Nof S.Y. Springer Handbook of Automation
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Subject Index 1795
labor welfare 4
laboratory information system 1427
labor-intensive system 101
labor-intensive technique 99
ladder diagram (LD) 370, 722
landing system 1190
language 72, 88
– subsystem (LS) 631
languages of the IEC 61131-3
standard 1017
Large Hadron Collider (LHC) 1560
Large Synoptic Survey Telescope
(LSST) 1667
large-scale complex system (LSS)
619, 630
laser contour scanning 646
laser scanning 1072
laser-beam
– welding (LBW) 1030
lateral drift
– warning system (LDW) 1174
lateral navigation (LNAV) 1190
layer hierarchy 205
layer of automation 742
layers of protection 542
lead time 396
lean construction (LC) 1066
learning 1569
– dilemma-based 819
– electronic 1587
– personalized 1674
– problem-based 1511, 1512, 1514,
1559
– team 1309
learning automata (LA) 221
– classification of 224
– fixed structure 225
– variable structure 225
learning automaton 223
learning by doing 1306
learning contents management
system (LCMS) 1509
learning format 1506
learning from humans 298
learning information package (LIP)
1511
learning management system (LMS)
1509
learning object metadata/learning
object reference model (LOM)
1511
learning outcome 1517
learning rate 211
learning style
– comprehensive 1512
, 1513
learning through gaming 1300
learning window 232
left ventricular assist device (LVAD)
1409
legacy relay 38
legacy software interface 1662
legal issue in e-Commerce 1593
legal system 72
Leipzig’s new exhibition center
1259
level of collaboration (LOC) 437,
445
level of computerization and
interactivity 1508
levels of automation 296
levels of information systems
interoperability (LISI) 1532
levels of intelligence 41
levels of process control and
optimization in manufacturing
530
LHC computing grid (LCG)
1560
libraries of reusable components
373
licence compliance 788
Lie algebra 193
life expectancy 76
lifecycle
–cost 715
– management 749
– of an industrial plant 560
–ofaplant 559
– of machine and equipment 719
– optimization 139
– planning 141
lifelong education 86
lifting assistance 1488
lift-tenter 55
lighting 648
–system 1080
limit set 153
limited-depth search 261
limits
– automation 305
– mechanization 306, 309
line balancing 605
linear approximation 1347
linear inaction-penalty scheme 226
linear matrix inequality (LMI) 627
linear programming (LP) 383, 976
linear quadratic (LQ) problem 183,
191
linear reward–inaction scheme 226
linear system 160, 170
linear variable differential
transformer (LVDT) 334, 335
linearization
– feedback 193–195
linear-quadratic-Gaussian (LQG)
65
lines of collaboration and command
(LOCC) 1568
link layer mapping protocol machine
(LMPM) 991
link resolver 1292
liquid-chromatography mass
spectroscopy (LC/MS) 1363
liquid-crystal display (LCD) 919
list processing (LISP) 976
living systems adaptive transportation
network (LS/ATN) 391
living systems autonomic machine
control (LS/AMC) 386
load cell
– digital 336
load constraint 393
load following 1145
loader
– robot 360
load-frequency control 1144, 1145,
1148
load–haul–dump (LHD) machine
460
load-shedding 1155
loan process 1619
local agent controller 386
local area augmentation system
(LAAS) 1188
local area network (LAN) 38, 982,
984, 1120, 1425
local balancing authority (LBA)
1141
local parameter 1353
local planning module 452
local scanning 935
local-area augmentation system
(LAAS) 1189
localizer performance with vertical
guidance (LPV) 1188
location awareness 722, 982
logic 253
– programming 255
– synthesis 659
logical axiom 254
logical observation identifiers names
and codes (LOINC) 1384
logical reasoning 253
logistic execution system (LES)
953
logistics support
566
long-range navigational (LORANC)
system 398
Subject Index
1796 Subject Index
loss function 189, 192, 193
lot size 725
Louvre Pyramid 1259
low level wind-shear alert system
(LLWAS) 1193
low-cost
– DNA sequencing 1446
low-energy
– adaptive clustering hierarchy
(LEACH) 344
low-energy electron point source
(LEEPS) 1439
lowest unoccupied molecular orbital
(LUMO) 1440
low-level switch (LSL) 542
low-level windshear alerting system
(LLWAS) 1222
low-power design 664
Luenberger observer 162
lunar rover 1249
Lunokhod 2 1249
Lyapunov
– function 151, 196
– matrix equation 209
– stability theory 196
Lyons Electronic Office (LEO)
1578
M
machine 320
–behavior 122
– control 385
– learning 48, 1266
–set 318
– vision 721, 1108
– vision system 883
machine tools 121
– geometric error 122
– kinematic model 122
– real-time error compensation 123
– thermally induced error 122
machine-readable cataloging
(MARC) 1285
machines automation 949
machine-to-machine (M2M) 399
machining 122
– automated lines 601
– line design 603
– lines 600
– process 850, 852
machining center 602, 841
–five-axis 847
– parallel kinematic 848
macroeconomic 96
– effect 102, 105, 107
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
19, 1425
maintainability 735, 736
maintenance 742, 743
– condition-based 744
–cost 718
– web-based 731
maintenance, repair, and operations
(MRO) 1589
managed environment 1308
management
– communication 1639
– congestion 1161, 1162
– customer relationship 741, 761,
1535, 1597,
1598, 1605, 1606
–network 1278
– peak load 1086
– product data 642, 749
– security 1278
management circle model 1504
management database 807
management decision system (MDS)
1540
management enterprise resource
planning (MERP) 1303
management information need
1540
management information system
(MIS) 32
managing IT infrastructure 1280
Manchester bus powered (MBP)
986
manipulated variable (MV) 537
manipulation 1491
– automated 931, 933
–elementary 624
– object 1494
manipulator 1110
– Cartesian coordinate 1117
– fixed-platform 1490
– portable-platform 1490, 1491
man–machine 72
– communication 589
– interaction 576
– interface 594, 1461
– system (MMS) 574
man–machine communication
– principle 591
manual
– part programming 845
manual data input (MDI) 841
manufacturing 493
– agile manufacturing 119
– assembly pilot (MAP) 1579
– automation 35
– computer-aided 580, 838
– computer-integrated 716, 923,
1531, 1555
– digital 860, 864, 867
– discrete part 121
– execution system (MES) 741,
804, 921, 922, 964
– lean manufacturing 118
– process 913
– process automation system (MPAS)
865
– resource planning (MRPII) 1597
– resources planning (MRP) 1542
– semiconductor 912
– tolerances 119
– virtual 859, 860, 863
manufacturing system 487, 494,
601, 837, 843, 964, 974, 1519
– reconfigurable 602
mapping
– crossover (WMX) 496
–incident 512
MARC format 1286
market
– automation 1678, 1679
Markov decision
– problem (MDP) 507
– process (MDP) 259, 287
Mars Exploration Rover Mission
1243
Mars lander 15
Mars reconnaissance orbiter 1249
Mars rover 257
Massachusetts Institute of
Technology (MIT) 1323
master production plan 1522
master production schedule (MPS)
1516
material control system (MCS) 921,
922
material flows in warehouse system
962
material handling
– automated 921
– automation (MHA) 961, 969, 977
– equipment 971
– equipment machine (MHEM) 961
Material Handling Industry of
America (MHIA) 961
material management system (MMS)
964, 967
material removal rate (MRR)
896
material requirements planning
(MRP) 1515
material safety data sheet (MSDS)
687
Subject Index
Subject Index 1797
materials resources planning (MRP)
1304
MATLAB 188, 368
matrix factorization 179
matrix fraction description 173
– left matrix fraction description
(LMFD) 176
– right matrix fraction description
(RMFD) 176
Maudsley’s screw-cutting lathe 839
maximum likelihood 1365
maximum profit 101
maximum tolerated dose (MTD)
1363
maximum-likelihood estimation
(MLE) 1364
MBE simulation 1303
M-circle 62
mean aortic pressure (MAP) 1414
mean sea level (MSL) 1184
mean time between failures (MTBF)
738
mean time to repair (MTTR) 738
measurement
– repeatability 117
– reproducibility 117
– resolution 117
– uncertainty 118
measurement and actuation 529
measures
– of robustness 187
mechanical
– hazard 593
mechanical component of arc
welding robotic station 1036
mechanical process 318
mechanical systems 317, 319
mechanistic model 1348
mechanization 23
– limits 306
mechatronic designed systems 323
mechatronic developments 319
mechatronic system 317, 321, 324,
328
– definition 318
–example 320
– function 322
mechatronics 1096
media access control (MAC) 346
media interface card (MIC) 38
medical
– informatics 1382
– navigation 1453
– robot 1451
medical imaging 1451
– registration 1452
medical intervention
– computer-assisted 1452
medical order-entry 1425
medical robot
– development 1454
– fundamental requirements 1404
– kinematic structure 1403
medical robotic
– active 1399
– classification 1398
– clinical added-value 1461
– cost issue 1462
– emerging trends 1405
– endoscopy 1455
– evaluation (of the system) 1462
– miniature robot 1456
– neurosurgery 1454
– orthopaedics 1454
– radiotherapy 1459
– semiactive 1399
– teleoperation 1455
medical support system 1427
medium access control (MAC) 242,
986, 991
medium attachment unit (MAU)
986
medium-density fiber (MDF) 1022
mental model 641
message and service bus 1534
message-oriented middleware
(MOM) 1534, 1560
messaging 409
– interoperability 409
– schema 409
metabolic elimination and clearance
1367
metabolic pathway analysis (MPA)
1345
metabolism 1344
metadata 1287
metaheuristics 606
metal active gas (MAG) 1028
metal inert gas (MIG) 1028
meta-level framework 1582
metallic SWCNT (m-SWCNT) 939
MetaQuest 1292
metasearch 1291
metering and spacing (M&S) 1209
methodology for designing
interenterprise cooperative
information system (MeDICIS)
1561
MetOp-A satellite 1250
metropolitan area network (MAN)
984
micro air vehicle (MAV) 1325
micro DEP chamber 940
Micro Robot World Cup Soccer
Tournament (MiroSot) 1327
microanalysis 76
microarray 1363
microeconomic 96
micro-electromechanical oxygen
sensor 550
microelectromechanical system
(MEMS) 336, 550, 556, 928
microelectronic circuits 653
microprocessor control 1470
microproduction 385
microsensor 333, 336
– array (MSA) 342
Microsoft System Center (MSCC)
782
– Configuration Manager (MSCCM)
782
Middle East Technical University
(METU) 1326
middle of life (MOL) 750, 761
middleware 753, 759, 1560
– architecture 753
– for facility sensor network
(MidFSN) 344, 345
– technology 1560
mid-term effect 102
mid-term equilibrium 106, 107
milking
– robot 1113
milling
– chemical 898
milling machine 39
million instructions per second
(Mips) 1330
Milnet 1578
MIMO
– controller 132
– feedback system 173
–system 182
mine operation center (MOC)
1010
mini robot cell 360
miniature
– robot 1399
minimally invasive surgery (MIS)
462, 1401
minimax value 260
minimization under constraint 193
minimum acceptable rate of return
(MARR) 706
minimum safe warning altitude
(MSAW)
1191
minimum transmission energy (MTE)
344
Subject Index
1798 Subject Index
minimum vector field histogram
(MVFH) 1489
Mining Automation Program 1004
mining method 1004
Minorsky 59
missed approach point (MAP)
1190
missing a detection (MD) 1224
mixed pallet automation 1046
mixed-integer
– dynamic optimization 1373
– programming (MIP) 608, 976,
1373
mixed-reality 729
– concept 717
MMS-related issue 974
mobile autonomous robot 1491
mobile commerce 1591
mobile communication 399
mobile machine
– nmanned 42
mobile service robot 1486
mobile-agent-based DSN (MADSN)
343
mobility 279
–aid 1487
modality effect 680
MODBUS 988
mode confusion 1219
mode control panel (MCP) 1219
model 254
– checking 509, 740
– consistency 272
– declarative 739
– dynamic 131, 1342
– parameter LVAD 1416
– predictive control (MPC) 530,
536, 629, 1011, 1354, 1365,
1368–1371
– warning effectiveness 680
model reuse 140
model-based
– control 1362, 1368
– fault detection 325
– learning 820
– predictive control (MPC) 191
– quality-predictive control 1022
– shared control 1489
model-driven
–DSS 1543
– requirements analysis 746
– software development 366, 368
modeling 329, 646, 755
– and software 365
–invivo 1367
– metabolism 1344
– parameters for DNA conductivity
1441
– probabilistic 341
– procedural 646
– process dynamics 481
– tool 514
model-level reuse 377
model-predicted deviation 1369
moderator 440
modes of navigation 1189
modular control 387
modular production machine
381
modularization 403
module
– augmented-reality 452
molecules on surface 1438
moletronic 1434
monitoring 1309
– and control 1427
– and control of welding 1035
–system 741, 742
monitorizing 96
more advanced clothes washer
algorithm 1471
most work remaining (MWKR)
1523
motif 1341
motion capture animation 648
motion path animation 648
Motion Pictures Expert Group
(MPEG) 651
moving target 389
MTSAT satellite-based augmentation
system (MSAS) 1189
multi protocol label switching
(MPLS) 993
multiagent manufacturing control
1570
multiagent system (MAS) 513, 514,
629, 1313
multi-approach to conflict resolution
(Mcr) 516
multicenter traffic management
advisor (McTMA)
1207
multichannel system 627
multichip package (MCP) 912
multicore 75
multifunction display (MFD) 1221,
1228
multi-input multi-output (MIMO)
200
multilateral negotiation 387
multilayer control system 633
multiloop control 1085
multimodal warning 679
multiobjective evolutionary algorithm
490
multiobjective genetic algorithm
(moGA) 491
multioperation
– robot 1117
multiparametric programming
problem 193
multiple
– robot 357
multiple control display unit
(MCDU) 1194
multiple mobile system 290
multiple-input and multiple- output
(MIMO) 173
multiple-input and multiple-output
(MIMO) 173, 925
multiple-input multiple-output
(MIMO) 535, 1085
multirobot
– factory 18
multirobot (agents) system (MAS)
1326
multisensor
–datafusion 339
– integration (MSI) 341
– network system 338
multislice CT volume scan system
1427
multitasking 847
multivariable
– control 530, 535
– feedback system 174
multi-walled carbon nanotube
(MWCNT) 929
mutual information 241
N
Nano Robot World Cup Soccer
Tournament (NaroSot) 1327
nanoassembly 937
nanoelectromechanical system
(NEMS) 927
nanoenvironment 930
nanomanipulation 935
nanomanufacturing 930
nanoobject 938
nanoparticle 931, 935
nanopore 1433, 1441, 1443
– channel (NPC) 1443, 1446
– force on DNA 1445
– nucleotide detection 1442
– programming 1442
– selective detection of DNA 1446
–sensor 1441
Subject Index
Subject Index 1799
– sequencing codon 1443
– shrinking mechanism 1443
– solid-state 1443
nanosensor 336, 338
nanotechnology 665
nanotube 338
nanowire 933, 934
NAS CNS/ATM infrastructure 1183
National Airspace System (NAS)
1182
National Chief Information Officer
1640
National Civil Aviation Authority
(CAA) 1182
National Defence Research
Committee (NDRC) 61
National Digital Heritage Archive
(NDHA) 1293
National Energy Research Scientific
Computing Center (NERSC)
1647
National Institute of Standards
(NIST) 300
National Nanotechnology Initiative
(NNI) 1434
natural unemployment 107
natural-language processing (NLP)
262
Naval Air Systems Command
(NASC) 472
navigation 279, 1262, 1494
– car 1265
– control 285
– controller 1099
– medical 1453
–radial 1189
–system 1186, 1257
NAVSTAR global positioning system
(GPS) 1097
NC machine tool 840
NC machining 895
– center 39
NC part programming 844
near field
– communication (NFC) 721
near infrared (NIR) 1119
Nearby Supernova Factory
(SNfactory) 1646
Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking
Program (NEAT) 1647
NEFUSER (neural-fuzzy system for
error recovery) 518
negative DEP 939
neonatal intensive care unit (NICU)
1385
net present value (NPV) 706, 1620
network
– as storage (NAS) 1271
– biochemical 1365, 1367, 1368
– characteristic method 1149
– communication 981
– identification 1346
– inference 1346
– interface card (NIC) 970
– management 1278
– model 1340
–onchip(NoC) 666
– reconstruction 1346
– structure 1375
– theory 521
network-centric operation 1235
networked
– control system 241, 242
– embedded system (NES) 556
– organization 1567
networking 39, 922
neural component 203
neural-fuzzy system for error
recovery (NEFUSER) 518
neurosurgical virtual automation
274
neutral file format 642
next-generation
– air-traffic system 1234
Nichols Chart 63
night-setback 1086
NISO Metasearch Initiative 1292
NISO standard 1291
noise attenuation 174
noise power 215
nominal
– operating point 193
– performance (NP) 187
– prices and wages 102
– stability (NS) 186
non real-time communication 993
nonadaptive automation 300
nondeductive reasoning 254
nondestructive inspection (NDI)
903
nondirectional beacon (NDB)
1183
nonlinear
– dynamic system 195
– least squares 1364
–system 163, 193
nonlogical axiom 254
nonmonotonic reasoning 254
nonprobabilistic modeling 341
nonreal-time (non RT) 991
nonresonance condition 171
nonterminal symbol 263
nonuniform rational B-spline
(NURBS) 646
nonzero-sum payoff 261
Norbert Wiener 20
normal form 166
normalized EWMA
– statistics 1090
North American Electric Reliability
Corporation (NERC) 1141, 1151
noticeability 674
NP
– completeness 253
–hard 383
nucleotide detection with nanopore
1442
numerical control (NC) 121, 122,
351, 580, 724, 837, 894, 895, 1521
– computerized 841
– coordinate systems in 844
– direct 32
numerical simulation
–software 1514
NURBS patch 646
nursing information system 1429
Nyquist 59, 62
Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem
1231
O
OAI (Open Archives Initiative)
1295
object
– manipulation 1494
object database connectivity (ODBC)
1535
object detection 1494
object format 646
object-based
– interaction 923
object-based equipment model
(OBEM) 923
object-oriented
– database (OODB) 1426
– methodology (OOM) 1275
– modeling 135
– programming (OOP) 1066
object–process methodology (OPM)
366
OBS framework 375
observable 162
– canonical form 162
observation scheduling 1658
observer 161, 167
– pole 185
observer-based control 163
Subject Index
1800 Subject Index
obstacle detection 1255
obstacle model 1494
occupancy
–sensor 1086
Occupation Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA) 686
occupational safety 592
odometer 1260
ODVA 991
office automation 18, 25
Office of Science and Technology
Policy (OSTP) 1203
Office of Scientific Research and
Development (OSRD) 61
offline planning 257
offline programming system 357
Ohio College Library Center (OCLC)
1286
Oliver Evans 16
on, out, off, in (OOOI) 1185
onboard unit (OBU) 398
on-chip DNA hybridization detection
1434
on-demand software 785
online
– banking 1586
– process control (OPC) 741
online analytical processing (OLAP)
1272, 1273, 1426, 1542
online auction 1590
online collision monitoring
1494
online information exchange (ONIX)
1287
online planning 257
online quality information system
(OQIS) 1557
online retail shopping 1585
online travel agents 1579
open
– architecture control (OAC) 849
open applications group integration
specification (OAGIS) 741
open grid services architecture
(OGSA) 410, 414
open protocol 1091
open real-time operating system
(ORTS) 849
open system 306
Open URL linking 1291
open-circuit (O/C) 1412
open-loop
– operation 1083
operating environment 736
operating reserve market 1142
operating room (OR) 1403, 1456
operation
–analysis
4
– handbook 1152
– open-loop 1083
– planning system 856
– research (OR) 383
operational
– CRM 1607
– excellence 128
– requirement 914
– speed 1044
operator interaction 141
operator training systems (OTS)
1018
operator trust 681
operator–automation networks
430
operators experience 723
ophthalmic virtual automation 275
Oppelt 63, 66
optical inspection
– automated 391
optical proximity correction (OPC)
665
optimal control 185, 1365, 1368
optimal decision threshold 683
optimal start 1086
optimality 1345
optimization 138, 383, 1368
– bottom-up 394
– dynamic 391
– method 606
– problem 608
optimizing e-Work 1571
orchard automation system 1116
ordinary differential equation (ODE)
1342
organization 1637
– collaborative 1567
– networked 1567
Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development
(OECD) 1637
organizational
– interoperability 1533
– layers 25
– leadership 830
–workdesign 573
oriented bounding box (OBB)
1494
original equipment manufacturer
(OEM) 743
originating depository financial
institution (ODFI) 1618
orthosis 1491
out-of-the-loop problem 1229
output
– measured 148
– regulated 148
– regulator 1371
output feedback 184, 186
– control 186
– controller 213
– controller construction 211
– dynamic 162, 166
outside mold line (OML) 895
outsourcing 1268, 1271, 1621
overall equipment effectiveness
(OEE) 128
overhead hoist transporter (OHT)
921, 963
oxygen sensor 550
P
pacemaker 15, 1361
package implementation 1268,
1278
packaging 1046
palletizing 1046, 1048
paper
– industry 1015
– machine 1023
– mill 29
parallel computing 666
parallel distributed systems facility
(PDSF) 1647, 1655
parallel kinematic machine tool
(PKM) 847
parallel machines 607
parallel problem solving from nature
(PPSN) 489
parameter estimation 1364
parametric impulse phase response
curve (pIPRC) 1349
parent–child reference 640
Parseval’s theorem 181, 182
part
– feeder 882
–grasping 883
–master 1522
– matching 1568
part fabrication system
– automated 895
part programming 846
– manual 845
partial state 166
partially observable Markov decision
process (POMDP) 287
participatory design 1668
particle filter 1262
particle-system modeling 646
Subject Index
Subject Index 1801
partitioning 660
part-of-speech tagging 262
passive medical
– robot 1398
passive robotic walker 1487
patent 71, 90
– right 828
path planning 1098
patient record 1426
pattern
– language 310
– recognition 1274
pay per
– transaction 1281
payment
– electronic 1625
– process 1618
PCs and analytics 1273
PDKM architecture 754
peak load
– management 1086
peaking phenomena 212
pedagogy 87
perception 1231
performance 186
–alarm 1087
– animation 648
– assessment methodology 1088
– automation system 301
– measure 515
– monitoring 1087, 1476
– robot 1317
– shaping factor (PSF) 685
– standard 1143
performance indicator 1304
performance indices 216
– average control input 217
– average tracking performance 217
– degree of control chattering 217
– final tracking accuracy 216
– transient performance 216
performance monitoring 562
person authentication 1279
person tracking 1488
personal
– robot 1319
personal control and privacy 1482
personal digital assistant (PDA)
750, 1066, 1425
personalized
– learning 1674
perturbation
– dynamic 471
perturbation model 187
– additive 187
– multiplicative
187
pervasive technology 392, 400
Petri net 510, 627, 1341
petroleum industries early days 6
pharmaceutical assembly cell 31
pharmacodynamics (PD) 1362
– anatomical/physiological 1367
pharmacokinetics (PK) 1362, 1366
– compartmental 1365
– physiological 1365
– population 1365
phase
– cardiac cycle 1413
– portrait 216
– response curve (PRC) 1349
– sensitivity 1352
phase-based
– sensitivity 1351
phases of an automated system 586
phase-shift keying (PSK) 247
Phillips curve 108–110
Philon 53
phosphor imaging 1437
photo processing
– digital 29
photodiode 335
photodynamic therapy (PDT)
1372
photoresistor 336
photosynthetic photon flux density
(PPFD) 1105
phototransistor 335
physical
– adsorption 1435
– architecture of a teleoperation
system 453
– asset management (PAM) 869
– ergonomics 1232
physically based animation 648
physical-symbol system 249
physico-chemical constraint
1344
physiological design
– workplace 588
physiological modeling 1366
physiologically based
pharmacokinetic (PBPK) 1374
physiologically-based model 1367
pickup and delivery 391
picture archiving and
communications system (PACS)
1391
piezoelectric element 336
pilot
– automatic 18
piracy 90
place/transition (P/T) 1342
planning
257
– classical 258
– continuous 394
–graph 258
– horizon 396
– testing function 1276
planning and scheduling 531
– automation 1074
planning system
– operation 856
plant
– construction 128
– model 203
– operational management level 8
– optimization 139
– upgrade 129
plasma arc welding (PAW) 1029
plasma dynamic 1366
PLD design 654
P-Net 989
pneumatic techniques 7
pneumatics 15
point contact 1443
point of failure 1656
point of sale (POS) 1270
point-to-point protocol (PTP) 343
Poisson–Nernst–Planck equation
1444
polygon 646
polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
1104
Pontryagin minimum principle 190
population modeling 1366
portable-platform
– manipulator 1490, 1491
position
–sensor 335
position sensing 1097
positional awareness 398
positioning
– relative 1097
positioning mobile with respect to
fixed (PMF) 457
positioning system 398, 418, 1066,
1071, 1072, 1096, 1186, 1244,
1324, 1402
positive definite function 151
positive DEP 939
positive marginal productivity 98
positron emission tomography (PET)
1427
PostgreSQL
– database 1650
postproduction 650
potential field method 1489
potential utilization 99
Subject Index
1802 Subject Index
potentiometer 335
power
– control 1148
– generation 33
– management system 36
– saving design 664
– substation automation 38
– substation control
system-of-systems 38
– supply 33, 1254
– switch 38
– system reliabilty 1140
– takeoff (PTO) 1096
– windmill 21
power balancing 1140, 1141
– mechanism 1143
– simulation 1158
power-frequency characteristic
1146, 1149
powerlink 990
precision
– assembly 881
– automation 117
– cost and benefits 119
– freehand sculptor (PFS) 1399
– laser radars (LADARS) 1066
– of motion 122
– optical product 868
preclinical 1363
predeparture clearance (PDC) 1185
predetermined time standard (PTS)
3
predicted human error probabilities
686
predictive control 191, 284
predictive RMS assessment 738
preference function (PF) 710
preference ranking organization
method for enrichment evaluation
(PROMETHEE) 710
preliminary design 603, 604
preliminary hazard analysis (PHA)
684
preparing test data 1276
prerequisites for performance 578
pressure and temperature
–sensor 549
pressure valve
– automatic 16
pretty good privacy (PGP) 1638
prevention 506
preventive maintenance (PM) 731
price setting (PS) 106
primary
– frequency control (PR) 1145
– reserve 1146
Primo
1295
principal component analysis (PCA)
634
principle
– man–machine communication
591
– progressive mechanization 309
principle of parallelism 1566
printed circuit board (PCB) 551,
628, 656
printed circuit board assembly
(PCBA) 557
printing and display solutions 1273
PRISM Center 1563
privacy 71, 88, 828
proactive maintenance 744
probabilistic
– context-free grammar (PCFG)
263
–grid 339
– modeling 341
– traffic congestion management
1206
problem analysis resolution and
ranking (PARR) 1204
problem processing subsystem (PPS)
632
problem-based
– learning (PBL) 1511, 1512, 1514,
1559
procedural
– modeling 646
process
– automation 324, 581
– capability index 120
– control 741, 1520
– control standard (S95) 741
– control system 950
–design 1521
– dynamics 531
– efficiency 397
– field bus–decentralized peripheral
(PROFIBUS-DP) 919
– front-end 912
– front-of-the-house 1622
– industry 29
– integration 130
–master 1520
– module (PM) 914
– module controller (PMC) 919
– monitoring 506
– online control 741
– reengineering 1637
– type 1521
process analytical technology (PAT)
540
process automation 538
– requirement of 1016
process buffer 130
process capability
– critical process index 120
– minimum process index 120
process efficiency 397
process management
–business 1532, 1533, 1535
process safety 541
processing
– continuous 7
processing chain 389
processor 75
– technology 656
product automation 545, 546, 548
– definition 546
product data and knowledge
management (PDKM) 750, 759
product data management (PDM)
642, 749
product embedded information
device (PEID) 750, 751
– technology 762
product family approach 371
product finishing 1054
product knowledge and management
system (PDKM) 754
product lifecycle management (PLM)
651, 749
production 949
– automation 504, 579, 580
– economy 97
– factor 97
– function 97, 98
– line 385
–network 874
– planning 952
–rate 99, 603
– rate of a work unit 99
– scheduling 387, 632
– technique 97
– technology 723
– virtual
402
productivity 24, 102, 725, 1631
– elasticity 101
professional responsibility 829
professional review 829
PROFIBUS 986
PROFINET 989
profit per product unit 102
prognostics 744
– and prevention 503
– economy 521
program evaluation method
1519
Subject Index
Subject Index 1803
Program for International Student
Assessment (PISA) 86
program list in APT 845
programmable logic controller (PLC)
29, 64, 243, 471, 552, 722, 741,
950, 985, 989, 1016, 1056, 1112
programmable logic device (PLD)
654, 655
programmed cell death
1338
programmer interface 30
programming
– in logics (Prolog) 976
– nanopore 1442
– of welding robots 1037
progress monitoring automation
1075
progressive mechanization
– principle 309
project
–design 1638
– management 1638
– structure 1134
– success criteria 1638
project estimation 512
project evaluation and review
technique (PERT) 1066
projected installation 1678
projection operator 210
properties of the continuous learning
schemes 226
property right 828
property-preserving framework
adaptation 378
proportional–integral–derivative
(PID) 482, 547, 723, 1084
propositional logic 253
prosthesis 1492
prototyping
– rapid control 328
– virtual 861
provider order entry
– computerized 1391
public
– service 823
public safety answering point (PSAP)
1169
public understanding 830
public-health emergency response
information system (PHERIS)
1568
public-key infrastructure (PKI)
1638
public-use
– database 1431
pulse echo (PE) 905
pulse width modulation (PWM)
1084
pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM)
247
pump flow signal 1419
punch-card control timeline 75
Purdue enterprise reference
architecture (PERA) 6, 9
pure state feedback 160, 165
pursuit algorithm 229, 230
PV-loop 1414, 1415
PWM conversion of analog to
switched signal 1084
Q
Q parameter 178
quadratic programming problem
192
quadrature amplitude modulation
(QAM) 247
qualification 767
quality 24
– schedule 916
quality assurance 1275
– service 1268
quality feedback loop 737
quality improvement 1387
quality of service (QoS) 344, 346,
411, 454, 456, 715, 993, 994
Quest 1292
question and test interoperability
(QTI) 1511
QUEST II 1647
R
radar processing unit (RPU) 1173
radar system 1191
radial basis function (RBF) 199
– adding 206
– feedback linearizable 201
– fixed-structure 201
– Gaussian 202
– raised-cosine 202
–removing 207
– variable-structure 201
radial navigation 1189
radiation therapy
– image-guided 1373
radioactive dye 1436
radiofrequency identification (RFID)
19, 399, 741, 860, 955, 956, 961,
964, 969, 1025, 1066, 1071, 1431,
1608
– reader 1270
radiography
– digital 903
radiosurgery
– stereotactic 1400
radiotherapy (RT) 1372
rail-guided vehicle (RGV) 921, 963
raised-cosine RBF (RCRBF) 204
– compact support 204
ramp control tower 1208
random access memory (RAM)
557, 911
random environment (RE) 223
random-number generator (RNG)
227
random-weight genetic algorithm
(rwGA) 491
range of motion (ROM) 1402
ranging
–sensor 1257
ranked positioned weight (RPW)
606
rapid control
– prototyping (RCP) 328
rapid prototyping 1275
– model 1504
rapidly exploring random tree (RRT)
287
rate distortion function R(D) 241
rate of return
706
ratio of weight to payload 1496
rationalization 23
rationalization procedure
– economic 700
ray-tracing 649
reaching law 196
real and physical system (RPS) 861
real information system (RIS) 861
real-time
–behavior 982
–class 982
–class1 988
– communication 993
– constant delay-sensitive 994
– CORBA (RT-CORBA) 510
– decision-making process (RT
DMP) 630
– ethernet (RTE) 984
– jitter-sensitive 994
– kinematic GPS (RTK GPS) 1097
– operating system 1020
– optimization (RTO) 530, 531
– performance monitoring 562
–pricing 1479, 1480
– scheduling 389
– specification for Java (RTSJ) 383
– tool-path generation 855
Subject Index
1804 Subject Index
reason for outsourcing 1271
receding horizon control (RHC)
191, 192, 1368
receiver autonomous integrity
monitoring (RAIM) 1187
recirculating aquaculture system
(RAS) 1114
reconfigurable
– manufacturing system (RMS) 602
– transfer line (RTL) 603
reconfiguration 605, 614, 721, 732,
742
recovery of nominal value of capital
104
recursive method for global stability
163
red blood cell (RBC) 1367
reduced instruction set computing
(RISC) 556
reduced latency 403
reduced-ordered binary decision
diagram (ROBDD) 663
redundancy 403
refitting (retrofitting) 725
reflective practice 1302
refrigeration 1472
refrigerator inventory maintenance
1473
Regional Health Information
Organization (RHIO) 1394
Regional Transmission Organization
(RTO) 1141
regulation 169, 170, 1625
regulatory
– control 530, 533
rehabilitation device 1492
relational
– database (RDB) 1426
relational positioning module 451
relative
– positioning 1097
relative advantage of automation
102
relays 722
reliability 735, 736
– index 1155, 1156
reliability analysis
– human (HRA) 685
reliability, maintainability, and safety
(RMS) 736
remote 743
– appliance communication 1472
– diagnostics 735
– laboratory 464
– learning 87
– maintenance 745
– manipulators 1400
– performance monitoring 1478
– planning module 452
– procedure call (RPC) 989, 1560
– service 567
remote-controlled 1258, 1261
– robot 1259
–system 1254
remotely operated underwater vehicle
(ROV) 282
remotely piloted vehicle (RPV) 281
removing RBF 207
repair center (RC) 567
repair rate 737
replicated sensor system 338
replication 742
required navigation performance
(RNP) 1189, 1205, 1206
required time of arrival (RTA)
1210
required vertical separation minimum
(RVSM) 1199
requirement
– traceability 1275
requirement of
– process automation 1016
requirements analysis
– model-driven 746
research ethics 823
Research Libraries Group (RLG)
1286
reserve
– contingency 1142–1152
– dispatch 1145
– operating 1145
– planning 1150
– quick-start 1150
– replacement 1145
– secondary 1148, 1149
– standby 1150
– supplemental 1142, 1150
– tertiary 1150
resin transfer molding (RTM) 472
resistance
– seam welding (RSEW) 1030
– spot welding (RSW) 1029
resistance change 334
resistance temperature detector
(RTD) 334
resistance welding 1029
– equipment
1032
resistivity 334
resolution advisory (RA) 1194,
1224
resolution enhancement technique
(RET) 665
resource
– renewable 1161
resource description framework
(RDF) 1533
resource orchestration 410
resource-constrained project
scheduling problem (rcPSP) 493
resources management 1294
results of machining process planning
855
retail
– banking 1616
–cost 1482
– sales 1676
– sector 1674
– shopping 1585
retractable arms 1259
retrospective conversion (recon)
1288
return on invested capital (ROIC)
706
return on investment (ROI) 716,
954, 961
reuse-driven
– software development 366, 371
reverse
– auction 1590
– engineering 1346
reward–estimate vector 228
reward–inaction (RI) 226
reward–penalty (RP) 226
RFID tags
– active 866
– passive 866
– semipassive 866
RFID-based automation 864, 867
Riccati equation 183–186
rigging 647
Riggins’ electronic commerce value
grid 1583
ring riveter 906
ring-laser-gyro (RLG) 1004
risk minimization of mechanical
hazard 593
risk priority number (RPN) 739
risk-pooling firm 1614
RMS engineering 738
road automation 1165
road departure crash warning
(RDCW) 1174
Road Departure Crash Warning
System Field Operational Test
(RDCW FOT) 1174
road freight 393
road logistics 387
road paving 1066
Subject Index