Орлова Г.Д. и др. Английский для бакалавров. Часть I
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271
Direct Speech
Reported Speech
"I was in England in 1972."
The sun rises in the East.
He said he was in England in 1972.
The teacher explained to the
children (that) the sun rises in the
East.
VI. Put the following sentences into indirect speech with the introducing verb in the
Past Tense. (Vary the introducing verb).
a) He said, told us, stated, declared, etc.
1. I have never been here before. 2. She is sorry he didn’t come yesterday. 3. He
will answer the letter when he gets the information. 4. She must go there at once if she
still wants to see him. 5. You have been very generous today. 6. I expect to hear some
news tomorrow, I’ll tell you if I do.
b) He asked, wanted to know, didn’t know, wondered, etc.
1. Is she invited to the party ? 2. Do you know when she will arrive in Moscow
? 3. Must we be here by six or can we come a bit later ? 4. Does the doctor allow you
to smoke ? 5. Shall we have our meal now ? 6. Where shall we meet tonight ? 7. Why
are you insisting on it ? 8. What exhibition did you visit last week ? 9. Who must
follow these instructions ? 10. How can I fasten the belt ? 11. Why did you make up
your mind to take part in the conference ? 12. Will the new project require a great
effort if we change the preliminary schedule ?
VII. Practise the following table. Turn the following direct questions into Indirect
Speech.
I’d like to know
The teacher asked
I can’t imagine
The receptionist asked
My friend wondered
The policeman tried to find out
Don’t you know
Can you guess
Did you find out
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Which of you has read “Pygmalion” ?
Who is the author of the book ?
What is wrong with our agreement ?
How do you always manage to
remember the dates ?
Have you anything to ask ?
Is anything wrong with your car ?
Why have you exceeded the speed
limit ?
Aren’t you sorry ?
Who did it depend on ?
Will Friday suit everybody ?
Has he changed his mind ?
VIII. Fill in the blanks with prepositions wherever necessary:
He asked - who you were looking …
- what family she came …
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- what book (article) the extract was taken …
- what literary trend this poet belonged …
- if our school-mate was going to marry … Helen.
- why I was smiling … her.
- what subjects I took special interest …
- who she had fallen in love…
IX. Practise sentences below using Indirect Speech and translate each sentence into
Russian.
A
1. “When must he be back ?” I wondered. 2. “How much time is left ?” he
asked. 3. “Who is the first to speak?” the teacher asked. 4. “How many of you took
part in the discussion ?” she wanted to know. 5. He asked, “Why can’t a definite
answer be given soon ?” 6. She tried to find out, “How long will it take you to make
preliminary arrangements ?” 7. “Which of you would like to join us ?” he asked. 8. I
was asked, “How far’s the bus stop ?” 9. The policeman asked, “What’s the matter ?”
10. We asked him, “How did it happen ?” 11. The host wondered, “Why are you
leaving so soon ?”
B
1. The manager asked, “Does the appointed time suit everybody ?” 2. She asked
me, ”Have you been learning English for five years ?” 3. I asked a salesman, “Can you
guarantee that the computer will be delivered next week ?”
Р А Б О Т А С Т Е К С Т О М
Text A. Information Age: For and Against
FOR:
We are now living in the 21-st century in which various kinds of technology
have been developed and are being developed. Some examples of these are computers,
videotelephones, computerised television, and satellite systems. People have benefited
and are benefiting from these kinds of technology. I'm sure the life in the nearest
future will be more exciting and comfortable.
It is common now to have a computer at home. Home computers plugged into
phone lines become powerful tools of knowledge because they are connected to
libraries, universities and major research institutions. A specialist is able to locate the
latest facts and get new information.
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'Smart' TVs provided with new satellite systems are changing. Soon will be
available as many as half a thousand channels. Home shopping programmes will allow
viewers to shop everything from a yacht to a loaf of bread. Travel services, weather
reports, video games, financial services, any kind of educational courses will be
available at the touch of a button. The possibilities are almost endless.
By combining the technologies of computers, telephones, and television and
then finding new methods of storing and transmitting data it will be possible to
transport any information to every home.
Meanwhile, the time saved by not having to travel from one place to another for
information, goods, and services can be used for rest, recreation, and education. The
quality of life will be surely improved. The world will certainly become a more
interesting place in which to live.
AGAINST:
We have a very comfortable life because of modern technology, but it has
created some negative aspects. I do not support the idea of having advanced
technology because it takes away time from reading and thinking. Before television,
people used to read, think, and converse. They had the time to look at their lives and
values. Today, people prefer to watch exciting things on video and television. Students
today belong to the 'TV generation', few of them find time to read books, journals, and
newspapers.
Another negative aspect, to my mind is computerised service. If most services
are computerised, it will be easy for others to get information about a person. For
example, the use of a credit card number to pay bills or go shopping can take away
your privacy. Someone can easily find out what you bought and what you paid for it.
This can also lead to others using your credit card number, or, in other words, theft.
Vocabulary
satellite, n спутник
to benefit, v извлекать пользу
to excite, v волновать
to plug into, v вставлять, встраивать
tool, n инструмент
major, adj. главный
research, n научное исследование
to locate, v определить местонахождение
to provide (with), v обеспечивать, снабжать
to be available быть доступным
viewer, n зритель
financial, adj. финансовый
to touch, v касаться, трогать
button, n кнопка
to combine, v сочетать, соединять
to store, v хранить, запоминать
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storage, n память (в компьютере)
to transmit, v передавать
data, мн. ч. (datum, ед. ч.), n данные
meanwhile, adv. между тем
to save, v спасать, экономить
to create, v создавать
recreation, n развлечение, отдых
to improve, v улучшать, усовершенствовать
to support, v поддерживать
to advance, v продвигать, развивать
to converse, v разговаривать
values, n ценности
to belong to, v принадлежать
generation, n поколение
privacy, n секретность, тайна
to find out, v выяснить
to pay (for), v платить
theft, n воровство
I. Read the following international words. Try to guess their meanings.
Technology, computer, video, telephone, television, system, comfortable, line,
university, specialist, channel, program, yacht, service, report, game, financial, course,
combine, method, transport, information, interesting, modern, negative, aspect, idea,
journal, person, credit, lead.
II. Find in the text the verbs of the same root.
Benefit, plug, connection, local, provision, combination, transmission, transport
(-ation), improvement, creation, conversation, support, computer, payment, leader,
development, shop.
III. Write the four forms of the verbs.
To lead, to pay, to get, to buy, to take, to find, to read, to think, to become, to
know.
IV. Find antonyms to the following words:
same, furthest, uncomfortable, powerless, old, unavailable, unable, nothing,
impossible, to worsen, positive, out-of-date, tiring, to lose, hard, to waste.
V. Suggest Russian renderings for:
1. It is common now to have a computer at home. 2. Home computers plugged
into phone lines become powerful tools of knowledge. 3. Soon will be available as
many as half a thousand channels. 4. … any kind of educational courses will be
available at the touch of a button. 5. Meanwhile, the time saved by not having to travel
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from one place to another for information, goods and services can be used for rest,
recreation and education. 6. The world will certainly become a more interesting place
in which to live.
VI. Give the English equivalents from the text for the following:
любой образовательный курс; финансовые услуги; в ближайшем будущем;
сейчас принято; средства получения информации; туристическое обслуживание;
почти безграничны; методы хранения и передачи информации; благодаря
современной технологии; она отнимает время у …; по-моему; оплачивать счета.
VII. Translate the following sentences. Pay special attention to used to (to say that
something regularly happened in the past but no longer happens). Used to + infinitive
is always past. There is no present. The normal question form is “Did … use to ?”
1. He used to be good at programming but then he gave it up. 2. He didn’t use to
take interest in computing until he came across a new software product. 3. Before
television, people used to read, think and converse. 4. Now she is not able to get
information as soon as she used to. 5. Did you use to play video games when you were
a child ? 6. It’s unbelievable that long ago people used to live without PCs. 7.
Unfortunately I am not so skillful as I used to be. 8. I don’t type as well as I used to.
My injury is to blame. 9. He used to waste a lot of time in front of the telly but now he
spends all his spare time trying to access Internet / Intranet and graphics applications.
VIII. Pick out from the text the verbs in:
- Present Indefinite (Active, Passive)
- Present Continuous (Active, Passive)
- Present Perfect (Active, Passive)
- Future Indefinite (Active, Passive)
IX. Answer the following questions:
1. Why do home computers become powerful tools of knowledge ? 2. How will
the quality of television viewing improve ? 3. Do you think the possibilities of the
advanced technology will bring people together or isolate them ? 4. Are there any
advantages of having lots of TV channels ? 5. What do you think we mean by saying
“TV generation” ? 6. Do you waste as much time watching TV as you used to when
you were a schoolboy (schoolgirl) ? 7. What do you think of advanced technology ?
Are you for or against it ?
X. Say in English:
1. Я уверен, что жизнь в ближайшем будущем будет более интересна и
комфортабельна. Возможности новых технологий практически безграничны. 2.
Компьютер в доме стал обычным явлением. Домашний компьютер,
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подключенный к телефонной сети, становится мощным источником получения
любой информации. 3. Становится доступной связь с библиотеками,
университетами, исследовательскими учреждениями. 4. Телевизор,
обеспеченный спутниковой связью, позволит телезрителям купить практически
любую вещь, от яхты до булки хлеба, не выходя из дома. 5. Исчезает
необходимость тратить время в поисках информации. Сэкономленное время
можно использовать для отдыха, развлечений или образования. 6. Конечно,
жизнь в современном мире достаточно комфортабельна, однако она порождает и
некоторые отрицательные моменты. 7. Раньше, когда не было телевидения,
люди читали, размышляли, беседовали друг с другом. Сегодня они
предпочитают развлекаться, смотря видеофильмы и телевизионные шоу. Мало
кто находит время для чтения книг, журналов и газет.
XI. Compose a story. Produce your point of view on the problem of the information
age. Try to explain whether you are for or against. Give reasons. Use the following:
to my mind; as far as I know; I think that …; I would like to mention that …; it
seems to me; as far as I am concerned; in my opinion; it goes without saying …; to
begin with; by the way; in this way; to some extent; if I am not mistaken.
Text B. Computer System
A computer system is made up of five fundamental units. The central part of a
computer is the Central Processing Unit (CPU). The CPU includes 2 units: the
Control Unit (CU), and the Arithmetic-Logical Unit (ALU).
The Arithmetic-Logical Unit is the "brain" of the computer system. It performs
the most important operations of a computer system - arithmetic and logical operations
on the data.
On the other hand, the Control Unit functions more like a "house master". It
decides the sequence of operations for the system. It generates and manages all
control signals to streamlining the operations and flow of data within the ALU.
Memory module is the next part of a computer system. 'The memory of the
computer is used to store information. Several types of memories are normally present
in a computer system. These two basic types of memories are respectively known as
ROM (Read Only Memory) or RAM (Random Access Memory). Secondary
memories can reside externally to the computer. A typical example would be diskettes.
The last part of a computer system is the input /output - module. The input -
module supplies data to the ALU. It can be, for example, a keyboard. The output -
module on the other hand displays to the outside world the data exiting from the ALU.
A familiar example is the video display unit (VDU).
Personal computer systems are used now on a wide scale.
The basic components of a personal computer consist of the system unit, the
keyboard, the video display unit, the printer and optionally the mouse. They can be
easily connected and ready to be used in a matter of minutes.
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The system unit contains a 16 / 24 / 32 - bit microprocessor, the two diskette
drives housed in a single table - top unit. The system unit is powered from a standard
230 - volt ac grounded wall outlet.
The computer system has two modes: alphanumeric (A / N) or text mode and
graphics mode.
A few words about A / N mode.
In text mode, it supports either a 40 / 25 or an 80 / 25 display format. Each
character is format in an 8 / 8 character box. Characters can be black or white or
displayed in colour with 8 background colours and 16 foreground colours. Multiple
pages of text may also be stored in the adapter.
The display adapter card contains ROM character generator that provides 256
characters for displaying on the screen. In addition to the standard 96 ASCII
characters, there are special characters for supporting games and text processing, plus
international character and symbols, line graphics, scientific notations and Greek
characters.
Each display character position is defined by two bytes in the adapter 16K
RAM. One byte is for the display character code byte, which is the ASCII character
code and the second byte is the attribute.
Thus, for the 80 column per 25 rows display, it's required 4000 bytes.
The second possible mode is a graphics mode. The adapter card has two
graphics modes - a 320 / 200 four colour mode and a 640 / 200 monochrome mode. In
the 320 / 200 mode, each dot on the screen can be programmed with any of the four
colours.
The 320 / 200 medium resolution mode uses 16000 bytes of memory,
organised in 4 pixels horizontally per byte. The screen is divided into two buffers,
the first 8K buffer holding data for the even lines and the second hold data for the odd
lines. Each pixel on the screen is defined by two bits
The 640 / 200 high resolution mode requires 16Kb. Every bit is mapped to a
pixel on the screen. So, one byte will represent 8 pixels on the screen.
The personal computer can be connected to either 84-keys or 101-keys
keyboard.
The 84-keys keyboard is a AT / XT compatible keyboard. It is changeable to
the AT or XT by selective switch at the back of the keyboard.
Various languages keyboards are available: English, German, Russian and
others.
The 101-keys keyboard with an outside is to select XT or AT mode. It is
basically an intelligent and detachable keyboard.
Vocabulary
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to process, v
to include, v
unit, n
to perform, v
brain, n
to streamline, v
flow, n
respectively, adv.
random, adj.
access, n
to reside, v
internal / external, adj.
input / output, n
to supply, v
key, n
keyboard, n
to display, v
scale, n
on a wide scale
component, n
optional, adj.
to contain , v
diskette drive
outlet, n
mode, n
color (colour), n
background, n
foreground, n
in addition to
screen, n
notation, n
to define, v
row, n
to require, v
medium, adj.
resolution, n
to map, v
to represent, v
compatible, adj.
switch, n
to detach, n
обрабатывать
включать
блок, устройство; единица
выполнить
мозг
интенсифицировать
поток
соответственно
случайный
доступ
размещаться, находиться
внутренний / внешний
ввод / вывод
снабжать
клавиша; ключ
клавиатура
показывать, высвечивать
масштаб
в широком масштабе
элемент
необязательный
содержать
дисковод
штепсельная розетка
режим
цвет
фон
передний план
кроме
экран
обозначение
определять
ряд
требовать
средний
разрешающая способность,
разрешение
наносить на карту;
составлять план
представлять
совместимый
выключатель
отделять, рассоединять
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even / odd, adj. четный / нечетный
I. Read the following international words from the text. Guess their meanings:
computer, system, byte, fundamental, central, process, control, arithmetic,
logical, operation, function, master, generate (-or), signal, module, information, type,
diskettes, familiar, video, personal, printer, contain, microprocessor, volt, text,
graphic, character, format, adapter, position, game, international, symbol, line,
notation, bit, attribute, column, monochrome, program, organize, horizontally,
selective.
II. Read and remember the following abbreviations:
I/O – input/output
R/W – read/write
A/N – alphanumeric
ALU – arithmetic/logic(al) unit
VDU – video display unit
CPU – Central Processing Unit
RAM – Random Access Memory
ROM – Read –Only Memory
DASD – Direct Access Storage Device
DBMS – Data Base Management System
R
ввод/вывод
чтение/запись
текстовый
арифметическое/логичес-
кое устройство
дисплей
центральный процессор
память с произвольной
выборкой
постоянная память
ЗУ с прямым доступом
система управления
базами данных
регистр
III. Produce definitions to the following:
CPU, character, computer, data, access, instruction, magnetic tape, word,
hardware, bit, capacity, address, code, chip.
Use the sentences below:
1.А basic unit of data in a computer memory. It consists of a predetermined
number of characters or bits to be processed. The word “bit” is formed from the letter
”b” in the word “binary” and two letters in the word “digit”. 2.The process of
acquiring information from a computer register, memory or peripheral unit. 3. One of
the elementary operations which can be performed by a computer. 4.The mechanical,
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magnetic, electronic and electrical devices or components of a computer. 5.The part of
a computing system which obtains instructions from the memory and interprets them
as well as performs the actual operations. 6.A collection of numeric, alphabetic or
special characters denoting facts and information. 7.Any device capable of accepting
information, applying prescribed processes to the information and supplying the
results of these processes, in other words, a device for performing sequences of
arithmetic and logic operations. 8.One of a set of elementary symbols which may be
arranged in groups to express information. The symbols may include the decimal
digits 0 through 9, letters A through Z, punctuation marks and operation symbols
which a computer may read, store and write. 9.A tape with a magnetic surface on
which data can be stored by selective magnetisation of portions of the surface. 10.A
system of characters and rules for representing information in a language capable of
being understood and used by a computer. 11.A small piece of silicon on which an
integrated circuit is fabricated. 12.A unique label, name, or number that identifies a
memory location. 13.The number of bits or words or bytes that can be stored. 14.The
smallest unit of information within a character which can assume the values of 0 and
1.
IV. Translate the following word combinations. Pay attention to the left-hand
attributes:
control unit functions, memory module, input/output module, personal computer
systems, video display unit, standard 230-volt ac grounded wall outlet, each display
character position, adapter card, 320/200 medium resolution mode, first 8K buffer,
640/200 high resolution mode, 101 – keys keyboard, at/xt compatible keyboard,
various languages keyboard.
V. Fill in the table according to the pattern:
Verb Noun Adjective
Pattern:
calculate
define
compute
program
divide
represent
apply
require
calculator
calculation
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