Орлова Г.Д. и др. Английский для бакалавров. Часть I

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XII. Complete the following sentences:

1. By the end of October ... 2. I decided to start working after ... 3. The bell had

rung before ... 4. I met my school-mate after ... 5. By the time you finish

translating the article ... 6. By the end of this decade ... 7. We shall not start

discussing the problem if ... 8. Before she leaves for work ... 9. He won’t be able

to do this work unless ...

XIII. Put the verb in brackets in the correct tense-form:

1. “You ever (to see) any plays by O. Wilde?” “Yes, I (to see) one last week.” 2.

He (to graduate) from the University in 1999. 3. By 5 o’clock they (to complete)

their experiment and left laboratory. 4. By the end of the next week they (to

receive) final results on the concentration of smoke in the air. 5. At last we

managed to learn what (to happen) as a result of ozone depletion. 6. When we

arrived, the conference (not to begin) yet. 7. It was five to ten a.m. The

exhibition (not to open) yet but all the preparations for the opening ceremony (to

be made). 8. I am sure by that time new methods of environmental protection (to

be developed). 9. Before we joined “the Green Party”, many laws and decisions

on this problem (to be adopted). 10. Much more people (to be involved) in

various international organizations and “green parties” by the end of the century.

XIV. Translate into English.

1. Когда я приехал повидаться с руководителем «партии зеленых» в

гостинице, он уже дал интервью журналистам и отдыхал.

2. Когда я приехал к нему в гостиницу, мы связались с нашими

партнерами по телефону и назначили с ними встречу.

3. Когда прибыл ваш факс, мы еще не получили определенного

ответа по концентрации вредных веществ в воздухе.

4. Молодой ученый выполнил огромную предварительную работу по

проблемам нарушения экологического равновесия перед тем, как

сделал доклад на конференции.

5. К концу столетия большая часть проблем, связанных с истощением

озонового слоя, будет решена успешно.

6. Когда представители большинства стран присоединятся к движению

по охране окружающей среды, они примут необходимые меры,

чтобы защитить наши леса, реки, озера и моря.

7. Мы узнали, что наши партнеры еще не приняли окончательного

решения по проблеме сотрудничества.

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XV. Translate the sentences. Mind the word one.

1. One must cross a street under the green light. 2. It is one of those things that

one cannot do oneself. 3. These exercises are more difficult than the ones in unit

one. 4. One must always keep one’s word. 5. If one can’t have what one likes,

one must like what one has. 6. One difference between these two dresses is cost.

7. Environmental protection is one of the most difficult and acute problems.

XVI. Translate the verbs with the prefix re-:

recycle, reutilize, reprocess, reuse, rearrange.

XVII. Form new words with the prefix re-:

to write, to read, to open, to sell, to construct, to elect, to form.

Р А Б О Т А С Т Е К С Т О М.

Text A.

Once again about Ozone Holes

High above the earth's atmosphere there is a thin veil in the stratosphere

called the ozone layer, which protects the earth from the sun's destructive

ultraviolet (UV) rays.

This protective layer is being damaged by chemicals known as

chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which are released into the atmosphere by the daily

use of such industrial and household products as refrigerators, air conditioners,

foam insulation, cleaning chemicals, and food packaging. The CFCs rise into the

ozone layer, where the sunlight decomposes them, releasing chlorine. The

chlorine attacks the ozone molecules, thinning or even making a "hole" in the

ozone layer. This "hole" allows more UV rays to penetrate to the earth.

Overexposure to UV rays can increase the risk of skin cancer, weaken the

immune system, and damage the retina. It is estimated that in the United States

alone one in six Americans will develop skin cancer as a result of overexposure

to UV rays.

Not only are humans at risk; so, too, are animals, plants, and the

environment in general. With the thinning of the ozone layer, UV rays can

penetrate the oceans, seriously impairing the growth of plankton, an essential

part of the marine-life food chain, and can reduce the yields of economically

important crops such as soybeans, cotton, and rice.

The scientists point out that the global ecological crisis cannot be

precluded unless all countries join their efforts to render mutual ecological help

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173

on a non-governmental basis. Now the planet's "green lungs" are being

destroyed, its ozone layer ruined, the global warming sets in, the acid rains fall

out, the rivers grow shallower, and the oceans get polluted. This is why the

major humanistic aim of the Ecological International is to change from an

uncontrolled development of the machine-based civilisation to a conscientious

development of a society of natural and technological type.

A feature of such a non-governmental body is a combination of the social

ecological aid with technological activities to conserve the environment (clean-

ing of sewerage and gas exhausts, and utilisation of industrial wastes).

The scientists the world over made a long-term investigation only to come

to a conclusion that the Planet's ozone layer is thinning out globally. To save this

layer, it is necessary to take measures now and to use only ecologically friendly

technologies. It is tackling of this problem which is urgent for the Earthlings that

the early efforts of the Ecological International of the Green Cross and Green

Crescent will be devoted to. What is implied here is an extensive international

project "Resuscitation of Ozone Layer." Materialisation of the project would

involve new technologies advanced by the scientists and experts from the

Russian key aerospace companies.

The patching up of the ozone holes is feasible technologically. This would call

for the creation of a superpowerful unit flying at the height of 25-30 km and

capable of generating several thousand tons of ozone a month. The world

community (and isn't this the problem of the mankind's concern) needs as few as

30-45 such units to save our Planet from the "ultraviolet death."

To materialise the project, an international industrial ecological

consortium is being set up which will take up the solution of scientific, financial

and other problems.

Vocabulary

poison, v отравлять

disturb, v нарушать

wastes, n отходы

layer, n слой

ray, n луч

damage, v приносить вред, вредить, разрушать

fertilizers, n минеральное удобрение

dangerous, a опасный

on the brink of extinction на грани исчезновения

penetrate, v пронизывать, проникать (в)

acid rains кислотные дожди

greenhouse effect парниковый эффект

ozone depletion истощение озонового слоя

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harm, n вред

substance, n вещество

emit, v выбрасывать, выделять

offender, n виновник, преступник

threat, n угроза

pollution, n загрязнение

adopt, v принимать

protect, v защищать

increase, v увеличивать, повышать

destroy, v разрушать

aid, n помощь

environment, n окружающая среда

sewerage, n канализация

come to a conclusion прийти к выводу

do good (harm) приносить пользу (вред)

I. Give the three forms of the verbs:

to grow, to destroy, to fall, to get, to devote, to join, to set, to protect, to

know, to make, to come, to take.

II. Suggest Russian renderings for:

1. The scientists the world over made a long-term investigation.

2. It is tackling of this problem which is urgent for the Earthlings that the

early efforts of the Ecological International of the Green Gross and

Green Crescent will be devoted to.

3. What is implied here is an extensive international project

“Resuscitation of Ozone Layer”.

4. The “patching up of the ozone holes” is feasible technologically.

5. It’s necessary to take measures now and to use only ecologically

friendly technologies.

III. Give the English equivalents for the following phrases. Consult the text

‘Once again about the Ozone Holes’:

предотвратить экологический кризис; объединить усилия; на

неправительственной основе; разрушить озоновый слой; сознательное

развитие; промышленные отходы; принимать меры; главные

аэрокосмические компании; мировое сообщество; технически

возможный.

IV. a) Give synonyms for the following words:

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to prevent, purpose, help, to preserve, to dedicate, to be meant, possible, to

require, interest, to implement, to establish.

b) Give antonyms to the following adjectives and verbs:

local, governmental, controlled, short-term, unnecessary, powerless, man-

made, to break, to construct, to erect, to exclude, to give up, to do good.

c) Give corresponding nouns:

• to pollute, to control, to develop, to combine, to conclude, to utilize, to

waste, to investigate, to create, to set, to solve, to measure;

• international, governmental, global, uncontrolled, natural, necessary,

ecological, friendly, urgent, feasible, technological, capable, industrial,

scientific, financial.

V. Match the adjectives and the nouns. Consult text A:

VI. ead the text ’Once again about the Ozone Holes’. Answer the following

questions:

1. What is the way to preclude the global ecological crisis?

2. Why is it necessary to change from an uncontrolled development of the

machine-based civilization to a conscientious development of a

society?

3. What does the non-governmental body aim at?

4. Are there any ways of saving the Planet’s ozone layer?

5. What will the early efforts of the Ecological International of the Green

Cross and Green Crescent be devoted to?

adjectives nouns

superpowerful

ecological

scientific

mutual

ultra-violet

global

conscientious

non-governmental

machine-based

long-term

friendly

aerospace companies

efforts

development

civilization

investigation

technologies

unit

problems

crisis

warming

death

body

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6. Is the “patching up of the ozone holes” feasible technologically or a

fantastic idea only?

7. How many superpowerful units are able to save our Planet from the

“ultra-violet death”?

VII. Use the verbs in brackets in the correct tense form.

1. Overpopulation, pollution and energy consumption (to create) some

dangerous planet-wide problems recently. 2. If nothing (to be done) about

it, many species of flora and fauna (to become) extinct by 2030. 3. The

Environmental movement (to gain) a lot of supporters long before our

country (to manage) to join it indeed. 4. The problem of environmental

protection (to become) a part of political programs in many countries by

the end of the century. 5. Our non-governmental body aimed at

implementing some useful laws and decisions on the problem which (to

be adopted) before.

VIII. Agree or disagree with the following statements. Begin you answer with:

You are right (wrong, mistaken) ...,

How could you say that ...,

That’s true (not true) ...,

I agree with you here ...,

I can’t (don’t) agree with you ...,

Excuse my interrupting you but ...

To my mind ..., in my opinion ...,

It goes without saying, (There is) nothing to argue about ...

1. Though each of us must do everything possible to keep the land, air

and water clean, the problem can’t be solved by the only man in the

only country.

2. The pollution of the environment is one of the greatest dangers to

human beings on earth.

3. The concentration of smoke in the air is so high in some industrial

centers that it is deadly dangerous just to breathe there.

4. The ecological harmony is disturbed on earth.

5. Now the planet’s “green lungs” are being destroyed, its ozone layer

ruined, the acid rains fall out and the oceans get polluted.

6. Our aim at present is to change from an uncontrolled development of

the machine-based civilization to a conscientious development of a

society.

7. The world community needs 30-45 superpowerful units at least to

generate several thousand tons of ozone a month.

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IX. Read the following selections using the dictionary.

"The most alarming of all man's assaults upon the environment is the

contamination of air, earth, rivers and sea with dangerous and even lethal

chemicals."—Rachel Carson, Silent Spring

Air pollution is the result of man's use of lethal chemicals, and is a

common hazard in both industrial and developing countries. One form of

air pollution is acid rain.

Acid rain results from the release into the atmosphere of sulfur oxide

and nitrogen oxide. Electrical generating plants, industrial boilers, large

smelters, and automobiles are among the chief source of these emissions.

The gases react with water droplets, forming a diluted mixture of sulfuric

acid and nitric acid, and it is this mixture that returns to earth in the form

of acid rain, mist, or snow. Pushed by wind currents, the acid rain often

falls to the ground far from its point of origin.

Acid rain is killing vast stretches of forest in Canada, the United

States, and central and northern Europe. In Europe nearly every species of

tree is affected. Symptoms include thinning of leaves and needles,

deformed growth, and, in some cases, death. Acid rain has acidified lakes

and streams, rendering them unable to support fish, wildlife, plants, or

insects. In Sweden at least 40,000 of the 90,000 lakes have been affected,

and in the United States one in five lakes suffers from this type of

pollution.

********************************************************

Oceans cover more than 70% of the earth surface. Despite the vastness of

this area, we know little about it. The oceans are just as diverse as the land. They

are interwoven with history, although man has looked upon them as barriers and

alien spaces.

Life began in the ocean. More than 3

billion

years ago there evolved simple single-celled organisms.

Today the oceans support a wealth of simple and

complex sea life, from phytoplankton (drifting plants) to crustaceans (shrimp,

crabs) to marine mammals (whales, dolphins). But through ignorance and

misunderstanding we are placing these resources in jeopardy. There is

widespread pollution and disruption of our coastal waters, whales and dolphins

are hunted to near extinction, and many fishing areas are being depleted.

The oceans do not belong to a single nation, but are free, open territory to

be enjoyed and shared. However, too often nations are overly aggressive in

taking the resources the oceans have to offer. A tragic result has been the

systematic hunting of whales from one species to another for whalebone,

blubber, and oil. In 1985 whales were given a reprieve when the International

Whaling Commission imposed, a moratorium on killing whales.

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Unfortunately, some harvesting of whales continues. Also, the tuna

industry has put the dolphin population at risk and onto the endangered species

list. In the past 30 years the tuna-fishing industry has killed more than 6 million

dolphins. In the United States steps have been taken to protect the dolphins with

the Dolphin Protection Consumer Information Act of 1990, a ban on all drift-

net catching of tuna beginning in July 1991 and on the importation of all drift-

net-caught fish products beginning in July 1992.

*********************************************************

When a plant or animal is gone forever, we say it is extinct. Although

extinction is a natural process, in today's world it is happening at an

alarming rate. Some experts estimate that one species—plant, animal,

or insect— becomes extinct every day. At that rate, within the next 20

years one-fifth of all species could be extinct.

To prevent wildlife in the United States from

becoming extinct, Congress passed the Endangered

Species Act in 1973. This law established two

categories for species in trouble: endangered and

threatened. A species is listed as endangered when

there are so few members of the species left that it is on the brink of

extinction. A species is threatened when, if not protected, it is likely to

become endangered.

The African elephant is one of approximately 1,117 species on the

endangered species list, and there are more than 4,000 species waiting to be

put on the list. Sadly, some may become extinct while waiting to be listed.

The African elephant is the largest land mammal on the earth. In the

1970s African elephants numbered in the millions; today there are only

about 609,000. This decline has been brought about by loss of habitat

(through encroachment by people), drought, and the ivory trade.

To reduce elephant poaching and collapse the market for ivory, in

1989 the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species

(CITES) banned the ivory trade. However, poaching continues. “What is

the solution? On the road from Makuti to Kariba, far from the preserves, in

the Zambezi valley, vast stretches of savanna bear the scars left by giants.

Will they be left to proliferate, even if ivory loses its value?" —Corinne

Denis, L’Express, 27 October 1989.

X. Write out all the words you don’t know. Look them up in the dictionary.

XI. Make a written translation of the selections given above.

XII. Suggest a headline for each selection.

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XIII. Translate into English:

1. Перенаселение, загрязнение воды и воздуха, а также использование

атомной энергии создали опасную ситуацию на планете.

2. Результатом неразумной деятельности человека явились такие

вредные явления, как истощение озонового слоя, парниковый

эффект и кислотные дожди.

3. К концу тысячелетия человечество не сумело сохранить здоровье и

красоту планеты.

4. Если мы ничего не сделаем, то исчезнут многие виды фауны и

флоры к 2030 году.

5. Ученые во всем мире провели долгосрочные исследования и

пришли к выводу, что озоновый слой истощается в глобальном

масштабе.

6. Все страны мира должны объединить усилия, чтобы воплотить в

жизнь законы и решения, которые были приняты ранее.

7. «Залатать озоновые дыры» технически возможно. Это потребует

создания сверхмощных установок, способных вырабатывать

несколько тысяч тонн озона в месяц.

8. Промышленно развитые страны не могут и не должны

игнорировать проблему загрязнения окружающей среды.

9. Неуправляемое развитие техногенной цивилизации является одной

из причин загрязнения окружающей среды.

10. Чтобы спасти озоновый слой, необходимо срочно принять меры и

использовать только экологически дружественную технологию.

11. Неправительственные организации должны сочетать социально-

экологическую помощь с технической деятельностью, чтобы

сохранить окружающую среду.

12. Технологическая деятельность включает в себя очищение стоков и

выхлопных газов, утилизацию промышленных отходов и

сокращение использования минеральных удобрений до минимума.

13. Сверхмощные установки, способные вырабатывать тысячи тонн

озона в месяц, спасут нашу планету от «ультрафиолетовой

смерти».

14. Достижения человечества в механизации и автоматизации

промышленных процессов, в создании автономных электростанций и

кораблей принесло как большую пользу, так и большой вред.

15. Когда все страны уделят необходимое внимание проблеме охраны

окружающей среды, человечество войдет в новую эру своего

развития.

Text B. Friendly to the Environment

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Recycling

"In the time it takes to read this, more than a million pounds of

materials that could have been recycled will be thrown away all

over California."—Californians Against Waste (CAW) Newsletter

We are running out of space in which to discard our garbage, and

our current methods of disposing of it are endangering the

environment. One solution to this problem is recycling.

Recycling is the process of collecting used materials and remanufacturing

them into new products instead of throwing them away. This process is

important because it reduces the trash in overcrowded landfills, salvages

materials that we can use to make new products, and saves our natural

resources.

Used products may be converted or reutilized in a number of ways. Paper

is reprocessed into new sheets, glass is cleaned and remolded, and plastic is

melted and formed into new products such as carpet backing, fence posts, and

drainage pipes.

Recycling is being done worldwide. Japan recycles 95% of its bottles and

50% of its aluminum; the United States recycles only 20% of its bottles and

38% of its aluminum. In Germany a new law requires product manufacturers

to create ways of reusing their packaging material.

Helping to solve the garbage crisis is something everyone can do if they

just remember the three Rs: "reduce, reuse, and recycle."

Business Goes Green!

Many cities around the world today are heavily polluted. Careless

manufacturing processes employed by some industries and lack of consumer

demand for environmentally safe products have contributed to the pollution

problem. One result is

that millions of tons of glass, paper, plastic, and metal

containers are produced, and these are difficult to dispose of.

However, today, more and more consumers are choosing "green" and

demanding that the products they buy are safe for the environment. Before they

buy a product, they ask questions like these: "Will this hairspray damage the

ozone layer?" "Is the packaging biodegradable?" "Will it break down in a trash

dump?" "Can this metal container be recycled or can it only be used once?"

A recent survey showed that two out of five adults now consider the

environmental safety of a product before they buy it. This means that companies

must now change the way they make and sell their products to make sure that

they are "green", that is, friendly to the environment.

Only a few years ago, it was impossible to find green products in

supermarkets, but now there are hundreds. Some supermarket products carry la-

bels to show that the product is green. Some companies have made the

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