Longerich Peter. Heinrich Himmler: A Life
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90. Steinbacher, ‘Musterstadt’, 296.
91. Ibid. 300 ff.
92. In September 1943 Himmler distanced himself from this order but renewed it
again in December.
93. Faschismus, Ghetto, Massenmord, 369 f., Greiser to Pohl, 14 February 1944.
Here reference is also made to Himmler’s order of 11 June 1944 to transform
the ghettos, of which the original has not been found. See in detail Michael
Alberti, Die Verfolgung und Vernichtung der Juden im Reichsgau Wartheland
1939–1945 (Wiesbaden, 2006), 472 ff.
94. Alberti, Verfolgung, 473 f.
95. Arad, Belzec, 396; Sara Bender, ‘The “Reinhardt Action” in the “Bialystok
District”’, in Freia Anders (ed.), Bialystok in Bielefeld. Nationalso zialistische
Verbrechen vor dem Landgericht Bielefeld 1958–1967 (Bielefeld, 2003), 186–208,
at 204 ff.
96. Enzyklopa
¨
die des Holocaust. Die Verfolgung und Ermordung der europa
¨
ischen Juden,
3 vols., edited under the auspices of Yad Vashem etc., main editor Israel
Gutman; German edition ed. Eberhard Ja
¨
ckel, Peter Longerich, and Julius
H. Schoeps (Berlin, 1993), Bialystok article. On the background see Sara
Bender, ‘From Underground to Armed Struggle: The Resistance Movement
in the Bialystok Ghetto’, Yad Vashem Studies, 23 (1993), 145–71.
97.
G
erlach, Morde, 739 ; Jakow Suchowolskij, ‘Es gab weder Schutz noch Erlo
¨
-
sung, weder Sicherheit noch Rettung. Ju
¨
discher Widerstand und der Un-
tergang des Ghettos Glubokoje’, Dachauer Hefte, 20 (2004 ), 22– 38.
98. On Treblinka and Sobibor see Reuben Ainsztein, Ju
¨
discher Widerstand im
deutschbesetzten Osteuropa wa
¨
hrend des Zweiten Weltkrieges (Oldenburg, 1993),
396 ff.
99. On the district of Lublin see Helge Grabitz and Wolfgang Scheffler (eds),
Letzte Spuren. Ghetto Warschau, SS-Arbeitslager Trawniki, Aktion Erntefest. Fotos
und Dokumente u
¨
ber Opfer des Endlo
¨
sungswahns im Spiegel der historischen
Ereignisse, 2nd rev. edn. (Berlin, 1993), 328 ff. In the district of Cracow the
forced labour camps, Szebnie and Plaszow, were affected, on 19 November
all the prisoners in the Lemberg camp, Janowska’ in the district of Galicia
were shot (on the district of Galicia see Jan Erik Schulte, ‘Zwangsarbeit fu
¨
r die
SS. Juden in der Ostindustrie GmbH’, in Norbert Frei (ed.), Ausbeutung,
Vernichtung, O
¨
ffentlichkeit. Neue Studien zur nationalsozialistischen Lagerpolitik
(Munich, 2000), 43–74 , 69 ).
100. The original order was dated 2 April and envisaged the retrospective estab-
lishment of a ghetto in R iga on 13 Ma
¨
rz (OA Moscow, 504-2-8). See in detail
Angrick and Klein, ‘Endlo
¨
sung’, 382 ff.
101. IfZ, NO 2403.
Apart
from Bach-Zelewski, among others HSSP Russia-
North, Pru
¨
tzmann, HSSPF East, Kru
¨
ger, the head of the RSHA, Kalten-
brunner, the head of the WVHA, Pohl, and the head of the Commando Staff
of the RFSS, Knoblauch, took part in the meeting.
930 endnotes
102.On13 August 1943 Himmler restricted the employment of Jews by an order
that the OKH made ‘binding for the whole of the Army in the field’ (BAB,
NS 2/83). It was not permitted to use Jews for office work or for ‘personal
service’ (IfZ, NOKW 2368, Kriegstagebuch Oberkommando 3 Panzer-
Army, Quartermaster 2, 4 November 1943); see also Gerlach, Morde, 739.
103. Avraham Tory, Surviving the Holocaust: The Kovno Ghetto Diary, edited and
introduced by Martin Gilbert (Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1990); Alfred
Streim, ‘Konzentrationslager auf dem Gebiet der Sowjet union’, Dachauer
Hefte, 5 (1989), 174–87,at176; Enzyklopa
¨
die, ‘Kowno’ article.
104. Yitzhak Arad, Ghetto in Flames: The Strug gle and Destruction of the Jews in Vilna
in the Holocaust ( Jerusalem, 1980), 401 ff.
105. Streim, ‘Konzentrationslager’, 177 f.; Enzyklopa
¨
die, ‘Vaivara’ article.
106. Gerlach, Morde, 739 ff.
107. PAA, Inland IIg 194, correspondence between the Foreign Ministry and the
embassy, March–April; see also Hilberg, Vernichtu ng, 764; according to
Czech, Kalendarium, the trains arrived in Auschwitz on 7 and 13 May.
108. IfZ, NG 4407, 29. June 1943. The ambassador, Hanns Elard Ludin, reported
to the Foreign Ministry in June that ‘the evacuation of the Jews from
Slovakia’ was ‘at the moment at a standstill’.
109. Published in Klarsfeld and Steinberg (eds), Endlo
¨
sung, 70.
110.
W
etzel, ‘Frankreich und Belgien’, 30.
111. CDJC, XXVII–17, Hagen to Ro
¨
thke, 16 June 1943, published in Klarsfeld,
Vichy, 535.
112. Ibid. 256.
113. CDJC, XXVI –35, Hagen minute, 11 August 1943, published in ibid. 550 ff.;
XXVI-36, Ro
¨
thke minute, 15 August 1943, concerning the meeting on th e
previous day, published in ibid. 551 ff.; see also the account in ibid. 262 ff.
114. CDJC, XXVII-33, Office of the Head of State to Fernand de Brinon, the
Vichy government’s representative in Paris, 24 August 1943, published in
ibid. 556; see also the account in ibid. 270.
115. Express letter from the RSHA dated 17 October 1939, published in IfZ, Dc
17.02, collection of edicts concerning the preventive combating of crime; se e
Zimmermann, Rassenutopie, 167 ff.
116. Zimmermann, Rassenutopie, 168.
117. Express letter of 27 April 1940, signed Himmler, published in IfZ, Dc 17.02,
col
lection
of edicts concerning the preventive combating of crime. On the
deportations in May see Zimm ermann, Rassenutopie, 172 ff.
118. Zimmermann, Rassenutopie, 186, quoting in this context a letter from the
office of the Governor-General of 3 August 1940 , which is in the Lublin state
archive.
119. Ibid. 186, based on the files in the Generallandesarchiv Karlsruhe.
120. On the details see ibid. 176 ff.
endnotes 931
121. BAB, NS 19/ 2655, 10 October 1941 , reply to the letter from Uebelhoer of 4
October (ibid.); see Zimmermann, Rassenutopie, 223 ff.
122. Dienstkalender .
123. Ibid. 20 April 1942, quoting a circular edict of the BdO in the General
Government From the OA Mos cow.
124. Zimmermann, Rassenutopie, 275 and 315, quoting the order of the BdS Ost-
land of 19 October 1942 and emphasizing Himmler’s role in ordering this
measure.
125. Ibid. 297 f.
126. IfZ, NO 1725, 16 Septe mber 1942; Zimmermann, Rassenutopie, 297
127. 13 October 1942, Edict of the Reich Criminal Police Office, published in IfZ,
Dc 17.02, collection of edicts concerning the preventive combating of crime.
128. Minute of the Reich Ministry of Food, 14 November 1942, referred to in
Martin Luchterhandt, Der Weg nach Birkenau. Entstehung und Verlauf der
nationalsozialistischen Verfolgung der ‘Zigeuner’ (Lu
¨
beck, 2000), 239.
129. Himmler command of 16 November 1942, published in IfZ, Dc 17.02,
collect
ion
of edicts concerning the preventive combating of crime.
130. Zimmermann, Rassenutopie, 305 ff.
131. BAB, NS 19/180, message from Bormann, 3 December 1942 .
132. Zimmermann, Rassenutopie, 297.
133. The minutes are published in Joachim S. Hohmann, Robert Ritter und die Erben
der Kriminalbiologie. ‘Zigeunerforschung’ im Nationalsozialismus und in West-
deutschland im Zeichen des Rassismus (Frankfurt a. M., etc., 1991), 75 ff.,
although without a source. See also Zimmermann, Rassenutopie, 302 f., and
Karola Fings, ‘Eine “Wannsee-K onferenz” u
¨
ber die Vernichtung der Zigeu-
ner? Neue Forschungsergebnisse zum 15. Januar 1943 und dem “Auschwitz-
Erlass”’, Jahrbuch fu
¨
r Antisemitismusforschung, 15 (2006), 303–33.
134. IfZ, Dc 17.02, collection of edicts concerning the preventive combating of
crime; see Zimmermann, Rassenutopie, 303 f.
135. Zimmermann, Rassenutopie, 305 ff., on the practice of selection.
136. Ibid. 326 ff.
137. Ibid. 375.
138. Ibid. 339 ff.
139. Ibid. 259 ff.
140.
Ibid. 277 ff.
141.
Ibid. 381 ff.
142. Ibid. 289 ff.
143. Ibid. 292.
144. Ibid. 235 ff.
145. Stein, Geschichte, 182 ff.
146. BAB, NS 19/4010, 6 October 1943, published in Himmler, Gehei mreden,
162 ff., quotation p. 179.
147. Wegner, Politische Soldaten, 275 f.
932 endnotes
148. IfZ, NO 2015, ‘Volksdeutsche in der Waffen-SS’, excerpt from Reichslei-
terdienst, 28 December 19 43; see Stein, Geschichte, 157.
149. Das Schicksal der Deutschen in Ruma
¨
nien, ed. Bundesministerium fu
¨
r Vertri e-
bene, Flu
¨
chtlinge und Kriegsgescha
¨
digte (Berlin, 1957), Appendix 8, 147E;
IfZ, NO 2236, Agreement of 12 May 1943.
150.Bo
¨
hm, Gleichschaltung, 306 ff. ; Casagrande, ‘Prinz Eugen’, 207 ff.
151. Schicksal der Deutschen, 56E.
152. IfZ, NO 2213.
153. Spannenberger, Volksbund, 389 ff.
154. PAA, Inland IIg 327, agreement of 22 May 1943.
155. Ibid. report on the II.Waffen-SS action, 8 June 1943.
156. Spannenberger, Volksbund, 400.
157.BAB,NS19/2133, Himmler order of 29 March 1944.
158.
Spannenberger, Volksbund, 412 ff.
159.
Stein, Geschichte, 157.
160. Casagrande, ‘Prinz Eugen’, 204.
161.BAB,NS19/319, Himmler to Phleps.
162. Stein, Geschichte, 162 ff.; BAB, NS 19/2601, Himmler to Phleps, 13 February
1943, re: the creation. For a detailed history of the division see George Lepre,
Himmler’s Bosnian Division: The Waffen-SS Handschar Division, 1943–1945
(Atglen, 1997).
163.NARA, T 175/111, Himmler to Kammerhofer, 1 July 1943.
164.BAB,NS19/2601, 6 August 1943; see the enquiry to Berger concerning the
Grand Mufti’s opinion on this matter, 2 July 1943, and Berger’s reply of 26
July 1943 (ibid.).
165. Ibid. 26 November 1943.
166. Ibid. Himmler to Berg er, 24 April 1943.
167.BAB,NS19/4013, speech to the 13th SS Mountain Division, 11 January
1944.
168.BAB,NS19/4013, 26 Januar
y 1944.
169.
Stein, Geschichte, 164 f.
170. Ibid. 166.
171.BAB,NS19/2601, Himmler to Phleps, 10 May 1944.
172. On the creation of the Baltic units see Stein, Geschichte, 157 ff.
173. IfZ, NO 3301, RFSS to SS Main Office and SS Leadership Main Office, 13
January 1943.
174. Ibid.
175. IfZ, NO 3300, Berger to Himmler, 11 December 1942.
176. IfZ, NO 3379, Berger to Himmler, 17 April 1943.
177. Stein, Geschichte, 160.
178. IfZ, NO 3044, Message from Jeckeln to the Reich Ministry for the Occupied
Eastern Territories, 2 July 1944, that he had ordered the drafting of the 1925
age cohort in Latvia and the 1926 cohort in Estonia; NO 4884, Order
endnotes 933
concerning the drafting of men born between the years 1904 and 1923 for
military service, 30 January 1944 (Estonia); see Stein, Geschichte, 160.
179. Stein, Geschichte, 160.
180. Ibid. 167.
181. BAB, NS 19/4013, 16 May 1944.
182. Stein, Geschichte, 166 f.
183. Ibid. 168 f.
184. Helmut Heiber (ed.), Hitlers Lagebesp rechungen. Die Protokollfragmente seiner
milita
¨
rischen Konferenzen 1942– 1945 (Stuttgart, 1962), 938 ff.
185. BAB, NS 19/4014, Speech to Wehrmacht generals on 24 May 1944 in
Sonthofen, passage published in Himmler, Geheimreden, 208 f.; see Heine-
mann, ‘Rasse’, 540 f.
186. BAB, NS 2/19, 28 May 1944. See also BAB, NS 19 /4014, speech in Kochem,
25 May 1944: ‘ . . . the men involved are naturally not SS men’; NARAT-
175/111,
Himmler to Ju
¨
ttne
r, 7 July 1942; Stein, Geschichte, 161.
187. BAB, NS 2/153, telex of 24 January 1944, quoted in circular from the head of
RuSHA, Turner, 22 February 1944.
188. This could apply to the ‘Prinz Eugene’ and ‘Hor st Wessel’ divisions and to the
cavalry division; BAB, NS 2/154, SS Main Office to reinforcement agencies,
24 July 1944, with reference to Himmler’s order of 27 June 1944.
189. SS en Nederland, doc. no. 349, Himmler note of 3 March 1943 ; see Wegner,
Politische Soldaten, 313 ff.
190.NARA, T 175/74, Himmler note of 10 February 1943. The note is concerned
with the establishment of another Germanic division, named ‘Wara
¨
ger’.
191.NARA, T 175/88, Brandt minute of 7 September 1943.
192. ‘Himmler’s speech to the Gauleiters on 3 August 1944’, documented in
Vierteljahrshefte fu
¨
r Zeitgeschichte, 1 (1953), 357 –94,
quotation p. 394.
193. References
in SS en Nederland, doc. no. 604, Himmler to Ju
¨
ttner and Berger, 4
December 1944, and doc. no. 434, Himmler note of 13 July 1943.
194. The precise official title in the docu ment of appointment was ‘Reich and
Prussian Minister of the Interior’. This double title for the ministries, which
had been combined in 1934, had not been used since 1938; the fact that the
old title was now being reactivated can be seen as a gesture to G o
¨
ring, who
was still Prussian Prime Minister. On Himmler ’s appointment and activities
see in particular Dieter Rebentisch, Fu
¨
hrerstaat und Verwaltung im Zweiten
Weltkrieg. Verfassungsentwicklung und Verwaltungspolitik 1939–1945 (Stuttgart,
1989), 499 ff.; Stephan Lehnstaedt, ‘Das Reichsministerium des Innern
unter Heinrich Himmler 1943–1945’, Vierteljahrshefte fu
¨
r Zeitgeschichte, 54
(2006), 639–72, and Birgit Schulze, ‘Heinrich Himmler, das Reichsminister-
ium des Innern und das Verha
¨
ltnis von Staat und Partei, 1943–1945’, in Klaus
Mo
¨
ltgen (ed.), Kriegswirtschaft und o
¨
ffentliche Verwaltung im Ruhrgebiet 1939–1945
(Gelsenkirchen, 1990), 9– 33.
195. Tagebu
¨
cher Goebbels, 10 August 19
43.
934 endnotes
196. Neliba, Frick, 354 ff.; BAB, R 43 II/136a, on the appointment process.
197. Tagebu
¨
cher Goebbels, 21 August 1943.On9 August 1943 Goebbels had
proposed to Hitler that the Interior Ministry be split and Himmler appointed
police minister (ibid. 10 August 1943).
198.SeeRebentisch, Fu
¨
hrerstaat, 502, with further details.
199. Michael Fahlbusch, Wissenschaft im Dienst der nationalsozialistischen Politik? Die
‘Volksdeutschen Forschungsgemeinschaften’ vo n 1931–1945 (Baden-Baden, 1999),
738 ff.
200. On Himmler’s leadership style as Reich Interior Minister see Rebentisch ,
Fu
¨
hrerstaat, 508.
201. For exam ple, he made this demand in his speeches of 4 and 6 October 1943
(BAB, NS 19/4010) and in his speech to the meeting of district governors
(Regierungspra
¨
sidenten) in Breslau on 10 und 11 January 1944 (Note in R 43
II/425a); this was taken into account in a circular edict of 28 October 1943
(MBliV 1943,S.1875); see Rebentisch
, Fu
¨
hrerstaat, 509.
202. Remark
in the speech of 6 October 1943 (BAB, NS 19/4010); see Rebentisch,
Fu
¨
hrerstaat, 509 f.
203. Speeches of 4 and 6 October 1943 (BAB, NS 19/4010).
204. Hans Mommsen, ‘Ein Erlass Himmlers zu r Beka
¨
mpfung der Korruption in
der inneren Verwaltung vom Dezember 1944’, Vierteljahrshefte fu
¨
r Zeit-
geschichte, 16 (1968), 295–309. Himmler had already referred to this in his
speech of 6 October 1943.
205.BAB,NS19/3280, speech at the meeting of Oberbu
¨
rgermeisters and Land-
eshauptma
¨
nner on 12 and 13 February 1944 in Posen. See also NS 19/4010,
speech of 4 October 1943, in which he declared ‘getting rid of corruption and
bad behaviour’ to be one of his most important aims as R eich Interior
Minister.
206. He had already made a note of this motto for his inaugural speech on 26
August 1943; see also BAB, NS 19/4010,
Speech of 6 October 1943.
For the
following see Rebentisch, Fu
¨
hrerstaat, 503 ff.
207. Ibid. 503 ff.; Longerich, Stellvertreter, 187 ff.
208. See his speeches of 4 and 6 October 1943 (BAB, NS 19/4010) and his address
to the meeting of Oberbu
¨
rgermeisters and Landeshauptma
¨
nner on 12 and 13
February 1944 in Posen (NS 19/3280 ); BAB, R 1501/1272, Stuckart to Kreiss,
14 February 1944. According to this Himmler intended to get th e Ahnenerbe
to publish monographs under the rubric ‘German Mayors as Pillars of the
Reich’.
209. Rebentisch, Fu
¨
hrerstaat, 508.
210.Fu
¨
hrer edicts of 1 April 1944,inRGBl 1944 I, 109 ff.
211.BAB,R 43 II/364a, Himmler to Lammers, 4 September 1944. Stuckart and
Lammers agreed not to accept any closures, but to agree to Bormann’s request
to subordinate the Prussian district governors (Regierungspra
¨
sident
en)
to the
endnotes 935
provincial governors (Oberpra
¨
sidenten) (R 43II/656, especially the meeting
of 27 September 1944).
212. BAB, NS 19/1272, Excerpt of the minutes concerning the ‘Assembly’ of the
government of the General Government, 18 November 1943.
213. The district governors’meeting is dealt with in detail in Lehnstaedt, ‘Reichs-
ministerium’, on the basis of a set of hitherto unknown minutes in the
Archiwum Akt Nowych in Warsaw; a note of this speech is also in BAB,
R 43 II/425a.
214. BAB, NS 19/3280.
215. Rebentisch, Fu
¨
hrerstaat, 505 f.
216. Tagebu
¨
cher Goebbels, 8 November 1943, also 31 January 1944.
217. Ibid. 25 and 29 February 1944.
218. Ibid. 20 December 1943. He was responding here to Himmler’s alleged
intention to subordinate the Education Ministry to himself.
219. Ibid. 25. January 1944. For Bormann’s critical comments on Himmler’s
increase in power see also the entries for 13 March and 18 and 27 April 1944.
220. Ibid. 11 May 1944.
221. See above pp. 632 ff.
222.
Schulte, Zw
angsarbeit, 226.
223. The DEST produced aircraft parts: for Messers chmitt in Flossenbu
¨
rg and
Mauthausen, for Junkers in Natzweiler, and for a Luftwaffe plant in the
Dutch KZ Herzogenbusch. In Oranienburg a large brick-factory was turned
into a large foundry for producing shells; although Himmler requested Pohl
to use ‘Russian improvisation’ in carrying out the changeover, production
remained far below expectations (BAB, NS 19/443, Himmler to Pohl, 11
March 19 44). The German Fine Furniture AG (Deutsche Edelmo
¨
bel AG) in
Butschowitz and the German Ma ster Workshops (Deutsche Meistersta
¨
tten) in
Prague also produced aircraft parts. On armaments production in the plants
see Schulte, Zwangsarbeit, 227 ff.
224. BAB, NS 19/4010, speech in Posen, 4 October 1943, also published as doc.
PS-1919,inIMT, vol. 29, pp. 110 ff., quotation 144.
225. Schulte, Zwangsarbeit, 234; Kaienburg, Wirtschaft, 483 ff.
226. BAB, NS 19/1802, Report of the departmental head of W-5 in the WVHA
on the experiments, countersigned by Himmler. On the Kok-Sagys project
see Gerlach, Morde , 1023 ff.; Kaienburg, Wirtschaft, 847 ff.; Susanne Heim,
Kalorien, Kautschuk, Karrieren. Pflanzenzu
¨
chtung und landwirtschaftliche Forschung
in Kaiser-Wilhelm-Instituten 1933–1945 (Go
¨
ttingen, 2003), esp. 144 ff.
227. BAB, NS 19/1802,
Himmler to Go
¨
ring
on the interview on 20 February
1943, 22 March 1943.
228. Ibid. and an undated note containing six points. On the institutions working
on Kok-Sagys research see Heim, Kalorien, 131 ff.
229. BAB, NS 19/ 1802, minute of 15 April 1943; report on the workshop of those
interested in Kok-Sagys rubber in the SS Main Office, 25 June 1943.
936 endnotes
230.BAB,NS19/1802,Go
¨
ring, 9 July 1943.
231. Ibid. Himmler telex to the HSSPF, 21 July 1943; Himmler note of 7 July 1943
on the organization of the office of the representative for rubber plants;
Himmler to Darre
´
, 2 August 1943.
232. Heim, Kalorien, 172 ff.
233.BAB,NS19/1802, minute of a meeting with Himmler on 24 July 1943.
234. During the summer and autumn 1943 he had a lengthy dispute with Gover-
nor-General Frank who eventually agreed to grant him 10,000 hectares.
(BAB, NS 19/1802); see correspondence in the same file and Himmler’s
minute of 22 November 1943.
235.BAB,NS19/1802, brief overview, 29 March 1944; according to that, in the
winter of 1943–430,000 hectares were envisaged for Kok-Sagys.
236. Ibid. correspondence with the German ethnic group in Romania, State
Peasant Office.
237. Ibid. Brandt to Winkelmann, 28 June 1944.
238. Ibid. Report of Corvette Captain Stahl about his official visit of 15–27 May
1944, 2 June 1944.
Stahl
refers to a meeting with Himmler on 20 May 1944.
239.BAB,NS19/1802 , Backe to Himmler, 20 December 1944. Backe asked
Himmler to agree to reduce the amount of land, to which Brandt responded
positively in his letter of 13 January 1945.
240. Ibid. Stahl, report on official visit to the west of Ukraine, 9 November 1943.
241. Ibid. Backe to Himmler, 20 December 1944.
242. Ibid. message of 14 March 1944. In the case of 10,000 hectares one could
anticipate a yield of only 150 to 300 tons; originally it was assumed it would be
more than 600 tons.
243. Ibid. 5 April 1944.
244. Schulte, Zwangsarbeit, 392 ff.; Orth, System, 175 ff.
245. IfZ, NO 1523.
246. Orth, System, 192.
247. Michael J. Neufeld, Die Rakete und das Reich. Wernher von Braun, Peenemu
¨
nde
und der Beginn des Raketenzeitalters (Berlin, 1997), 21 ff.; Heinz Dieter Ho
¨
lsken,
Die V-Waffen. Entstehung, Propaganda, Kriegseinsatz (Stuttgart, 1984), 40 f.
248.
Ne
ufeld, Rakete, 217 ff.
249. Ibid. 220; BAB, BDC, SS-O von Braun, who had joined the SS on1 May
1940.
250. Neufeld, Rakete, 221 ff.
251. Ibid. 221 ff. The development work on the rockets was also moved under-
ground in caves in the Austrian Alps, which were given the codename
‘Cement’ and were built by KZ prisoners under Kammler’s direction. (ibid.
246 f.).
252.BAB,NS19/1444; R 3/1583, Himmler to Speer, 21 August 1943. See also
Neufeld, Rakete, 241 f.
endnotes 937
253. Result of the Armaments’ conference of 15–20 August 1943, published in
Boelcke (ed.), Deutschlands Ru
¨
stung, 291.
254. Neufeld, R akete, 258 f. The information is based on Braun’s account. After the
war he reported that he had been ordered to see Himmler, who offered to
take over the development of the rocket programme. He had declined. The
harassment that followed was, he said, intended to break his will.
255. Ibid. 260 ff.
256. See the overview in Rainer Fro
¨
be, ‘Hans Kammler—Technokrat der Ver-
nichtung’, in Ronald Smelser and Enrico Syring (eds), Die SS. Elite unter dem
Totenkopf. 30 Lebensla
¨
ufe (Paderborn, etc., 2000), 305–19.
257. BAB, NS 19/4010, speech in Posen, 4. October 1943, also published as doc.
PS-1919,inIMT, vol. 29, pp. 110 ff., quotation p. 145 f.
258. BAB, NS 19/4010, published in Himmler, Geheimreden, 162 ff., quotation
p. 169.
259. BAB, NS 19/2662.
260. Katrin Paehler, ‘Ein Spiegel seiner selbst. Der SD-Ausland in Italien’, in
Michael Wildt, (ed.), Nachrichtendienst, politische Elite, Mordeinheit. Der Sicher-
heitsdienst des Reichsfu
¨
hrers-SS (Hambur
g, 2003), 241–66.
On Himmler’s pre-
diction see already Josef Schro
¨
der, Italiens Kriegsaustritt 1943. Die deutschen
Gegenmaßnahmen im italienischen Raum: Fall ‘Alarich’ und ‘Achse’ (Go
¨
ttingen,
etc., 1969), 196.
261. Stein, Geschichte, 192 f.
262. Querg, Spionage , 311 ff.
263. ADAP, Series E, vol. 6, no. 311,of11 September 1943.
264. Lutz Klinkhammer, Zwischen Bu
¨
ndnis und Besatzung. Das nationalsozialistische
Deutschland und die Republik von Salo
`
1943–1945 (Tu
¨
bingen, 1993), 117 f.
265. Ibid. 120 ff.
266. BAB, NS 19 /1881, Order of 31 August 1943; see Klinkhammer, Bu
¨
ndnis, 356.
267. BAB, NS 19/1881, Himmler order of 2 October 1943; see Klinkhammer,
Bu
¨
ndnis, 357.
268.
BAB, R 70 Italien
, vol. 5, minute for SS-Sturmbannfu
¨
hrer Wenner of 13
February 1944; see Klinkhammer, Bu
¨
ndnis, 364. Stein, Geschichte, 270, men-
tions the creation of a Waffengrenadier division (ital. No. 1) in April 1945.
269. On the Jewish persecution in Italy from September 1943 see Liliana Picciotto
Fargion, ‘Italien’, in Wolfgang Benz (ed.), Dimension des Vo
¨
lkermords. Die Zahl
der ju
¨
dischen Opfer des Nationalsozialismus (Munich, 1991), 199–227; Michaelis,
Mussolini, 342 ff.; Klinkhammer, Bu
¨
ndnis, 530 ff.
270. On Dannecker’s activities in Italy see Steur, Dannecker, 113 ff.
271. PAA, Inland IIg 192, minute by Wagner of 4 December 1943, published in
ADAP, Series E, vol. 7, 111.
272. Ibid.
273. Fargion, ‘Italien, 215 ff.
274. Ibid. 206 and 222 f.
938 endnotes
275. See Fleischer, Griechenland, 260 ff.
276. See the memoirs of Errikos Sevillias, Athens—Auschwitz (Athens, 1983).
Moreover, in April there was a similar ‘action’ in Albania, during which
around 300 Jews were arrested and transported to Bergen-Belsen via Belgrade
(Gerhard Grimm, ‘Albania’, in Wolfgang Benz (ed.), Dimension des Vo
¨
lker-
mords. Die Zahl der ju
¨
dischen Opfer des Nationalsozialismus (Munich, 1991),
229–39,at237).
277. Fleischer, Griechenland, 265 ff.
278. Sundhaussen, ‘Jugoslawien’, 325.
279. On German Jewish policy in France after the collapse of Italy see Klar sfeld,
Vichy, 276 ff.; Jonathan Steinberg, Deutsche, Italiener und Juden. Der italienische
Widerstand gegen den Holocaust (Go
¨
ttingen, 1992), 206 ff.; Zuccotti, Holocaust,
180 ff.
280. Klarsfeld, Vichy, 278 ff.; Zuccotti, Holocaust, 181 ff.
281. See above p. 185.
282. Klarsfeld, Vichy, 289.
283. Ibid. 298 ff.; Zuccotti, Holocaust, 190 ff.
284. On the government reshuffle see Eberhard Ja
¨
ckel, Frankreich in Hitl ers Europa.
Die deutsche Frankreichpolitik im Zweiten Weltkrieg (Stuttgart, 1966), 293 f.
285. CDJC,CXXXII-56 ,
published in Klarsfeld, Vichy, 574 ff.;
Zuccotti, Holocaust,
197 ff.
286. Klarsfeld, Vichy, 320. Somewhat different figures referred to in the literature
are contained in Wetzel, ‘Frankreich und Belgien’, 132 f.
287. On the rescue of the Danish Jews see Herbert, Best, 360 ff.; Leni Yahil, The
Rescue of Danish Jewry: Test of a Democracy (Philadelphia, 1969); Hans Kirchh-
off, ‘SS-Gruppenfu
¨
hrer Werner Best and the Action Against the Danish
Jews—October 1943’, Yad Vashem Studies, 24 (1994), 195–222. On the
passing on of the inf ormation about the impending deportations see Thom-
sen, Besatzungspolitik, 183 f.
288. Braham, Politics, 250 ff.
289. At the end of May 1943 Ka
´
llay made it clear in a speech that while he
considered the ‘compl ete de-settlement of the Jews’ to be the ‘final solutio n’
of the ‘Jewish question’, this could only occur when the ‘question of where
the Jews were to be de-settled to had been resolved’ (Donauzeitung 1 June
1943, see Hilberg, Vernichtung, 883 f.).
290. Braham, Politics, 381 ff.; on the organizatio n of the occupa tion administration
see ibid. 406 ff.
291. Ibid. 396 ff.
292. Christian Gerlach and Go
¨
tz Aly, Das letzte Kapitel. Realpolitik, Ideologie und der
Mord an den ungarischen Jude n 1944/1945 (Stuttgart and Zu
¨
rich, 2002), 259.
293.
Bra
ham, Politics, 510 ff. and 446 ff.
294. Ibid. 674 ff.
295. Ibid. 850 ff.
endnotes 939