Nof S.Y. Springer Handbook of Automation
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Detailed Contents 1775
91.4 Emerging Trends and Issues ............................................. 1625
91.4.1 Role of Integration ............................................ 1625
91.4.2 Regulation ..................................................... 1625
91.4.3 Shift From Paper to Electronic Payments .................... 1625
91.4.4 Emerging Technologies – Web 2.0 ........................... 1626
91.5 Conclusions ............................................................... 1626
References ........................................................................ 1626
92
e-Government
Dieter Rombach, Petra Steffens ................................................. 1629
92.1 Automating Administrative Processes .................................. 1629
92.2 The Evolution of e-Government ........................................ 1630
92.3 Proceeding from Strategy to Roll-Out: Four Dimensions of Action ... 1633
92.3.1 Strategy ......................................................... 1634
92.3.2 Processes and Organization ................................... 1637
92.3.3 Technology ..................................................... 1637
92.3.4 Project and Change Management ............................ 1638
92.4 Future Challenges in e-Government Automation ..................... 1639
92.4.1 Political Challenges ............................................ 1640
92.4.2 Engineering Challenges ....................................... 1640
References ........................................................................ 1641
93
Collaborative Analytics for Astrophysics Explorations
Cecilia R. Aragon ................................................................. 1645
93.1 Scope ...................................................................... 1645
93.2 Science Background ...................................................... 1646
93.3 Previous Work ............................................................ 1648
93.4 Sunfall Design Process ................................................... 1649
93.5 Sunfall Architecture and Components .................................. 1650
93.5.1 Search .......................................................... 1650
93.5.2 Workflow Status Monitor ...................................... 1655
93.5.3 Data Forklift .................................................... 1655
93.5.4 Supernova Warehouse ........................................ 1657
93.6 Conclusions ............................................................... 1666
93.6.1 Future Research Directions .................................... 1668
References ........................................................................ 1668
Part J Appendix
94 Automation Statistics
Juan D. Velásquez, Xin W. Chen, Sang Won Yoon, Hoo Sang Ko ............. 1673
94.1 Automation Statistics .................................................... 1674
94.1.1 Financial and e-Commerce Automation ..................... 1674
94.1.2 Industrial Automation ......................................... 1677
94.1.3 Automation in Service and the Healthcare Industry ........ 1680
94.1.4 Service Automation ............................................ 1682
Detailed Cont.
1776 Detailed Contents
94.2 Automation Associations ................................................. 1685
94.3 Automation Laboratories Around the World ........................... 1693
94.4 Automation Journals from Around the World .......................... 1696
94.4.1 Automation-Related Journals ................................ 1698
Acknowledgements ............................................................... 1703
About the Authors ................................................................. 1707
Detailed Contents.................................................................. 1735
Subject Index ....................................................................... 1777
Detailed Cont.
1777
Subject Index
H
2
norm 182
H
2
optimal control 183
N −1 criterion 1156
λ-DNA 1436, 1439
ω-limit set 153
L
2
norm 181, 182
3-D animation production process
645
4-D navigation 1210
A
a priori identifiability 1365
A* algorithm 251
A.O. Smith Co. 17
AAN topology 1472
ABB Co. 29
above ground level (AGL) 1184
abrasive water jet 900
absolute encoder 336
abstract equipment 802
abstracting and indexing service
(A&I service) 1288
ACC states and transitions 426
accelerated insertion of
materials-composites (AIM-C)
472
acceleration sensor 335
accessibility right 823
accuracy 118
Ackermann’s formula 161
ACM Code of Ethics 827
Acrobot 1398
action implementation 674
action probability 225
activation function 204
active constraint concept 1397
active control connection object
(ACCO) 989
active middleware 50, 513
active nozzle 941
active robotic system 1399
active robotic walker 1488
actuator 386, 548, 1045
actuator sensor interface (ASi) 985
acyclic real-time (aRT) 991
Adams Prize 56
Adapt Automation Inc. 31
adaptability 375
adaptation 71, 1569
– continuous 392
adaptation law
– vector 210
adapter in nanopore 1442
adaptive automation 300
adaptive clustering hierarchy
–low-energy 344
adaptive control (AC) 769, 838, 848
adaptive cruise control (ACC) 425,
429, 676
adaptive milling 855
adaptive qualification 731
adaptive-weight genetic algorithm
(awGA) 491
ADDIE model 1504
adding RBFs 205
adhesive force 931
administration
– healthcare 1390
administrative process 1629
Adobe Photoshop 30
Adobe Systems Inc. 29
adoption 1623
advance planner and optimizer (APO)
952
advanced CNC machine tool 849
advanced driver assistance systems
(ADAS) 1170
advanced planning and scheduling
(APS) 493, 924, 965
advanced process control (APC)
922, 924
advanced research projects agency
net (ARPANET) 1578
advanced robotic wheelchair 1489
advanced step in innovation mobility
(ASIMO) 1320
advent of NC machine tool 839
ad hoc wireless sensor network
(AWSN) 343
affordable automation 715
agent 1553
agent communication protocol 390
agent design and partitioning
perspective 474
agent model 388
agent tool 475
agent type 388
agent-based control in buildings
1089
agent-based error and conflict
prognostic and prevention 520
agent-based simulation 478
agent-based software 469
agent-based solution 384
agent-based technology 629
agent-oriented solution design 402
agile 381
agile manufacturing 717
agricultural vehicle
– automatic guidance 1097
– autonomous 1099
AGV (automated guided vehicle)
21
AI and OR technique 977
AI and OR techniques for MHA
975
AI programming language 264
air distribution system
1114
air route surveillance radar (ARSR)
1191
air route traffic control center
(ARTCC) 1184
air traffic control (ATC) 1182, 1193
air traffic control system command
center (ATCSCC) 1184
air traffic control tower (ATCT)
1184
air traffic management 1182, 1192
air/ground communications system
1184
airborne separation assurance system
(ASAS) 1211
aircraft collision avoidance system
(ACAS) 1224
aircraft communications addressing
and reporting system (ACARS)
1185
aircraft manufacturing 893
aircraft operation 1202
aircraft rotational axis 1218
aircraft situation display to industry
(ASDI) 1235
aircraft tracking 1192
aircraft-based augmentation system
(ABAS) 1187
airline operation center (AOC)
1184, 1226
airplane moving line assembly 907
airport
– capacity 1201
– capacity model (ACM) 1201
– surveillance radar (ASR) 1191
Subject Index
1778 Subject Index
air-traffic system
– next-generation 1234
alarm and monitoring system 36
alarming 1088
Aleph 1287
alerting system 1221
algorithmic statistical process control
737
all stabilizing controller 176, 178,
181
– derived from LMFD component
180
– derived from RMFD component
180
allometric scaling 1374
alpha-beta pruning 261
alternating pulse modulation (APM)
985
aluminum skins 898
Amazon website 1586
ambient condition 1255
American National Standards
Institute (ANSI) 687
American Welding Society (ASW)
1027
Americans with Disabilities Act
(ADA) 679
amine-modified DNA 1437
analog-to-digital converter (ADC)
337, 533
analysis
– ethical 814
analysis of performance 563
analytic discourse 1650
analytical application 1272
analytical approach 507
analytical CRM 1607
analytical hierarchy process (AHP)
708
analytical redundancy 1091
analytics
– collaborative 1645
anatomically favorable alignment of
working tools 588
ancillary service (AS) 1140–1142,
1144, 1145, 1154, 1157, 1159,
1161
– activation 1159
–bid 1156
–cost 1160
– generic 1142, 1143, 1145
–market 1156
– nonguaranteed
1158
– open-loop 1158
– planning 1153
– procurement 1157
– purchase 1157
– replacement 1156
animal automation system 1111
animatic 645
animation 645, 648
– service 1282
– timing 645
Annales School 75
anthropometric design of workplaces
588
anti-aircraft 61
antilock brake systems (ABS) 321,
421
apoptosis 1338, 1339
appliance area network (AAN)
1472
appliance control node 1480
application frameswork (AF)
– enterprise system 1606
application framework (AF) 992
application layer protocol data unit
(A-PDU) 988
application object (AO) 992
application of ORTS 850
application relationship protocol
machine (ARPM) 989
application service element (ASE)
994
application support layer (APS) 992
applications programming interface
(API) 274
application-specific instruction set
processor (ASIP) 654
Applikon Biotechnology Co. 28
approach procedures with vertical
guidance (APV) 1188
appropriate copy problem 1290
approximate observer 167
approximated inverse 178
aquaculture 1114
aqueduct 15
arc welding 351, 1028
– equipment 1031
architecture 1650
– automation 1021
– communication 922
architecture of TRUE-CNC 851
Archytas 15
ARCS (attention, relevance,
confidence, satisfaction) 1506
area control error (ACE) 1142
,
1144
– open-loop 1153–1155
area navigation (RNAV) 1189
Aristotle 22
arithmetic logic unit (ALU) 654
arterial pressure (MAP) 1410
Arthrobot 1398
artificial intelligence (AI) 20, 65,
249, 312, 488, 628, 1266
artificial neural network (ANN)
628, 631
artificial or technical muscle 1497
artificial-intelligence-based control
628
aspect-oriented programming (AOP)
375
aspect-oriented technique 375
as-quenched (AQ) 898
assembly 1049
– aircraft manufacturing 893
– automation 31, 881
– line balancing (ALB) 487, 497
– line balancing (ALB) robot 497
– machine 17
– process 912
– robot 361
asset management 781, 786
– tools 787
assistance system 583
assisted highway systems (AHS)
1170
assisted steering system 1099
assisting system 577, 590
– in aircraft 584
– in car 584
assistive service
– robot 1486
assistive tasks
– service robot 1486
Association for the Advancement of
Artificial Intelligence (AAAI)
1326
association rule 1430
associativity 640
astrophysics 1645
asymmetric digital subscriber line
(ADSL) 993
asymptotic
–behavior 153
– stability 150
– state estimation 162
atomic force microscopy (AFM)
927–929, 1435
atomic-layer deposition (ALD)
1444
at-source data capture 1270
attention
– guidance 673
audio video interleaved (AVI) 651
auditory warning 677, 678
augmentation system 1187
Subject Index
Subject Index 1779
augmented-reality
– interface 937
– module 452
authority in automation 300
autoclave 480
– agent 477
– atmosphere simulation 480
– control 470
– temperature profile 470
auto-guidance system 1097
automata 14
automated
– code generation 1275
– human attributes 42
– machining lines 601
– manipulation 931, 933
– material handling 921
– optical inspection (AOI) 391
– part fabrication system 895
– stamping 4
– tape layup (ATL) 901, 902
automated airspace computer system
(AACS) 1211
automated assembly system 905
automated clearing house (ACH)
1618
automated composite cutting system
900
automated fiber placement (AFP)
902
automated fiber placement machine
902
automated guided vehicle (AGV)
280, 487, 493, 494, 844, 921, 950,
961, 1523
automated instantiation environment
376, 377
automated material-handling system
(AMHS) 913, 961, 966
automated part inspection system
903
automated problem resolution 1204
automated radar terminal system
(ARTS) 1192
automated storage and retrieval
system (ASRS) 950, 962
automated teller machine (ATM)
21, 1379
, 1676
automated terminal information
service (ATIS) 1185
automated test 1276
automatic
– collision notification (ACN) 1169
– control 23, 1335
– flight control system (AFCS)
1206
– guided vehicle 950
– pilot 18
– pressure valve 16
– sprayer 1109
– transmission 18
automatic computer control (ACC)
(3rd automation generation) 27
automatic dependent
surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B)
1185, 1192
automatic generation control (AGC)
1145, 1148
automatic loom 16
automatic pallet changer (APC)
841, 842
automatic teller machine (ATM)
947
automatic test pattern generation
(ATPG) 663
automatic tool changer (ATC) 841,
842
automatically programmed tool
(APT) 837, 846
automating
– errors prevention 503
automating construction operations
1064
automation 14, 576, 1248
– accessibility 24
– ancient to early history 15
– and robotics 17
– animal needs 42
– architecture 1021
– attitude 43
– automatic control 23
– autonomy 14
– bioinspired 48, 49
– brief history 26
– case study 28, 31
– collaboration 39
– cooperation 39
– definition 14, 20,
45
– definition survey 22
–degree 39
– domain 21, 24
– economic aspect 93
– emerging trend 47
– energy distribution 33
– evolutionary 48, 49
–example 15
– feasibility 24
– first encounter 47
– first generation: before automatic
control (BAC) 26
–fixed 25
– flexibility 39
– flight deck 1215
– formalism 14
– generation 26, 28
– historical perspectives 3
– human needs 42
– human role 295
– Industrial Revolution 16
– inspire creative work 47
– inventions 26
–level 39, 42
– levels of intelligence 41
– limits 305
– limits and risks 24
– major contribution 47
– major impact 47
– manufacturing 493
–market 1678, 1679
– meaning 14, 43
– mechanization 23
– modern 23
– modern and emerging 18
– motivation 7, 24
– organizational layers 25
– partial 40
– personnel task hierarchy 7
– planning and scheduling 493
– platform 14, 15
– power source 14
– power substation
33
– precision 117
– process 14, 324, 538, 581
– process continuity 23
– productivity 24
–pyramid 25
– quality 24
– rationalization 23
– related journal 1698
–risk 50
–role 48
– safety 24
– scale 41
– scope 17
– second generation: before computer
control (BCC) 26
– self-activity 50
–semi- 40
– shipbuilding 32
– singularity 50, 814
–software 365
– statistics 1674
–survey 45
–swarm 430
– technology 576
– third generation: automatic
computer control (ACC) 27
– totally integrated 1057
Subject Index
1780 Subject Index
–trend 48
– vulnerability 813
– workflow 34
– worldwide survey 43
automation and control shipbuilding
35
automation and process safety
541
automation and robotics research for
building construction 1069
automation architecture framework
10
automation development 1226
automation effect
– evaluating 96
automation for the disabled 1485
automation imperative 22
automation in the enterprise 98
automation journal 1696, 1698
automation management
– cost aspect 716
– life cycle 718
automation of fruit grading 1118
automation of office work 581
automation path 1269
automation problems 418
automation requirement 912, 913
automation security 813
automation service 25
automation software architecture
887
automation studies 10
automation systems project
rationalization 700
automaton–environment feedback
loop 223
automotive collision avoidance
systems (ACAS) 1171
autonomic 382
– adaptivity 390
– automation 381
– module control 389
autonomous coordinate measurement
planning (ACMP) 850
autonomous dynamical system
148
autonomous guided vehicle (AGV)
720, 1499
autonomous machining process
analyzer (AMPA) 852
autonomous navigation 1494
autonomous orchard tractor 1100
autonomous system 149, 1254
autonomous tractor 1100
autonomous underwater vehicle
(AUV) 282
autopilot 58, 1218
– category 1219
– flight director system (APFDS)
1195
AUTOSAR (automotive open system
architecture) 1177
auxiliary power unit (APU) 1221
availability 737
available transfer capability (ATC)
629
average production rate 99
B
B2B e-Commerce 1585, 1588
– aggregation 1590
– collaboration 1589
– individual trading 1589
– marketplace 1589, 1590
– model 1589
– private exchange 1590
– proprietary sales 1589
– restricted bid 1590
B2C e-Commerce 1585
– success parameters 1584
back-end process 912
backup power supply 33
balancing
–energy 1158, 1159
balancing authority (BA) 1141
balancing means 1142
balancing power
– planning 1140
– reserve 1140
bank processing 1617
banking
– online 1586
BAS architecture 1081
base station 1258
basic bank processing 1617
basic process control system (BPCS)
541
basic service set (BSS) 970
basic T arrangement 1231
basis of competition 1621
batch control system 538
batch environment 6
batch process automation 538
batch processing 7
Bayes classifier 1648
Bayes’ rule 339, 682
Bayesian
– model 1347
–net 1342
–network 255
– reasoning 255
beam welding
– electron 1030
before automatic control (BAC) (1st
automation generation) 26
before computer control (BCC) (2nd
automation generation) 26
beginning of life (BOL) 750, 761
behavioral and social sciences 266
behavioral synthesis 658
behavior-based shared control 1489
belief–desire–intention (BDI) 382
Berlin central train station 1258
berth allocation planning (BAP)
493
bespoke software 1277
best business practice 1600
best-first search 251
best-matching protocol (BMP)
1568
best-of-breed solution 1280
Bezout identity 176, 179
bifunctional linker molecule 1436
big robot 361
bilateral negotiation 389
bill of materials (BOM) 762
bin picking 354
binary decision diagram (BDD) 659
binning 912
bioautomation 48
biochemical
–network 1365, 1367, 1368
biochemical systems theory (BST)
1342
biofunctionalization 1436
bioinspired
– automation 49
– collaborative control 1569
– control 1353
– network model 521, 1571
– robotic seal 42
biological nanopore 1441
biomedical
– model 771
– modeling 1364
–system 1361
bionic robotic arm 1496
biophysical network 1337
bioreactor 28
Black 59
black start 1142, 1143
Blackboard website 1588
blackout 1141, 1155
blended learning 1512
block diagram for model predictive
control 537
block diagram of a process 533
Subject Index
Subject Index 1781
blog 90
bluetooth 298
Bode 60
Bodine Co. 17
Boolean
–algebra 253
– logic model 1345
–network 1341
– operator 646
boosted tree 1651
bottom-up
– optimization 394
boundary object 1230
boundary representation (B-rep)
640
branch and bound 252
broadcasting protocol (BP) 343
Brown 62
Brownian motion
– fractional 769
brush 1257
building
– data model 1090
building agents for the curing system
475
building automation 582, 717
building automation system (BAS)
1080
building construction 1069
building construction automation
1068
building control application 1083
building information model (BIM)
1066, 1070
building technology 1092
built-in self-test (BIST) 663
bulletin board system (BBS) 1513
bundled solution 1277
Bush 61
business
– process management (BPM)
1532, 1533, 1535
business intelligence (BI) 1542,
1605
business process execution language
(BPEL) 1535
business process modeling notation
(BPMN) 1535
business process outsourcing (BPO)
1268, 1271
business process reengineering (BPR)
1598
business-to-business (B2B) 1530,
1577
business-to-consumer (B2C) 1577,
1674
C
C++ 265
C2C e-Commerce 1585, 1590
cable-controlled undersea recovery
vehicle (CURV) 460
CAM-assisted part programming
846
camera setup 648
CAMI
– major components 1452
– methodology 1452
CAN in automation (CIA) 985
cancer 1372
cannulae equivalent circuit 1416
CANopen 388
– interface 391
capability factor 578
capability index
– process 120
capability maturity model (CMM)
740, 1276
capacitance-based
–sensor 334
capacity
– airport 1201
capacity utilization 398
capital utilization
– coefficient of 99
capital-intensive system 101
car
– navigation system 1265
car production 949
carbon arc welding (CAW) 1028
carbon nanotube (CNT) 338, 927,
928
cardiac output (CO) 1410, 1412,
1414, 1418
cardiovascular model 1410
– validation 1414
Care-O-bot 1493, 1496
Cartesian coordinate
– manipulator 1117
cascade connection 157
cascaded
– control strategy 1085
case method learning (CML) 1511,
1512, 1514
case-based reasoning 631
CCD camera 1119
cell regulation 1433
cell-based design 661
center
–grid 205
center for advanced aviation system
development (CAASD) 1204
central processing unit (CPU)
557
centrifugal governor
55
CERIAS (Center of Education and
Research in Information Assurance
and Security) 813
CERT (Computer Emergency
Response Team) 813
certification 1234
C-frame
– fastening machine 906
challenges of bio/nano interface
1434
challenges of space automation
1243
change management 1638, 1639
channel
– capacity 238
– encoder 246
characteristics of DSS 1540
charge modulation 1444
– DNA translocation 1444
charge transfer 1438
charge-coupled device (CCD) 336
Charles Babbage 23
Chase Bank website 1587
chattering 196
chemical manufacturing 6
chemical master equation (CME)
1343
chemiluminescence 1437
chemotherapy 1372
chicken plant 1137
circadian rhythm network 1337
circuit breaker 550
circuit ratio 916
class extension 378
classical
– planning 258
classification 1430
– curing system 476
–ofsensors 334
classification of
– learning automata 224
classification of PEIDs 758
classification of service robots and
automation for the disabled 1487
clean room 913, 914
cleaning 1475
– automation theory 1254
– facades 1254
– mass market 1254
– quality 1254
– sewer lines 1254
– ventilation ducts 1254
– with dry ice 1260
Subject Index
1782 Subject Index
cleaning robot 362, 1257, 1259
– fully automatic 1259
climate control 1104
Climbing and Walking Autonomous
Robot (CLAWAR) 1326
climbing robot 1260
clinical
– care 1391
– study data 1363
closed-loop
– machining 123
– medical treatment 1361
– performance 177, 181
–PLM 749
– PLM solution 761
– PLM solution development 755
–system 174, 178
closed-loop PLM system
– components of a 751
closest point of approach (CPA)
1224
cluster tool 913
– controller (CTC) 919
– dual-armed 916
– module communication (CTMC)
919
cluster-head (CH) 342, 344
clustering 1430
clutter 1230
CNS/ATM functional limitation
1196
CNT deposition process 942
CNT filtering process 943
CNT-based
– infrared detector 944
Cobb–Douglas function 99
cobot 720
cockpit display of traffic information
(CDTI) 1192, 1225
code generation
– automated 1275
code of ethics 827
– moral imperative 827
code reuse 1274
coefficient of
– capital utilization 99
coefficient of performance (COP)
1088
cognitive residue 1302
cold junction 335
collaboration 1550
– 15 e-Dimensions 1549
– computer-mediated 729
– four-wheels 1549
– human–human 728
– human–machine
732
collaborative
– analytics 1645
– automation 731
– control 521, 1569
– control theory (CCT) 50, 1552
– CRM 1607
– decision-making 437
– demand and supply network
(CODESNET) 96
–e-System 1572
–e-Work 1552, 1569
– e-Work scope 1551
– fault tolerance 1566
–network 42
– networked organization (CNO)
1567
– organization 1567
– problem-solving 1559
– robot (cobot) 720
collaborative automation 717
– distributed 717
collision
– detection 357
collision avoidance 1171, 1224,
1256
Collision Avoidance Metrics
Partnership (CAMP) 1171
collision avoidance systems (CAS)
1167
collision notification
– automatic 1169
collision notification systems (CNS)
1169
color system 690
comanipulation 1458
combined cardiovascular model
1416
combined-cycle
– gas turbine (CCGT) 725
command 147
commercial building 1079
commercialization of autoguidance
systems 1099
commissioning 1091
common industrial protocol (CIP)
987, 988
common object request broker
architecture (CORBA) 923, 1557
communication 237, 802, 1136
– architecture 922
– channel 455
–data 1226
– distributed
389
– elevator 1257
– implementation 805
– limitation 241
– management 1639
– module 452
– navigation, and surveillance (CNS)
1182
– near field 721
–network 981
–pyramid 804, 806
– real-time 993
– relation (CR) 993
– short-range 399
– technology 129
communications subsystem 631
communications-driven and group
DSS 1542
communities of practice 1302
community bank 1616
companies business process
outsourcing (BPO) 821
comparison function 150
comparison of assembly systems cost
702
comparison of selected SOA vendors
1610
compartmental modeling 1366
complete system 149
completeness 254
complex adaptive system (CAS)
306, 309
complex behavior 49
complex disassembly line 633
complex programmable logic device
(CPLD) 655
complexity 8
– computational 1375
– model structure 1375
– surface functionalization 1435
compliance 679, 831
component based architecture (CBA)
989
components of a
– closed-loop PLM system 751
composite
–curing 471, 476
– curing result 480
– material simulation 479
– of the driver and ACC model 427
composition of
– welding robotic system 1035
composition of a typical GMAW
machine 1031
comprehensive
– learning style 1512, 1513
computed tomography (CT)
1424
computer aided manufacturing
(CAM) 846
Subject Index
Subject Index 1783
computer animated virtual
environment (CAVE) 730
computer integrated manufacturing
(CIM) 32, 1554
Computer Library Services Inc.
(CLSI) 1288
computer numerical control (CNC)
66, 122, 601, 724, 838, 950
–lathe 843
– machining process monitoring
850
computer-aided
– design (CAD) 328, 580, 639, 653,
656, 860, 1066, 1072
– engineering 639
– manufacturing (CAM) 580, 838
– processing system (CAPS) 1288
– software engineering (CASE)
308, 1268, 1274
computer-assisted
– medical intervention (CAMI)
1452
– ordering system (CAOS) 1288
– part programming – APT and
EXAPT 846
– software engineering (CASE) 779
computer-integrated
– manufacturing (CIM) 625, 716,
923, 1531, 1555
– road paving (CIRPAV) 1066
computerized
– numerical control 841
– provider order entry (CPOE)
1391
– tomography (CT) 19
computer-managed instruction (CMI)
1511
computer-supported
– collaborative learning (CSCL)
1302, 1511, 1512, 1514
– collaborative work (CSCW) 1532
– cooperative work (CSCW) 1645
computer-supported decision making
630
COMSOAL
606
concentration
–data 38
concept model for learning activity
1504
concept of
– stress and strain 577
conceptual design of open servo
system 850
conceptual structure of AIMac 854
concurrent
– error detection (CED) 510
condensed ions on DNA 1444
condition monitoring 731
condition-based
– maintenance (CBM) 744
– monitoring 470
confidence 1430
–level 736
confidentiality 829
configuration space to define tool
posture 853
conflict 505
conflict alert (CA) 1191
conflict and error detection
– agent (CEDA) 515
– management (CEDM) 1566
– model (CEDM) 514
–protocol(CEDP) 514
conflict detection and management
system (CDMS) 520
conflict prevention
– application 518
– challenge 518
– theory 518
conflict prognostics 513
conflict propagation 504
conflict resolution 515
–cost 1564
congestion
– management 1161, 1162
Congress on Evolutionary
Computation (CEC) 489
connectionless (CL) 989
connection-oriented (CO) 989
connectivity 1472
consideration of life cycles 585
conspicuity 678
constraint 647
– control 530
– optimization 253
– programming (CP) 255, 975, 976
– satisfaction 253
–soft 1369
–solver 640
construction automation 1063
construction cost
– estimating automation 1074
– management automation 1071
construction performance 1071
construction progress monitoring
automation 1075
constructive cost model (COCOMO)
789
constructive solid geometry (CSG)
640
consumer-to-consumer (C2C)
1577, 1590
contact
–sensor 1257
contact angle measurement 1437
contactless characterization of DNA
1439
containment limit (CL) 1206
context-free grammar 263
context-sensitive linking 1291
contingency 1142
continuous
– adaptation 392
– estimator algorithm 228
– planning 394
– processing 7
– quality improvement (CQI) 1387
continuous learning schemes
– properties 226
continuously variable transmission
(CVT) 720
continuous-time system 174
contour descriptor 1652
contribution margin 100
control 72, 75, 200, 1217, 1345
– H
∞
65
– adaptive 200
– antiquity 53
– automatic 23, 53, 1335
– coordinated 357
– distributed 386
– early conference 64
– economizer 1086
– fuzzy 65
– hazard 672
–level 54
– min–max 200
– modern 63
– multiloop 1085
– multivariable 530, 535
– open architecture 849
– process 741, 1520
– regulatory 530, 533
– single-loop 1083
– sliding mode 200
– temperature 54
–traffic 582
– virtual 164
– voltage 34
control algorithm in teleoperation
454
control application integration 922
control area 1143
control area network (CAN) 242,
919, 985, 987
control automation 1217, 1227
control cooperation 482
control display unit (CDU) 1232
Subject Index
1784 Subject Index
control engineering 64
control hierarchy 592
control issues and related studies on
MHA 973
control loop for
– hydraulic press 1020
control methodology for MHA 972
control network
– time-critical 989
control performance 181
– standard (CPS) 1151, 1152
control research 1336
control scheme 1458
control software 919
control strategy
– cascaded 1085
control system 352, 385, 547, 1129,
1131
– configuration 177
–design 534
– multilayer 633
– process 950
– with uncertainty 187, 188
control system development 535
control theory 147
– collaborative 50, 1552
– general optimal 189
control valve 533
control without feedback 1083
control, maintenance, and technical
management (CMTM) 743
controllability canonical form
161
controlled flight into terrain (CFIT)
1190, 1223
controlled variable (CV) 537
controller 148, 534
–network 988
– performance 214
– pole 185
– workload 1202
ControlNet 344
control-rule planner 259
conventional designed systems 323
Cooley–Tukey FFT 1653
cooperation 1550
cooperation requirement planning
(CRP) 1562,
1565
coordinate measurement 850
coordinate measuring machine
(CMM) 850
coordinate systems in
– numerical control 844
coordinated
– control 357
coordination 1550
coordination and
interruption–continuation protocol
(CICP) 1553
coordination protocol (CP)
1553
coprime factorization 179
copy milling machine 840
copyright 71, 88, 90, 828
CORBA component model (CCM)
510
cost
– effective automation 736
– estimation 781
– flexibility 101
– model 395
–ofownership 718
– of quality (COQ) 1277
– optimized process control 1022
– oriented automation (COA) 718,
1315
–saving 398
course objective 1517
Co-X tools 1566
crash simulation software
1265
create–collect–manage–protect
(CCMP) 1557
creationist method 48
credit union 1616
– processing 1617
critical control point (CCP)
1043
critical path method (CPM) 1066,
1070
CRM (customer relations
management) 21
CRM capability 1607
cross-track containment 1206
cruise control 1261
cry-wolf effect 681
CT image 1428
cuboid part for milling 844
cultural aspect 88
curing system 475
– classification 476
current good manufacturing practice
(cGMP) 1043
current inflation rate 108
curve speed warning system (CSW)
1174
customer deposit process
1618
customer relationship
– management (CRM) 630, 741,
761, 1535, 1597, 1598, 1605, 1606
customer-oriented system 953
cutter location (CL) 852
cutting machine 900
cutting sticking robot 1107
cyber 20
– crime 812
– ethics 812
– manufacturing core-curricula
1512
– terrorism 812
Cyberknife 1459
cybernetic 20, 1345
cyborg 20
cyclic
– real-time (cRT) 991
– real-time communication 993
– scheduling 916
cylindrical part for turning 844
D
DAROFC (direct adaptive robust
output feedback controller) 214
DARPA
– Grand Challenge 774
DARSFC (direct adaptive robust state
feedback controller) 214
data 758
– communication 1226
– concentration 38
– flooding 403
– flow definition 758
– forklift 1650, 1655
– preparation phases 1270
–privacy 1637
– processing 1269
– processing stage 1270
–rate 238
– visualization 1274
– warehouse 1426
– warehousing 1273
data acquisition tier 874
data fusion
– multisensor 339
data link mapping protocol machine
(DMPM) 989
data mining 824
– technique 1429
data model
– building 1090
database
– object-oriented 1426
–PostgreSQL 1650
– public-use 1431
– relational 1426
database (DB) 761, 1426
datacube 1665
Subject Index