Longerich Peter. Heinrich Himmler: A Life
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296. Ibid. 1205 ff.
297. Telegram from Veesenmayer to Ribbentrop, 6 July 1944, published in
ADAP, Series E, vol. 8, no. 101.
298. BAB, NS 19/4013.
299. BAB, NS 19/4014, passage published in Himmler, Geheimreden, 203.
300. Ibid.
chapter 26
1. Bernhard Kroener, ‘Der starke Mann im Heimatkriegsgebiet’—Generaloberst Frie-
drich Fromm. Eine Biographie (Paderborn, etc., 2005), speaks of a ‘monopoly of
force on the home front’ (p. 658).
2. In Januar y 1944 the members of the Solf Circle and Count James von Moltke
were arrested, in March 1944 Hartmut Plaas, and on 20 July 1944 the arrest of
Goerdeler and Beck was imminen t.
3. This is the thoroughly researched conclusion reached by Johannes Tuchel in
his paper ‘Heinrich Himmler und die Vorgeschichte des 20. Juli 1944’
(manuscript), which the author kindly placed at my disposal. All assertions
to the contrary in the literature are pure speculation; see e.g. Yehuda Bauer,
Freikauf von Juden? Verhandlungen zwischen dem nationalsozialistischen Deutschland
und ju
¨
dischen Repra
¨
sentanten von 1933 bis 1945 (Frankfurt a. M., 1996), 173 ff.
4. BAB, NS 19/4015.
5. ‘Die Rede Himmlers vor den Gauleitern am 3. August 1944’, documented in
Vierteljahrshefte fu
¨
r Zeitgeschichte, 1 (1953), 357–94, especially 375 f. Himmler
also ment ioned in his speech his conversation with Popitz of 26 August 1943.
He emphasized that he had suspected Popitz of being a member of the
conservative opposition and had therefore sought Hitler’s permission to
have the conversation.
6. On the conclusion of the attempted coup see Kroener, Fromm, 669 ff.; Peter
Hoffmann, Widerstand, Staatsstreich, Attentat. Der Kampf der Opposition gegen
Hitler, 3rd edn. (Munich, 1979 ), 627.
7. Ulrike Hett and Johannes Tuchel, ‘Die Reaktionen des NS-Staates auf den
Umsturzversuch vom 20.
Juli 1944’,
in Peter Stei nbach and Johannes Tuchel
(eds), Widerstand gegen den Nationalsozialismus (Bonn, 1994), 377–89,at378.
8. BAB, NS 19/1447.
9. Hett and Tuchel, ‘Reaktionen’, 379.
10. Ibid. 383 ff.
11. BAB, NS 6/3, Kaltenbrunner to Bormann.
12. BAB, R 58/1027.
13. BAB, NS 19/1447;Ju
¨
rgen Zarusky, ‘Von der Sondergerichtsbarkeit
zum Endphasenterror. Loyalita
¨
tserzwingung und Rache am Widerstand im
940 endnotes
Zusammenbruch des NS-Regimes’, in Cord Arendes (ed.) , Terror nach innen.
Verbrechen am Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges (Go
¨
ttingen, 2006), 103–21.
14. Winfried Meyer, ‘Aktion “Gewitter”. Menschenopfer fu
¨
r Macht und Mythos
der Gestapo’, Dachauer Hefte, 21 (2005), 3–20, and Hett and Tuche l, ‘Reaktio-
nen’, 382 f. The relevant orders issued by Mu
¨
ller are in BAB, R 58/775.
Because of a typing error the action was sometimes called ‘Aktion [Operation]
Gitter’.
15. Zarusky, ‘Sondergerichtsbarkeit’, 113.
16. BAB, NS 33/7, note of the meeting of 15 July 1943 . Two out of the three new
General commandos, including troops subordinate to them, were established
with the assistance of the army; see Andreas Kunz, Wehrmacht und Niederlage.
Die bewaffnete Macht in der Endphase der nationalsozialistischen Herrschaft 1944 bis
1945 (Munich, 2005), 123 f.
17. RGBl 1944 I, 161.
18. Second Edict Concerning the Exercise of Authority in an Area of Military
Operations within the Borders of the Reich of 20 September 1944, published
in ‘Fu
¨
hrer-Erlasse’, no. 363. This decreed that the authority of the armed forces
was confined to those areas directly involved in combat. The edict should be
seen in the context of the Second Edict Concerning Cooperation between the
Party and the Wehrmacht in an Area of Operations within the Borders of the
Reich issued on the same day (ibid., no. 362).On13 July Hitler had already
issued an edict increasing the responsibilities of the Gauleiters within an area
involved in military operations but only with regard to party matters (ibid., no.
337).
19. Kroener, Fromm, 714.
20.
BAB,
NS 19/3910, 26 July 1944.
21. BAB, NS 19/4015.
22. Ibid. speech in Grafenwo
¨
hr, 25 July 1944, and speech at the Bitche military
training area, 26 July 1944.
23. ‘Die Rede Himmlers vor den Gauleitern am 3. August 1944’, documented in
Vierteljahrshefte fu
¨
r Zeitgeschichte, 1 (1953), 357– 94, quotation p. 371.
24. BAB, NS 19/4043, 2 August 1944; see Kroener, Fromm, 712ff.; Kunz, Wehr-
macht, 109.
25. BAB, NS 19/3191, Pohl to Himmler, 17 August 1944, and reply of 19 August
1944.
26. Ibid. 13 October 1944; see Kunz, Wehrmacht, 126 f.
27. Kunz, Wehrmacht, 12
2 ff.
28.
BAB, NS 19/2409, Berger to Himmler, 1 August 1944.
29. Kunz, Wehrmacht, 12 5 f.
30. BAB, NS 19/4010, printed in Himmler, Geheimreden, 162 ff., quotation p. 164.
31. Matthias Schro
¨
der, Deutschbaltische SS-Fu
¨
hrer und Andrej Vlasov 1942–1945.
‘Russland kann nur von Russen besiegt werden’: Erhard Kroeger, Friedrich Buchardt
und die ‘Russische Befreiungsarmee’ (Paderborn, etc., 2001), 156. On the military
endnotes 941
role of the Vlasov Army see Joachim Hoffmann, Die Trago
¨
die der ‘Russischen
Befreiungsarmee’ 1944/45. Wlassow gegen Stalin (Munich, 2003).
32. Schro
¨
der, SS-Fu
¨
hrer, 192 ff.
33. Ibid. 198.
34. Ibid. 206 ff.
35. Norbert Haase, ‘Justizterror in der Wehrmacht am Ende des Zweiten Weltk-
rieges’, in Cord Arendes (ed.), Terror nach innen. Verbrechen am Ende des Zweiten
Weltkrieges (Go
¨
ttingen, 2006), 80–102.
36. Order of 5 September 1944, quoted in Haase, ‘Justizterror’, 81 (original in
Bundesarchiv-Zentralnachweisstelle).
37. See Klaus-Dietmar Henke, Die amerikanische Besetzung Deutschlands, 2nd edn.
(Munich, 1996), 812.
38. Neufeld, Rakete, 287 ff.; the directive is printed in facsimile (p. 289).
39. Ibid. 295.
40. See the statistics in Ho
¨
lsken, V-Waffen, 163.
41. BAB, NS 19/4015, Speech to the officer corps of a Grenadier division at the
Bitche military training ground on 26 July 1944, published in Himmler,
Geheimreden, 215 ff., quotation pp. 231 f.
42.
Chur
chill announced to the House of Commons that the number of those
killed as a result of the bombardment was 2,752 at the beginning of July 1944
(ibid. 232,n.44).
43. Tagebu
¨
cher Goebbels, 24 August 1944.
44. Kunz, Wehrmacht, 129.
45. Doc. D-762, published (together with Keitel’s edicts implementing it dated 18.
August) in IMT, vol. 35,pp.503 ff.).
46. Bohn, Reichskommissariat, 110 f.
47. Meershoek, ‘Machtentfaltung’, 401.
48. Hirschfeld, Fremdherrschaft, 38.
49. Thomsen, Besatzungspolitik, 206 ff.
50. Ibid. 193 and 210 f.
51. BAB, NS 19/4015.
52. Lipscher, Juden, 178 f.; Gila Fatran, ‘Die Deportation der Juden aus der
Slowakei 1944–1945’, Bohemia, 37 (1996), 99–119,at116 ff.
53.
Bra
ham, Politics, 890 ff.
54. PAA, Inland IIg 210, Budapest embassy to the Foreign Ministry, 19 August
1944, printed in ADAP, Series E, vol. 8, no. 167. On the August events see
Braham, Politics, 911 ff.
55. PAA, Inland IIg 210,Veesenmayer to the Foreign Ministry, 24 August 1944.
56. 56 PAA, Inland IIg 209,Veesenmayer to Ribbentrop, 25 August 1944, pub-
lished in Randolph L. Braham (ed.), The Destruction of Hungarian Jewry:
A Documentary Account, 2 vols. (New York, 1963), no. 214.
57. Braham, Politics, 916.
942 endnotes
58. Bauer’s view in Freikauf, 347, that Himmler’s halt order of 24 August 1944 was
linked to the start of negotiations between Kurt Becher and Saly Mayer in
Switzerland on 21 August, which were concerned with the possible liberation
of Jews in return for foreign currency or deliveries of goods, cannot be proved.
59. Braham, Politics, 947 ff.
60. At this point the decision to dismantle the extermination facilities at Auschwitz
had either already been or was about to be taken: Czech, Kalendarium, refers to
31 October 1944 (last murder with gas) and 25 November 1944 (the start of the
demolition of the crematoria).
61. Veesenmayer report to the Foreign Ministry, 18. October 1941, published in
ADAP, Series E, vol. 8, no. 275. Eichmann maintained this intention until at
least the middle of November (PAA, Inland IIg 209, Vees enmayer report of 13
November 1944).
62. Braham, Politics, 957 ff.
63. Ibid. 976 ff.
64. Alexandra-Eileen Wenck, Zwischen Menschenhandel und ‘Endlo
¨
sung’. Das Kon-
zentrationslager Bergen-Belsen (Paderborn, etc., 2000), 78 ff.
65. Dienstkalender,10 December 1942, 637 ff. Himmler’s entry read: ‘4. special
camp for Jews with relatives in America. 5. Resettlement of the Jews—release
in return for foreign currency—not in favour—more impor tant as hostages.’
To the phrase ‘release in return for foreign currency’ Himmler, plainly as a
result of the discussion, later added the words ‘from abroad’. In a note made the
same day Himmler recorded that Hitler had given him permission for the
‘release of Jews in return for foreign currency’ if they ‘bring in notable [sic:
namhaften] amounts of foreign currency from abroad’, quoted ibid. 639. On the
building of the special camp: BAB, NS 19/2159, RFSS
to Mu
¨
ller
, Decem ber
1942.
66. Wenck, Menschenhandel, 102 ff.
67. Bauer, Freikauf, 149 ff.
68. Wenck, Menschenhandel, 289 ff.; Bauer, Freikauf, 231 ff.; Braham, Politics,
1069 ff.
69. Wenck, Menschenhandel, 294; Braham, Politics, 733 ff. and 1088 ff.; Bauer,
Freikauf, 309 ff.
70. Bauer, Freikauf, 353 f.
71. This is what he said to Bernadotte (PRO, Prem 3/197/6, Ambassador Mallet to
the Foreign Office concerning Bernadotte’s confidential report, 13 April 1945)
and to his Jewish interlocutor, Masur (see note 144). Before the meeting with
Masur Schellenberg had advised him that it would be a good idea ‘if he made it
clear that he was disobeying Hitler and acting directly contrary to his wishes
and those of his camarilla, but that was what he finally had to take it upon
himself to do in recompense for his personal behaviour’ (Ifz, Ed 90/7, Schel-
lenberg-Manuscript, 51).
72. Orth, System, 272 f.
endnotes 943
73. On the clearing of the concentration camps and the death marches see ibid. 270
ff.; Daniel Blatman, ‘Die Todesma
¨
rsche—Entscheidungstra
¨
ger, Mo
¨
rder und
Opfer’, in Ulrich Herbert (ed.), Die nationalsozialistischen Konzentrationslager.
Entwicklung und Struktur, vol . 2 (Go
¨
ttingen, 1998), 1063–92; Yehuda Bauer,
‘The Death Marches, January–May 1945’, in Michael R. Marrus (ed.), The
Nazi Holocaust: Historical Articles on the Destruction of Eur opean Jews, vol. 9: The
End of the Holocaust (Westport, etc., 1989), 491–511.
74. Angrick and Klein, ‘Endlo
¨
sung’, 419 ff.; Christoph Dieckmann, ‘Da s Ghetto
und das Konzentrationslager in Kaunas 1941–1944’, in Ulrich Herbert (ed.),
Die nationalsozialistischen Konzentrationslager. Entwicklung und Struktur , vol. 1
(Go
¨
ttingen, 1998), 439–71,at458; Streim, ‘Konzentrationslager’, 184.
75. Angrick and Klein, ‘Endlo
¨
sung’, 436 ff.
76. Orth, System, 282 ff.; Angrick and Klein, ‘Endlo
¨
sung’, 442 ff.
77. Orth, System, 271 ff.
78. Ibid. 276 ff.; Andrzej Strzelecki, ‘Der Todesmarsch der Ha
¨
ftl
inge
aus dem KL
Auschwitz’, in Ulrich Herbert (ed.), Die na tionalsozialistischen Konzentrationsla-
ger. Entwicklung und Struktur, vol. 2 (Go
¨
ttingen, 1998), 1093–1112.
79. Tagebu
¨
cher Goebbels, 2, 3, and 4 September 1944.
80. BAB, NS 19/4015, 21 September 1944.
81. The Countryside Guard (Landwacht) was created by a RFSS edict of 17
January 1942, the Town Guard (Stadtwacht) by a RFSS edict of 9 November
1942 (BAB, NS 6/338, Party Chancellery circular of 9 December 1942, no.
192/42). See Rudolf Absolon, Die Wehrmacht im Dritten Reich, vol. 6: 19.
Dezember 1941 bis 9. Mai 1945 (Boppard a. Rh., 1995), 72 f., and Klaus
Mammach, Der Volkssturm. Das letzte Aufgebot 1944/45 (Cologne, 1981), 31.
82. Mammach, Volksst
urm, 32.
83.
Published in ibid. 168 ff. The edict was dated 25 September 1944.
84. BAB, NS 19/4015, speech of 21 September 1944.
85. BAB, NS 19/4016.
86. Mammach, Volkssturm, 54.
87. See ibid. 56 f.; see also Franz W. Seidler, ‘Deutscher Volkssturm’. Das letzte
Aufgebot 1944/45 (Muni ch and Berlin, 1989), 56 ff.
88. Published in Mammach, Volkssturm, 60 f.
89. Ibid. 57 f.
90. Henke, Besetzung, 128 ff.; Mammach, Volkssturm, 134.
91. Mammach, Volkssturm, 62 ff.
92. Ibid. 63.
93. Ibid. 70 f. and 108 f.
94. Ibid. 72 f.
95. Ibid. 110 ff.
96. Henke, Besetzung, 131; Mammach, Volkssturm, 34 f.
97.
BAB,
NS 19/4016.
944 endnotes
98. The older assessme nt is, for example, given in Henke, Besetzu ng, 943 ff. For a
revision of this picture see in particular Perry Biddiscombe, Werwolf! The
History of the National Socialist Guerrilla Movement, 1944–1946 (Toronto, 1998);
see also Cord Arendes, ‘Schrecken aus dem Untergrund. Endphaseverbre-
chen des “Werwolf ”’, in id. (ed.), Terror nach innen. Verbrechen am Ende des
Zweiten Weltkrieges (Go
¨
ttingen, 2006), 149–71.
99. Aachen State Court, judgment of 22 October 1949, published in Justiz und
NS-Verbrechen, vol. 5 (Amsterdam, 1970), no. 173.
100. Rainer Mennel, Die Schlussphase des Zweiten Weltkrieges im Westen (1944/45).
Eine Studie zur politischen Geographie (Osnabru
¨
ck, 1981), 317 ff.
101. Karl Volk, ‘“Gell, seller B’suech!” Heinrich Himmler in Triberg’, in Die
Ortenau (1997), 509–38 ; see also BAB, NS 19/1793, lists of appointments.
102.BAB,NS19/1793, lists of appointments.
103. Tagebu
¨
cher Goebbels, 20 January 1945.
104. Ibid. 22 January 1945.
105. Ibid. 23 January 1945.
106.B
A
M,N265/127, notes of Colonel in the General Staff Eismann: as opera-
tions officer [Ia] of the Army Group ‘Vistula’, Historical Division, US Army.
I am grateful to Andreas Kunz for alerting me to the existence of this
document.
107.BAB,NS19/4015, Grafenwo
¨
hr speech, 25 July 1944.
108. Kunz, Wehrmacht, 281, quoted telex Himmler to Fegelein, 30 January 1945.
109. Mammach, Volksst urm, 81.
110. Tagebu
¨
cher Goebbels, 8 February 1942.
111.BAM,N265/127, notes of Colon el in the General Staff Eismann.
112. Kunz, Wehrmacht, 236 ff.
113. Hans-Dieter Schmid, ‘Die Geheime Staatspolizei in der Endphase des
Krieges’, Geschichte in Wissenschaft und Unterricht, 51/9 (2000), 528– 39.
114. Kershaw, Hitler, vol. 2: 1936–1945 (Stuttgart, 2000), 948 f.; Tagebu
¨
cher Goebbels,
20, 21, and 23 September (the text of the memorandum also bears this date).
115. Hansjakob Stehle, ‘Deutsche Friedensfu
¨
hler bei den Westma
¨
chten
im
Feb-
ruar/Ma
¨
rz 1945’, Vierteljahrshefte fu
¨
r Zeitgeschichte, 30 (1982), 538–55, here
538, based on Pierre Blet et al. (eds), Actes et documents du Saint Sie
`
ge relatifs a
`
la
Seconde Guerre mondiale, vol. 11 (Vatican City, 1981), no. 371.
116.BAB,NS19/1447.
117.PRO, HW 1/3196.
118. PAA, Inland IIg 6a, Kaltenbrunner to Wagner (AA), 9 May 1944. Kalten-
brunner provided Wagner with a copy of the letter, which had been written
about three months before, so that ‘if necessary it could be used for foreign
policy purposes’.
119. It could refe r to a telegram that was not sent to Churchill which the British
bugging system may have picked up, in which case it is not clear why
Churchill destroyed it.
endnotes 945
120. Tagebu
¨
cher Goebbels, 23, 26, and 28 January, 1, 12, and 13 February, 5, 12, and
22 March 1945.
121. Ibid. 5 March 1945.
122. Ibid. 8 March 1945.
123. Ibid. 12 March 1945.
124. Ibid. 15 and 16 March 1945.
125. Ibid. 14 March 1945.
126. Ibid. 15 April 1945.
127. Ibid. 16 March 1945.
128. Ibid. 22 March 1945.
129. BAM, N 265/127, notes of Colonel in the General Staff Eismann.
130. On the so-called armband order see Tagebu
¨
cher Goebbels, 28 March 1945;
Messenger, Gladiator, 168.
131. The original version of the Kersten–Himmler agreement no longer exists; it
has only been recorded by Kersten (Kersten, Totenkopf, 343).
Allegedly a
docume
nt was signed on 12 March 1945. However, unlike other documents
from his correspondence with Himmler, this one was not publish ed as a
facsimile. There is only (on pp. 353 f.) a facsimile of a letter from Kersten to
Himmler of 20 March 1945 in which he lists the points in the agreement.
132. As he did to Bernadotte (transmitted by the head of the Secret Service, Walter
Schellenberg), see Folke Bernadotte, Das Ende. Meine Verhandlungen in
Deutschland im Fru
¨
hjahr 1945 und ihre politischen Folgen (Zu
¨
rich and New
York, 1945), 71, as well as to the former Swiss president, Musy (IfZ, ED
90/7, Schellenberg Manuscript, 30). Schellenberg’s statements are among the
most important sources for this last phase. Schellenberg, who at the end
became heavily involved in trying to rescue Scandinavian and other prisoners,
initially remained in Sweden after the German capitula tion and while there
wrote a report on the events of the previous months. During this period he
was in contact with Bernadotte; see the ‘Final Report’ on Schellenberg
composed by the British Secret service in 1945, published in Reinhard
R. Doerries, Hitler’s Last Chief of Foreign Intelligence: Allied Interrogations of
Walter Schellenberg (London, etc., 2003), 200 f. During his interrogations by
the British Secret Service in London in 1945, after his stay in Sweden,
Schellenberg based his recollections substantially on his original manuscript
and appeared so plausible that the British ‘Final Report’ was largely shaped by
his. While in prison—he was sentenced to six years imprisonment and was
freed in 1951—he wrote his memoirs, which were published in English
translation. The final chapter of these memoirs is in parts identical with the
report he composed in 1945. In general, therefore, Schellenberg’s statement s
are consistent. However, inevitably the question must be asked whether, in
particular, he exaggerated his allegedly increasing attempts towards the end of
the war to persuade Himmler to try to bring the war to an end, in order to
provide himself with a strong defensive position for the future.
946 endnotes
133. IfZ, NO 1210,Ho
¨
ss statement, 14 March 1946; Orth, System, 303.
134. As reported by the British embassy to the Foreign Office, despatch of 27
March 1945 (PRO, FO 188/526).
135. Bernadotte, Ende, 32 ff.; ‘Final Report’, published in Do
¨
rries, Chief, 167 ff.;
IfZ, ED 90/7, Schellenberg Manuscript, 17 f. and 22 f.
136. Bauer, Freikauf, 380 ff.; on the problem posed by the variety of figures given
in the literature for Jews who were rescued see Steven Koblik, The Stones Cry
Out: Sweden’s Response to the Persecution of the Jews 1933–1945 (New York,
1988), 138 f.
137. Bernadotte, Ende, 33.
138.PRO, FO 188/526, Ambassador in Stockholm to the Foreign Office, 27
March 1945, with the letter enclosed. The letter is reproduced in facsimile
in Kersten, Totenkopf, 358 .
139.PRO, FO 954/23B, note for the Prime Minister, 14 April 1945.O
nthe
mee
ting see also Bernadotte, Ende, 66ff.; IfZ, ED 90/7, Schellenberg Manu-
script, 35b.
140.PRO, Prem 3/197/6, Mallet to Foreign Office, 13 April 1945.
141. Bernadotte, Ende, 69 ff.; IfZ, ED 90/7, Schellenberg Manuscript, 56.
142. Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk, Memoiren (Stuttgart, 1977), 239; ‘Final
Report’, published in Doerries, Chief, 176.
143. Wenck, Menschenhandel, 374 ff.; on the assessment of the number of victims
see Eberhard Kolb, Bergen-Belsen. Geschichte des ‘Aufenthaltslagers’ 1943–1945
(Hanover, 1962), 308 ff.; from the extensive British literature on the liberation
of Bergen-Belsen see Joanne Reilly, Belsen: The Liberation of a Concentration
Camp (London and New York, 1998).
144.PRO, FO 188/526 , Masur report. Masur published a longer version of the
report, from which various details were taken, in Sweden in 1945 under the
title: En jude talar med Himmler. A German manuscript version can be found in
USHMM, A-000786, also in the translation by Hauke Siemen back into
German as ‘Ein Jude spricht mit Hitler’, in Niklas Gu
¨
nther and So
¨
nke Zankel
(eds), Abrahams Enkel. Juden, Christen, Muslime und die Schoa (Stuttg
art, 20
06),
133–44. On the conversation see also IfZ, ED 90/7, 48 f.; ‘Final Report’,
published in Doerries, Chief, 176 ff.; Kersten, Totenkopf, 371 ff.
145. Bernadotte, Ende, 76 f; IfZ, ED 90/7, Schellenberg Manuscript, 53 ff.; ‘Final
Report’ published in Doerries, Chief, 179.
146.PRO,WO 208/4474, Report on Grothmann’s interrogation, 13 June 1945.
147.PRO, FO 954/32, telegram from Churchill to Stalin, 25 April 1945, which
reproduces the report of the British head of mission in Stockholm.
148. IfZ, ED 90/7, Schel lenberg Manuscript, 63 ff.; ‘Final Report’, published in
Doerries, Chief, 184 ff.; Bernadotte, Ende, 78 ff.
149. Karl Do
¨
nitz, Zehn Jahre und zwanzig Tage (Bonn, 1958), 431.
150. IfZ, ED 90/7,
Schellenberg Manuscript, 73 ff.
endnotes 947
151. Charles de Gaulle, Memoiren 1942–46. Die Einheit, das Heil (Du
¨
sseldorf, 1961),
456 f.
152. Hitler’s political testament published in Kriegstagebuch des Oberkommandos der
Wehrmacht, vol. 4: 1. Januar 1944–22. Mai 1945 (Frankfurt a. M., 1961), 1666 f.,
quotation 1667.
153. See the reflections of Reimer Hansen, Das Ende des Dritten Reiches. Die deutsche
Kapitulation 1945 (Stuttgart, 1966), 50 f.
154. Wenck, Menschenhandel, 374 ff.
155. On the liberations of the camps see the overview in Orth, System, 305 ff.
156. Ibid. 335.
157. Diary, USHMM, A rchiv, Acc. 1999.A.0092, 16 January 1945.
158. Ibid. 2 February 1945.
159. Ibid. 21 February 1945 .
160.PRO,W0 204/12603; the exact location, as is clear from this file, was the ’R’
Internee Cam p, 334 PWE. See also the report of Major Wedekind, CSDIC
Sub-Centre, 15th
Army
Group, 22 May 1945, in the same file. It is clear from
an interview with Margarete Himmler, published on 13 July 19 45 in Giornale
del Mattino, that at this point she was living in a villa outside Rome. In
September mother and daughter were flown back to Germany.
161. BAK, NL 1126/37, letter of 30 December 1944 and of 5, 11, and 12 January
1945.
162.PRO, HW 1/3741, Himmler to Kaltenbrunner, 30 April 1945.
163. Marlis G. Steinert, Die 23 Tage der Regierung Do
¨
nitz (Du
¨
sseldorf, 1967), 77; the
information about this meeting is based on statements by Do
¨
nitz in Zehn
Jahre, 432 f. On the visit see also ‘Final Report’, published in Doerries, Chief,
192.
164. Steinert, 23 Tage, 141;Do
¨
nitz, Zehn Jahre, 435 ff.
165. Steinert, 23 Tage, 143;Do
¨
nitz, Zehn Jahre, 461;
in connection with this,
Do
¨
nitz
’s adjutant quotes from a further note by the Grand Admiral: Walter
Lu
¨
dde-Neurath, Regierung Do
¨
nitz. Die letzten Tage des Dritten Reiches, 3rd
extended edn. (Go
¨
ttingen, 1964), 89 f.
166.Lu
¨
dde-Neurath, Regierung Do
¨
nitz, 90 f. (among other things, about the plans
to hide), Schwerin von Krosigk, Memoiren, 90 f.
167. Bernadotte, Ende, 76 f. and 80.
168. IfZ, ED 90/7, Schellenberg Manuscript, 68 and 78.
169.PRO, WO 208/4474, Report on Grothmann’s interrogation, 13 June 1945.
948 endnotes
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NS 6 Partei-Kanzlei der NSDAP
NS 7 SS- und Polizeigerichtsbarkeit
NS 10 Adjutantur des Fu
¨
hrers
NS 15 Der Beauftragte fu
¨
r die gesamte weltanschauliche Erziehung der NSDAP
NS 18 Reichspropagandaleitung
NS 19 Perso
¨
nlicher Stab Reichsfu
¨
hrer-SS
NS 21 Ahnenerbe
NS 23 SA
NS 31 SS-Hauptamt
NS 33 SS-Fu
¨
hrungshauptamt
NS 47 Allgemeine SS
R 2 Reichsfinanzministerium
R 3 Reichsministerium fu
¨
r Ru
¨
stung und Kriegsproduktion
R 6 Reichsministerium fu
¨
r die besetzten Ostgebiete
R 8 Reichsstellen fu
¨
r die gewerbliche Wirtschaft
R 18 Reichsinnenministerium
R 19 Ordnungspolizei
R 20 Einheiten der Ordnungspolizei
R 22 Reichsjustizministerium
R 43 II Reichskanzlei
R 49 Reichsko
mmissa
r fu
¨
r die Festigung Deutschen Volkstums