Longerich Peter. Heinrich Himmler: A Life
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
73. Sundhaussen, ‘Geschichte’, 188 and 191; Casagrande, ‘Prinz Eugen’, 204. PAA,
Inland IIg 307, note on Croatia of 10 October 1942; a further note, in which
the Croats declared their acceptance of the German measures, is referred to in
the telegram from Kasche of 1 December 1943 (ibid.); Inland IIg 306, letter
from Luther of 8 November 1942.
74. Valentin Oberkersch, Die Deutschen in Syrmien, Slawonien, Kroatien und
Bosnien. Geschichte einer deutschen Volksgruppe in Su
¨
dosteuropa (Munich,
1989), 387 f.
75. Spannenberger, Volksbund, 311 f.
76. Ibid. 314; Dienstkalender, 18 November 1941.
77. PAA, Inland IIg 305, draft by Rintelen for the Under-Secretary, 19 December
1941; see also Spannenberger, Volksbund, 315.
78. Spannenberger, Volksbund, 319 f.
79. See below p. 674.
80. See below p. 673.
81. BAB, R 49/2612, note by Stier of 3 September 1942 on a discussion with
Himmler (of 1 September, Dienstkalender), in which the RFSS gave the in-
struction not to exert pressur e on Hungary over this matter.
82.
Gerhard Seewann and Norbert Spannenberger (eds), Akten des Volksgericht-
sp
rozesses gegen Franz A. Basch, Volksgruppenfu
¨
hrer der Deutschen in Un-
garn, Budapest 1945/46 (Munich, 1999), 69.
83. PAA, Inland IIg 305, statement by Luther of 3(?) September 1942; Sundhaus-
sen, ‘Geschichte’, 187. Luther makes a similar argument in Inland IIg 255, 5
November 1942, saying the resettlement would produce ‘catastrophic psycho-
logical and also political consequences for the whole of the 2½to3 million
Germans in the south east’, and would ‘prejudice’ German policy with reg ard
to these ethnic groups in an unacceptable way. See also Inland IIg 255,
Rintelen to Ribbentrop, 27 September 1942, Foreign Ministry to VoMi, 4
November 1942, and also the note by the Under-Secretary on a speech of 5
December 1943; in addition Inland IIg 305, Berger to Triska, 2 September
1942.
84. PAA, Inland IIg 214, note by Triska, 7 January 1943.
85. The same is true of the small German minority in Danish North Schleswig.
The German occupying powers used the ethnic group simply as a ‘reservoir
that it aimed to exploit for the German war effort’ (Thomsen, Besatzungspolitik,
109)—by deploying it for the Waffen-SS, its own militia (the so-called tem-
porary volunteer service), as well as for many ancillary services.
chapter 24
1. For details see Himmler’s office diary (Dienstkalender), 28 July to 6 August 1942.
920 endnotes
2. Hannu Rautkallio, Finland and the Holoc aust: The Rescue of Finland’s Jews (New
York, 1987), 163 ff. For a critical vi ew of it see William B. Cohen and Jo
¨
rgen
Svensson, ‘Finland and the Holocaust’, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 9/1
(1995), 70–92, esp. 82 f.
3. Hilberg, Vernichtung, 761 ff.; Holm Sundhaussen, ‘Jugoslawien’, in Wolfgang
Benz, (ed.), Dimension des Vo
¨
lkermords. Die Zahl der ju
¨
dischen Opfer des Natio-
nalsozialismus (Munich, 1991), 311–30,at323.
4. Angrick, Besatzungspolitik, 131 ff.
5. PAA, Inland IIg 200, Killinger to the Foreign Ministry, 12 August 1942, and to
Himmler, 26 July 1942; see Christopher R. Browning, The Final Solution and
the German Foreign Office: A Study of Referat D III of Abteilung Deutsch-
land,1940–1943 (New York and London, 1978), 115 ff.
6. This was Luther’s assessment in PAA, Inland IIg 177, note of 21 August 1942.
7. PAA, Inland IIg 208, letter from the OKW, Armaments Office to the Foreign
Ministry, 21 July 1942;
see also Randolph
L. Braham, The Politics of Genocide:
The Holocaust in Hungary, 2 vols. (New York, 1994), 284 ff.
8. PAA, Inland IIg 208, Himmler to Ribbentrop, 30 November 1942.
9. Frederick B. Chary, The Bulgarian Jews and the Final Solution 1949–1944 (Pitts-
burgh, 1972), 69 ff.
10. Daniel Carp, ‘Notes on the History of the Jews in Greece during the Holocaust
Period: The Attitude of the Italians (1941–1943)’, in Michael R. Marrus (ed.),
The Nazi Holocaust: Historical Articles on the Destruction of European Jews, vol. 5
(Westport, etc., 1989), 731–68, esp. 738 ff.; Browning, Referat D III, 136 f. and
140 f.
11. Klarsfeld, Vichy, 122.
12. Ibid. 122 and 434 ff.
13. Hirschfeld, Fremdherrschaft, 148 ff.
14. Office of the Foreign Ministry in Brussels, report of 24 September 1942, and
Military Commander to Field and Higher Field Headquarters, 25 September
1942, both published in Serge Klarsfeld and Maxime Steinberg (eds), Die
Endlo
¨
sung der Judenfrage in Belgien. Dokumente (New York, 1980), 45 ff.
15.
PAA, Inland IIg 182,
report from the Brussels Office, 27 November 1942.
16. Pohl, Ostgalizien, 216 ff.
17. Dienstkalender; Pohl, Ostgalizien, 220.
18. Dienstkalender.
19. Ibid. 21 August 1942.
20. Between 31 August and 3 September 1942 he inspected in particular Wiesba-
den, Mainz, Cologne, Du
¨
sseldorf, Mu
¨
nster, Osnabru
¨
ck, Bremen, Hamburg,
and Lu
¨
beck and conferred amongst others with Gauleiters Bu
¨
rckel, Sprenger,
Grohe
´
, Florian,Wegener, and Kaufmann. On the three building brigades
formed from KZ inmates originally envisaged for tasks in the east and on the
manufacturing of door- and window-frames see BAB, NS 19/14, instruction
to Pohl, 9 September 1942.On30 September 1942 Himmler had already given
endnotes 921
Daluege detailed instructions for the order police to remove air-raid damage,
in order, for example, to prevent hoses icing up in the winter (NS 19/3165);
see Dienstkalender and Karola Fings, Krieg, Gesellschaft und KZ.Himmlers SS-
Baubrigaden (Paderborn, etc., 2005), 55 ff.
21. Willi A. Boelcke (ed.), Deutschlands Ru
¨
stung im Zw eiten Weltkrieg. Hitlers
Konferenzen mit Albert Speer 1942–1945 (Frankfurt a. M., 1969).
22.SeeDienstkalender, 22 September 1942, Interview with Hitler: ‘Jewish emigr a-
tion—how should we proceed further?’ The next topic in Himmler’s notes for
the interview was: ‘Settlement of Lublin—Lorrainers, Germans from Bosnia,
Bessarabia’ and ‘Conditions in the Gen.Gov.—Globus [Globocnik’s nick-
name]’. The fact that the ‘emigration’, that is, the murder, of the Jews from
the district of Lublin could not be carried out at the speed envisaged by
Himmler evidently had immediate repercussions for the settlement projects
being pushed by Globocnik.
23. IfZ, NO 1611.
24. VOGG 1942, 665f., 1 November 1942, police decree of 28 October 1942, and
683 ff., 14 November 1942, police decree of 10 November 1942.
25. IfZ, NO 5194, Korherr report, 23 March 1943.
26. Doc. PS-3428,inIMT,vol.32, pp. 279 ff., Kube report to the Reich Com-
missar Ostland, 31 July 1942. See Gerlach, Morde, 694 ff.
27. IfZ, NO 626.
28.
Poh
l, ‘Schauplatz’, 160 ff., and Gerlach, Morde, 709 ff.
29. Reichsfu
¨
hrer!, no. 167.
30. Gerlach, Morde, 719 ff.
31. Pohl, ‘Schauplatz’; Spector, Holocaust, 186.
32. IfZ, NO 3392, published in facsimile in the illustrations section of Fleming,
Hitler.
33. Boelcke (ed.), Deutsc hlands Ru
¨
stung, 89.
34. Tagebu
¨
cher Goebbels, 30 September 1942 .
35. BAB, R 22/5029 , report by the Justice Minister, 18 September 1942; see also
doc. PS-654,inIMT,vol.26, pp. 200 ff.
36. IfZ, NO 5522; see Orth, System, 173.
37. Klarsfeld, Vichy, 161 ff.
38. CDJC, XXVC-177, message from BdS Knochen to the RSHA, 23 September
1942, published in Klarsfeld, Vichy, 469.
39.
Ibid. 474.
40.
Samuel Abrahamsen, Norway’s Response to the Holocaust (New York, 1991), 83
ff., Hilberg, Vernichtung, 582 ff.
41. Lipscher, Juden, 129 ff.
42. See various documents signed by Richter and Luther in PAA, Inland IIg 200.
43. Hilberg, Vernic htung, 851 f.
44. Chary, Bulgarian Jews, 72 ff.
45. See Braham, Politics, 287 ff., and Browning, Referat D III, 128 ff.
922 endnotes
46. PAA, Inland IIg 208, Himmler to von Ribbentrop, 30 November 1942.
47. See PAA, Inland IIg 208, Note by Luther for Rademacher, 14 December 1942.
48. See the comprehensive correspondence between the Missions and Luther from
October and November 1942 in PAA, Inland IIg 194 , plus further detail in
Browning, Referat D III, 137 ff.
49. Himmler’s notes from 11–14 October 1942, published in Helmut Krausnick,
‘Himmler u
¨
ber seinen Besuch bei Mussolini’, Vierteljahrshefte fu
¨
r Zeitgeschichte, 4
(1956), 423–6.
50. PAA, Inland IIg 194, report from the Zagreb embassy.
51. Keitel referred to this decision, which cannot be dated exactly in an order of 23
July 1942 (BAB, NS 19/1671). On the assignment of the ‘combating of bandits’
to Himmler in summer 1942 see Gerlach, Morde, 921 ff.
52. IFZ, NO 681, order of 25 June 1942.
53. Although no details could be gleaned about the carrying out of the ‘action’, the
hostage shootings increased during July and August and the arrest of relatives of
‘partisan suspects’ and their subsequent consignment to KZs (or the compul-
sory adoption of ‘racially valuable’ children) reached a high point in August;
see Milan Zevart, ‘Geiselerschießungen im Besatzungsgebiet Untersteiermark
(Spodnja Stajerska)’, in Gerhard Jochem and Georg Seiderer (eds), Entrechtung,
Vertreibung, Mord. NS-Unrecht in Slowenien und seine Spuren in Bayern 1941–1945
(Berlin, 2005), 197–205.
54.
BAB,
NS 19/1671, Himmler’s order of 28 July 1942. On the previous day, in
response to a query, Himmler had told Daluege in telegram style who was
responsible for combating bandits: ‘I am myself. In the field the particular
Higher SS and Police Leader. For the individual units the commanders who
are already available’ (BAB, NS 19/1432).
55. Himmler’s order of 31 July 1942, published in Ru
¨
rup (ed.), Krieg, 132.
56. Instruction No. 46, published in Hubatsch (ed.), Hitlers Weisungen, 232 ff.
According to this, the RFSS was the ‘central agency for the collection and
evaluation of all experience acquired in the field of combating bandits’.
57. BAB, NS 19/1671 , minute of 9 July 1942; on the impossibility of carrying it
out see Gerlach, Morde, 924. On the meeting dealing with the combating of
partisans see Dienstkalender , 9 July 1942.
58. Indispensable: anyone who counted as ‘indispensable’ (unabko
¨
mmlich) did not
need to join the Wehrmacht (i.e. was in a reserved occupation).
59. BAB, NS 19/1671, order concerning an Increase in the Combat Strength of
the SS and Police in the General Government and in the Occupied Eastern
Territories, 17 August 1942.
60. Ibid. Himmler’s order to suppress the bandit activity in White Ruthenia and in
the district of Bialystok, 7 August 1942, which was based on his order for the
crushing of bandit activity in the districts of Upper Carniola and Lower Styria
of 25 June 1942 (ibid.).
endnotes 923
61. On the course of the operations see Gerlach, Morde, 930 ff. Little is known
about ‘Wisent’.
62. BAB, NS 19/1671, von dem Bach-Zelewski to Himmler, 5 Septemb er 1942.
63. Dienstkalender 22 September 1942: ‘task for von d. Bach.’ Himmler had met
von dem Bach-Zelewski on 9 September 1942 (ibid.).
64. BAB, NS 19/1671, contains all five edicts, which are dated 23 October 1942.
65. On von Gottberg see above pp. 346 and 420 f.
66. On Dirlewanger see above pp. 345 ff.
67. Gerlach, Morde, 92 8.
68. See the details of the figures in ibid. 900 f.
69. BAB, NS 19/1432.
70. Ibid. Himmler to Sauckel, 9 February 1943; see Gerlach, Morde, 996 ff.
71. Gerlach, Morde, 10 55 f.
72. Ibid. 1058 ff.
73. Piper, Rosenberg, 547 f.
74. BAB, NS 19/1681, minute of 18 November 1942: ‘We must never promise
the Russian
s
a nation state.’
75. Der Untermensch,ed.Reichsfu
¨
hrer-SS and SS Main Office [Berlin, 1942 ], 2 .
76. This is explored in detail in Piper, Rosenberg, esp. 562 ff. and 587 ff.
77. BAB, NS 19/1704, 9 April 1942.
78. Piper, Rosenberg, 563 f.
79. Bohn, Reichskommissaria t , 113; however, in nineteen cases a pard on was issued.
80. Ibid. 84 f.
81. Weber, Sicherheit, 115.
82.Fu
¨
hrer edict of 9 March 1942, published in ‘Fu
¨
hrer-Erlass’, no. 147.
83. Kasten, ‘Franzo sen’ , 26 ff.
84. Ibid. 69 ff.
85. Meyer, Besatzung, 99 ff.
86. Brandes, Tschechen, vol. 2: Besatzungspolitik, Kollaboration und Widerstand im
Protektorat Bo
¨
hmen und Ma
¨
hren von Heydrichs Tod bis zum Prager Aufstand
(1942–1945) (Munich
and
Vienna, 1975), 21 ff.
87. Naasner, Machtzentren, 300 f. Rainer Fro
¨
be, ’Der Arbeitseinsatz von KZ-
Ha
¨
ftlingen und die Perspektive der Industrie 1943–1945’, in Ulrich Herbert
(ed.), Europa und der “Reicheinsatz”. Ausla
¨
ndische Zivilarbe iter, Kriegsgefangene
und KZ-Ha
¨
ftlinge in Deutschland 1938–1945 (Essen, 1991), 351–83, shows that
KZ prisoners during the whole of 1942 were used primarily for building-work,
in part for the construction of industrial sites, but in general not yet for
production in factories.
88. IfZ, NO 569, Saur Minutes; see Schulte, Zwangsarbeit, 213f.
89. BAB, NS 19/755, Schieber order of 17 March 1942; IfZ, NO 505,Glu
¨
cks to
RFSS, 2 April 1942, concerning the preparations for rifle production in
Buchenwald; furthermore preparations for the production of parts for the
Weser-Flug company and for Klo
¨
ckner in Neuengamme were being discussed
924 endnotes
(NO 1215, note of Amtsgruppe C concerning a conversation with Schieber
on 16 May 1942). See Schulte, Zwangsarbeit, 214 f.
90. IfZ, NO 598, Himmler to Poh l, 7 July 1942; see also Schulte, Zwangsarbeit,
215.
91. On the failure of SS armaments production see Schulte, Zwangsarbeit , 216 ff.
In August 1943 Speer tried to blame the Gustloff-Werke for the failure of rifle
production at Buchenwald (BAB, NS 19/367, Brandt to Pohl, 17 August
1943).
92. Schulte, Zwangsarbeit, 224 and 231.
93. Himmler to Speer, 5 March 1943 (BAB, NS 19/3637).
94. Schulte, Zwangsarbeit, 218 f.; IfZ, NIK 15392, Pohl report to Himmler, 16
September 1942, published in Pingel, Ha
¨
ftlinge, 276 f.
95. Boelcke (ed.), Deutschlands Ru
¨
stung, 20–2 September 1942; Schulte, Zwang-
sarbeit, 220 f.
96. Orth, System, 169 ff;
Mommsen and Grieger, Volkswa
genwerk, 50 ff.
97. On the changes in the structure of criminality see Wagner, Volksgemeinschaft,
316 ff.
98. BAB, NS 19/219, published in Detlev Peukert, Die Edelweißpiraten. Protestbe-
wegungen jugendlicher Arbeiter im Dritten Reich. Eine Dokumentation (Cologne,
1980), 156 f.
99. Picker (ed.), Tischgespra
¨
che, 7April 1942.
100. Wagner, Volksgemeinschaft, 314.
101. Herbert, Fremdarbeiter, 167, on the basis of a post-war statemen t by the
responsible RSHA repres entative, Bernhard Baatz.
102. IfZ, PS-3040, contains the general regulations and the particular instruction to
the security police and SD; see Herbert, Fremdarbeiter, 181 f.
103. Doc. PS-654, Thierack minute of 18 September 1942, published in IMT, vol.
26, pp. 200 ff.; Dienstkalender. It was already normal practice for prisoners in
the judicial system who, in the view of the police, had been given too lenient
sentences to be taken into ‘preventive custody’. See Wagner,Volksge-
meinschaft, 336.
104. Wagner,Volksgemeinschaft, 337.
105. The chief of the security police and SD laid down in an edict of 21 July 1942
that those considered unworthy of serving in the armed forces should be
taken into preventive detention ‘on the first occasion of their committing a
breach of their conditions’. The Reich Criminal Police Office issued an
instruction on 28 December 1942 that in cases involving ‘those considered
unwo
rthy
of serving in the armed forces’, befo re the case was handed over to
the public prosecutor consideration should be given as to whether police
preventive measures should be imposed (both documents in IfZ, Dc 17.02,
collection of edicts concerning the preventive combating of crime); see
Wagner, Volksgemeinschaft, 338 f.
endnotes 925
106. RSHA, 23 December 1942, published in Ifz, Dc 17.02, collection of edicts
concerning the preventive combating of crime.
107. Wagner,Volksgemeinschaft, 342 f.
108. BAB, NS 19/4010, 14 October 1943, speech to the meeting of mi litary
commanders in Bad Schachen. It was printed under the title Sicherheitsfragen.
Vortrag, gehalten auf der Befehlshabertagung in Bad Schachen am 14. Oktober 1943,
ed. NS-Fu
¨
hrungsstab des Oberkomm andos der Wehrmacht (Berlin, 1943).
109. Broszat, Polenpolitik, 152 ff.
chapter 25
1. In this context one should bear in mind Himmler’s announcement in 1937
that, in the event of war, the SS had, apart from the three military fronts—on
land, in the sea, and in the air—‘the German homeland’ as a ‘fourth theatre of
war’ that it had to secure (doc. PS-1992 [A], Himmler’s speech on the
essential nature and tasks of the SS given to a Wehrmacht course on national
politics, 15–23 January 1937, published in IMT, vol. 29, pp. 206 ff., 231).
2. BAB, NS 19/3402, 15 November 1942.
3. Ibid. 10 December 1942. This document, as was usual with documents given
to Hitler to read, was typed in especially large letters and is minuted ‘Abl.
10.12.’.
4. Dienstkalender, 10 December 1942; Himmler minute of 10 December 1942
(quoted in Ibid.) and Himmler to the RSHA (BAB, NS 19/1807).
5. BAB, NS 19/1929, Draft, signed Himmler, and minuted: ‘Please subm it to
AH’, 18 December 1942.
6. BAB, NS 19/120, T elex to Oberg, 30 December 1942. On the preparations
for and implementation of the measures taken in Marseilles see Meyer,
Besatzung, 115 ff.
7. BAB, NS 19/120, 4 January 1943.
8. Ibid. 5 January 1943.
9.
BAB, NS 19/3402,
message to Oberg, 5 January 1943 .
10. BAB, BDC, SS-O Oberg, 6 January 1943.
11. BAB, NS 19/3401, message to Oberg, 11 January 1943.
12. BAB, NS 19/3402, 18 January 1943.
13. Meyer, Besatzung, 123 f.
14. BAB, NS 19 /120, telex to Mu
¨
ller, 13 February 1943, and to Kaltenbrunner,
17 February 1943.
15. Dienstkalender, 25–30 December 1942 (in particular references to 25 Decem-
ber); Heinen, Legion, 460 f. On the conditions of Sima’s internment see
Heydrich’s report of 8 January 1941 (BAB, NS 19/2863).
16. Kasten, ‘Franzosen’, 213.
926 endnotes
17. PAA, state secretary France 15, Rudolf Schleier to Reich Foreign Minister
about this meeting based on information that he had received from Laval, 6
April 1943; see Kasten, ‘Franzosen’, 205 ff. According to Schleier the meeting
took place on 3 April 1943 in Paris; see also BAB, NS 19/1444 (Appointments).
18. Kasten, ‘Franzosen’, 208.
19. Ibid. 219 ff.
20. BAB, NS 19/1504, Berger to Oberg, 8 February 1944.
21. Ibid. Oberg to Himmler, 10 February 1944.
22. Ibid. telex Meine to Oberg, 18 February 1944.
23.BAB,NS19/236,minuteforRFSS on the meeting with SS-Obergruppenfu
¨
hrer
Berger, 11 April 1944.
24. Die Deutschen in der Tschechoslowakei, no. 407.
25. Brandes, Tschechen, ii. 22.
26. Die Deutschen in der Tschechoslowakei, no. 414a, 7 September 1944;on3 January
1944, at the request of Frank, Himmler extended this authority, which had
initially only be granted to 31 December 1943 (Ibid.
no. 414b
and c); see
Brandes, Tschechen, ii. 23.
27. Thomsen, Besatzungspolitik, 130.
28. Ibid. 131 f., quotes in this context from the Danish national archive a message
of 18 January 1943 from Himmler to Best.
29. BAB NS19/3473 Himmler to Berger, 15 July 1943.
30. Thomsen, Besatzungspolitik, 192; BAB, BDC, SS-O Best, message from
Himmler of October 1943.
31. Thomsen, Besatzungspolitik, 201 f.
32. SS en Nederland , doc. no. 319, 6 February 1943, and doc. no. 320, Himmler’s
reply of 6 February 1943 . On the repressive policy in the Netherlands see also
Christoph Spieker, ‘Entta
¨
uschte Liebe. Funktionswandel der Ordnungspolizei
in den Niederlanden’, in Johannes Houwink ten Cate und Alfons Kenkmann
(eds), Deutsche und holla
¨
ndische Polizei in den besetzten niederla
¨
ndischen Gebieten.
Dokumentation einer Arb eitstagung (Mu
¨
nster, 2002), 67–95.
33. Telex, Himmler to Rauter, 10 February 1943 (SS en Nederland, doc. no. 328).
34. SS en Nederland, doc. no. 331,
Himmler
to Rauter, 11 February 1943.
35. Ibid. doc. no. 368, Himmler to Rauter, 31 March 1943.
36. Ibid. doc. no. 387, Message to Rauter, 9 May 1943; see Kwiet, Reichskommis-
sariat, 150.
37. SS en Nederland, doc. no. 466, Himmler to Rauter, 24 September 1943.
38. Ibid. doc. no. 467, 27 September 1943.
39. Meershoek, ‘Machtentfaltung’, 400; Spieker, ‘Liebe’, 76.
40. Thomsen, Besatzungspolitik, 200 ff.; Herbert, Best, 373 ff.
41. Bohn, Reichskommissariat, 86.
42. Warmbrunn, German Occupation, 146 f.
43. IfZ, NO 2306, 10 November 1942.
44. BAB, NS 19/2648, order of 11 January 1943.
endnotes 927
45. BAB, NS 19/2638, Kru
¨
ger to Himmler, 16 February 1943 .
46. Ibid. Himmler statement, 12 March 1943.
47. Madajczyk, Okkupationspolitik, 217.
48. BAB, NS 19/1432, Himmler note of 22 June 1943 about the meeting.
49. Ibid. various orders, 21 June 1943; see Gerlach, Morde, 952.
50. BAB, NS 19/1432, Himmler note about the interview with Hitler, 3 April
1944.
51. Madajczyk, Okkupationspolitik, 195 ff. and 191.
52. Gerlach, Morde, 10 10.
53. BAB, NS 19/1432 (also IfZ, NO 2034), Himmler’s order of 10 July 1943; see
Gerlach, Morde, 1023 f.
54. Gerlach, Morde, 10 10 ff.; for the areas concerned see p. 1034.
55. See ibid. 999 ff.
56. Ibid. 999.
57.
BAB, NS 19/1681, 18 Novem
ber 1942.
58. BAB, NS 19/4010, 4 October 1943, also published as doc. PS-1919,inIMT,
vol. 29, pp. 110 ff., quotation 117 f.
59. Ibid. 122 f.
60. Peter Black, Ernst Kaltenbrunner. Vasall Himmlers. Eine SS-Karriere (Paderborn,
etc., 1991), 143 ff. and 195 ff.
61. Thierack to Bormann, 16 November 1941, according to Herbert, Fremdarbei-
ter, 285; Broszat, Polenpolitik, 153.
62. Edict of 30 June 1943, quoted in Broszat, Polenpolitik, 154; Herbert, Fremdar-
beiter, 286; Wagner, Volksgemeinschaft, 341.
63. Broszat, Polenpolitik, 154.
64. Edict of 10 August 1943; Kaltenbrunner quotes this order in an edict of 5 April
1944 (doc. PS-3855,inIMT, vol. 33, pp. 243 ff.
); see Black, Kalt
enbrunner, 152.
65. Doc. PS-1650, published in IMT,vol.27, pp. 425 ff.; see Black, Kaltenbrunner,
152.
66. Michel Abitbol, Les Juifs d’Afrique du Nord sous Vichy (Paris. 1983); Klaus-
Michael Mallmann and Martin Cu
¨
ppers, Halbmond und Hakenkreuz. Das Dritte
Reich, die Araber und Pala
¨
stina (Darmstadt, 2006), 199 ff.
67. On Jewish persecution in France after the occupation of the southern zone see
Klarsfeld, Vichy, 193 ff., and Susan Zuccotti, The Holocaust, the French, and the
Jews (New York, 1993), 166 ff.
68. Klarsfeld, Vichy, 200 ff.
69. On the history of the Italian Jews under Fascism see Susan Zuccotti, The
Italians and the Holocaust: Persecution, Rescue, and Survival (New York , 1987);
Meir Michaelis, Mussolini and the Jews: German–Italian Relations and the Jewish
Question in Italy, 1922–1945 (Oxford, 1978).
70.Mu
¨
ller to Bergmann, Foreign Ministry, 25 Februa ry 1943, with a quote from
Himmler’s letter to Ribbentrop, 29 January 1943, published in Klarsfeld, Vichy,
495 ff.
928 endnotes
71. IfZ, NG 4956, telex Special Train Westphalia to Wolff; German Department’s
reply of 24 February 1943.
72. Hagen Fleischer, Im Kreuzschatten der Ma
¨
chte: Griechenland 1941 – 1944, 2 parts,
(Frankfurt a. M., 1986), Part 1,p.273.
73. Chary, Bulgarian Jews, 129 ff. See also Nir Baruch, Der Freikauf. Zar Boris und
das Schicksal der bulgarischen Juden (Sofia, 1996), 103 ff., and Dieter Ruckhaberle
and Christiane Ziesecke (eds), Rettung der bulgarischen Juden—1943. Eine Doku-
mentation (Berlin, 1984).
74. Chary, Bulgarian Jews, 178 ff., 197 ff., and 224 ff.
75. PAA, The office of the state secretary Bulgaria 5, Ribbentrop to Beckerle, 4
April 1943; see also Chary, Bulgarian Jews, 269 f.
76. Adler, Mensch, 224 ff.
77. IfZ, NO 1882, Himmler to Kru
¨
ger, 11 January 1943.
78. BAB, NS 19/1740 ; see also Himmler’s instruction to Kru
¨
ger, 16 February 1943
(ibid.).
79.
Arad
, Belzec, 392; Yisrael G utman, The Jews of Warsaw, 1939–1943: Ghetto,
Underground, Revolt (Bloomington and Indianapolis, 1989), 307 ff.
80. Stroop gave Himmler a report illustrated with photographs in which he had
proudly documented his destructive activities under the motto : ‘A Jewish
district in Warsaw no longer exists!’ (Stroop Report, doc. PS-1061, published
in IMT,vol.30, pp. 357–472).
81. BAB, NS 19/2648, 12 May 1943; see also Himmler’s minute of 10 May 1943,
in which he emphasized that the ‘evacuation of the remaining 300, 000 Jews in
the General G overnment’ must be carried out ‘with the greatest speed’ (pub-
lished in Faschismus,Ghetto,Massenmord, 354 f.); see also Sandku
¨
hler, ‘Endlo
¨
-
sung’, 197.
82. Pra
¨
g and Jacobmeyer (eds), Diensttagebuch, 31 May 1943; see also Himmler’s
telephone notes of 20 May 1943 : ‘Jewish evacuation’ (BAB, NS 19/1440).
83. Pohl, Ostgalizien, 246 ff.; Sandku
¨
hler, ‘Endlo
¨
sung’, 194 ff.
84.
Katzm
ann report to Kru
¨
ger, 30 June 1943, published in Faschismus, Ghetto,
Massenmord, 358 ff.
85. BAB, NS 19/1432, Himmler note of 22 June 1943 concerning the meeting.
86. BAB, NS 19/1740, Himmler to Pohl and Kaltenbrunner, 11 June 1943.
‘A large park’ was to be created on the land of the former ghetto.
87. BAB, NS 19/1571, Himmler order of 5 July 1943, which he withdrew on 20
July 1943 following objections from Pohl and Globocnik (ibid. message from
Brandt of 20 July 1943); however, only four days later he renewed the order,
see Schelvis, Sobibo
´
r, 173 f.
88. Pohl, Lublin, 160. Pohl, Kru
¨
ger, and Globocnik agreed on the takeover of the
camp on 7 September 1943 (Pohl note from the same date, IfZ, NO 599,
published in Faschismus, Ghetto, Massenmord, 459 f.).
89. IfZ, NO 1036, minute concerning the transformation of the forced labour
camps of the SSPF into KZ, 19 January 1944.
endnotes 929