movement of

ships in the seas, the movement of planes in the sky. (traffic)

19. The rate of movement, in other words, it is the distance travelled divided by the

time of travel. (speed)

20. A measure of length which is equal to about 30.5 cm. (foot)

21. Something unpleasant, undesirable or damaging that happens quite unexpectedly

or by chance. (accident)

22. The study or knowledge which can be made into a system and which depends on

seeing, understanding and testing facts. (science)

23. The case of finding something which existed before but was not known to people.

It is often a place or a scientific fact. (discovery)

24. The act of interpretation with the help of words, pictures, gestures. (explanation)

25. A difficulty that needs attention and thought in order to solve it. (problem)

III.

a) b)

a d v i s e r

e i n s t e i n

d x

x e r o x

m p i e c e

p h y s i c i s t

i g n o r e

e d i s o n

s c h o o l

r a d i u m

s l

i n v e n t o r

i n t e r e s t

i l l i o

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w o r k n

e l e m

e n t a r y

u n d e r s t a n d

n e w

t o n

e s t

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L I T E R A T U R E

1. Eckersley C.E. “Essential English for Foreign Students” / Sofia, 1966.

2. “English Humour” С-Петербург, 1991.

3. Francoise Grellet “Developing Reading Skills” / Cambridge University Press,

1981.

4. Hornby A.S. “Oxford Progressive English for Adult Learners” / Oxford University

Press.

5. Murphy Raymond “English Grammar in Use” / Cambridge University Press, 1988.

6. “Student’s Grammar” / The University of Birmingham, Collins Cobuild, 1991.

7. “Английский язык. Большой справочник для школьников и поступающих в

вузы” / М., 1998.

8. Арбекова Т.И., Власова Н.Н. “English for All Occasions” /М., 1971.

9. Арбекова Т.И., Власова Н.Н., Макарова Г.А. “Я хочу и буду знать

английский” / М., 1993.

10. “Великобритания. Лингвострановедческий словарь” / М., 1980.

11. Выборова Г.Е., Махмурян К.С. “Сборник упражнений по английской

грамматике” / М., 1998.

12. Гварджаладзе И.С., Гилбертсон А.Л., Кочинашвили Т.Г. “500 английских

пословиц и поговорок” / М., 1966.

13. Голицынский Ю.Б. “Грамматика” / С-Петербург, 1998.

14. Губарева Т.Ю. “Практикум по грамматике английского языка” / М., 1997.

15. Егорова С.Н., Арутюнян Е.К., Степанова О.Н. “Сборник упражнений для

закрепления лексики и грамматики английского языка” / М., 1997.

16. Журнал “Мозаика” , 1970 – 1986.

17. Занина Е.Л. “95 устных тем по английскому языку” / М., 1998.

18. Кошманова И.И., Енгалычева Н.А. “Topics for Discussion” / М., 1998.

19. Павлоцкий В.М. “Read Learn Discuss” / С-Петербург, 1998.

20. Серафимова М.А., Шаевич А.М. “Тематические диалоги” / Ленинград, 1967.

21. Синявская Е.В. и др. “Английский язык в ситуациях общения” / М., 1990.

22. Федорова Н.В. “Английская грамматика в таблицах и с юмором” / М., 1997.

23. Фрейтас Дж.Ф. “Минимум для общения” / М., 1982.

24. Химунина Т.Н., Конон Н.В., Уолш И.А. “Customs, Traditions and Festivals of

Great Britain” / Ленинград, 1975.

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УЧЕБНОЕ ИЗДАНИЕ

Английский для бакалавров

Учебное пособие

Издание второе, стереотипное

Часть I

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