Krishnamurti Bhadriraju. The Dravidian Languages

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Gener

al index

541

Nannaya, 473

Natarajan, G. V., 25, 55, 400, 416

negation, 348; in ﬁnite and non-ﬁnite verbs,

348–54; by verbs

∗

al- and

∗

cil-, 354–7

neologisms, 479–83

New Indo-Aryan, 40–1, 230

Nilgiri languages (Toda, Iru

la, Ko

dagu,

rumba),111;

centralized vowels in,

108–13

nominal derivation, 213; gender-number

marking in, 213–15

non-ﬁnite verbs, 330; non-past-stem based,

338–41, the inﬁnitive, 341–8; past-stem

based: conditional and concessive, 335–8;

past/perfective participle, 330–3; relative

participle, 333–5

non-past-tense markers, 301,

∗

-(m)p-

[-w-]∼-(m)pp-,

∗

-(n)k-∼ -(n)kk-, 301–4;

∗

-tV-, 304–5;

∗

-um, 305–7

North Dravidian, 4, 7, 20, 25–6, 52, 58, 74, 93,

96, 98–9, 102, 104, 118, 125–6, 129, 131,

133, 136, 139, 141–3, 148–51, 155, 159,

163, 168, 172–7, 187, 191, 193, 195, 206,

209–13, 215–16, 221, 224–5, 228–9, 232,

235, 243, 246, 248, 255–6, 258, 263, 269,

276, 280, 282–3, 285, 289, 291–4, 296–300,

304–5, 307, 309–10, 312, 319, 328, 333,

335, 337, 341, 345, 347–8, 353–4, 356, 360,

369–70, 372, 386, 393, 395, 404, 407, 411,

414, 416, 419, 490, 492–3, 497, 499, 501,

502; spirantization of the velar in,

129–30

Nostratic, 3, 45, 46

oblique stem, 318; (structure and function of ),

318–27; may function as an adjective, 233

Ohno, S., 45

Old and Middle Telugu, 158

Old Indic, 414

Old Indo-Aryan, 37; loanwords from

Dravidian into, 37

Old Persian, 5

Old Tamil, 92–3, 99, 104, 130, 139, 155,

187–8, 192–3, 219, 227, 240, 254, 257, 260,

268, 270, 284, 291, 295, 297, 300–2, 306–7,

309, 313, 315, 320, 331, 334–5, 337, 342,

346, 349, 354–5, 357–8, 361, 367, 369–70,

375, 385, 389, 396, 407, 431

Old Telugu, 79, 198, 222, 229, 234–5, 241–2,

285, 305–6, 320, 337, 339, 343, 356, 358,

362, 398, 408, 436–7, 443, 449, 488

Ollari, 19–20, 26, 32, 57, 73, 117, 133, 135,

151, 164, 175, 189, 209, 215, 221, 224, 229,

232, 235, 237, 238, 243, 255, 258, 260, 263,

275, 285, 294–5, 297, 301, 304–5, 310–11,

327, 333, 335, 337–8, 340, 345, 347, 352,

360, 386, 403, 407, 411, 416, 489, 492,

498–9, 501

Ollari–Gadaba, 263, 295, 301, 333

Onti (a dialect of Koraga), 300, 318

Or¯a¯on (= Ku

rux), 26

Oriya, 40, 56, 87, 402

Ormuri, 39

Pai´s¯ac¯ı, 2

Pali, 470, 472, 474, 475

Pali and Prakrits, 472

P¯alu Ku

rumba, 105

Pampa, 473

Panikkar, G. K., 259

Panjabi, 175

Parachi, 39

Para-Munda, 38

Parji, 4, 19–20, 24, 26, 32–3, 57, 73, 99, 117,

133, 142, 149, 156, 162, 164, 166, 168–9,

175–6, 189, 193, 198, 209, 215–16, 221,

224, 229–30, 232, 235–6, 238–9, 243, 248,

255, 258, 260, 263, 280–1, 283, 285, 288,

294–7, 301, 304–6, 311, 326–8, 333, 335,

337–8, 340, 345, 347, 352–3, 360, 364,

369–70, 386, 403, 407, 411, 416, 489–90,

492, 498–9, 501

Parji–Ollari–Gadaba, 117, 295, 498, 501

Parpola, Asko, 47

Pashto, 39, 412

past-tense markers, 291;

∗

-t-/-tt-,

∗

-nt- (v.i.) ∼

-ntt- (v.t.),

∗

-i-∼-in-, -cc-, -kk-, 291–301

Pedersen, H., 45

Pengo, 19, 26, 32–3, 52, 55–6, 71, 95, 105–6,

108, 123, 127, 133, 135, 146, 148, 151, 153,

155, 158, 160, 163, 167, 169, 173–5, 177,

185, 187, 195, 208–12, 215, 220–1, 223,

226, 229, 232, 234–7, 239, 242, 249–51,

255, 257, 260–2, 281, 283, 289, 293, 296,

297, 304, 307, 309–11, 323–4, 332, 336–8,

340, 344, 346–7, 352, 359–60, 364, 366–9,

372–3, 384–5, 391, 394, 402, 410, 416–7,

419, 489, 492, 497, 502

Perialwar, R., 24, 50, 111, 116, 219, 227, 231,

233, 309, 378

Perso-Arabic, 478

Pfeiffer, M., 130

542 Gener

al index

Pilot-Raichoor, C., 121

Pliny, 6

Portuguese, 472, 478–9

Possehl, G., 47

postpositions, 240–3

postpostional phrase (PP), 432; in accusative,

432–3; in instrumental, 433–4; in dative,

434–6; in ablative, 436–7; in locative,

437–8

Prakrit(s), 2, 23, 37, 78, 82, 122, 173, 470–2,

475–6, 501

Pre-Dravidian, 261, 288, 353

Pre-Gondi, 251

Pre-Kota, 114

Pre-Parji, 33, 117, 296; low vowel fronting and

raising in, 117

Pre-Pengo, 368

Pre-Tamil (= Proto-Tamil–Malay¯a

lam–

dagu–Iru

la–Toda–Kota), 290

Pre-Tamil, 105, 112–13, 128, 139–40, 172,

194, 230, 290, 294, 297, 299, 302, 338, 350,

358, 378, 495, 501, 502

Pre-Telugu, 175, 285, 311, 495, 501

Pre-Toda, 99, 108–9, 111, 151

Proto-Dravidian culture, 6–16, 470, 489;

abstract concepts, 13–14, climate and water

sources, 13; ﬂora and fauna, 12–13; material

culture and economy, 8–10; miscellaneous,

14–15; political organization, 7–8; religion,

11; social organization, 10–11

Proto-Dravidian, 5, 7, 20, 27–8, 31, 33–5, 38,

41, 45–6, 48–9, 53, 57, 90–104, 106,

117–20, 122–3, 125–6, 128, 130–5, 137–45,

148–57, 163–8, 171, 173, 176, 179–97, 200,

206–8, 210–16, 218, 225–7, 230, 233, 235,

237–40, 243–6, 248, 252–4, 256, 258–9,

261–2, 265, 269, 277–84, 288, 290–6,

304–6, 309, 310, 312, 320–1, 323, 326–7,

330–1, 333, 335, 337–8, 340–1, 344–5, 348,

353–4, 357–8, 361, 365, 369–70, 373, 380,

384, 386, 389–90, 395–8, 401, 403, 407,

412–13, 416, 418, 420, 422, 441, 447, 451,

459, 466, 469–70, 483–6, 488–9, 492–3,

499, 501–2; a tentative date of, 501;

adjectives reconstructible for, 389; alveolar

and retroﬂex consonants do not begin a

word in, 151; an alternation between

∗

-c and

∗

z in, 148; basic adjectives in, 390;

canonical shapes of root morphs in, 180;

causative sufﬁx is

∗

-pi-, 283; certain

masculine nouns end in

∗

-n

tu in nominative

singular in, 219; correlative relative clause

is reconstructible for, 447; expressives in,

486; expressives with initial voiced stops in,

131; feature matrix to deﬁne the

consonantal phonemes of, 91; four clitics

can be reconstructed for, 413–19; had

∗

-t as

aorist (present–future/non-past),

305, 326;

had a laryngeal

∗

H which patterned with

semivowels, 154; had lenis obstruents in

intervocalic position, 144; had only

voiceless stops to start with, 133; has

neutralization of

∗

¯a and

∗

¯e after

∗

y-, 143; has

three main branches, 492; laryngeal

∗

154–7, 292; laryngeal is responsible for

lengthening the vowel in

∗

u- ‘three’, 262;

late stages of, 290; many of the native words

used as postpositions can be reconstructed

for, 243; morphophonemics, 93–5, syllable

contraction in, 96; NP/NPP in, 171–3;

probable date of, 489; quantitative variation

in, 97–8; reconstruction of gender–number

sufﬁxes in, 215–17; reconstruction of

causative stems in, 284; reconstruction of

the category of gender for, 205; root is

monosyllabic, 90; roots and stems, 92;

roots: phonological changes in, 197–9;

structured semantic ﬁelds in, 483; study of

‘voicing index’ in, 132–7; suprasegmental

features in, 58–60; syllable contraction in,

96; syllables are heavy (H) and light (L), 95;

the antiquity of, 499; the contraction rule

originated in, 96; the phonemes of, 90–1;

the probability of Indus civilization being,

501; the quotative complementizer is

reconstructible for, 451; the total number of

reconstructible roots for, 180; voicing was

not phonemic in, 93; with main branches

(alternative 1), 493; with main branches

(alternative 2), 493

Proto-Elamo-Dravidian, 44

Proto-Indo-Iranian, 470

Proto-North Dravidian, 420

Proto-South Dravidian, 20, 99, 101, 103–4,

107, 110, 115, 122, 139, 141, 144, 146–9,

157, 159, 173, 175, 182, 194, 245, 248, 260,

265, 269, 295, 309, 338, 349, 351, 354, 356,

358, 362, 373, 379–80, 385, 401, 415–16,

459, 466, 469–70, 487, 492, 499;

∗

merged with

∗

o in, 157; inﬂected

∗

cil as

Gener

al index

543

an auxiliary is an innovation in, 356; the

negative morpheme is

∗

aH for, 349

Proto-South Dravidian I, 374, 470

Proto-South-Central Dravidian, 193

Proto-Tamil, 101

Proto-Toda–Kota, 490

Proto-Uralian, 43

Proto-Uralic, 46

Ptolemy, 6

Rajam, V. S., 93, 213, 254, 260, 308, 313, 370,

375, 389, 395, 408

R¯ajmah¯al¯ı(= Malto), 27

Rama Rao, C., 452

Ramachandra Rao, B., 141, 187, 190, 214,

228, 231, 244, 268, 284–5, 306, 370, 379,

397, 408, 413, 418

Ramachandra, T., 79

Ramaiah, L. S., 502

Ramaswami Aiyar, L. V., 31,115, 300, 302,

309, 331, 489

Ranganathacharyulu, K. K., 409

Rao, G. U., 16, 33, 35, 54–7, 61, 69, 220, 223,

270, 282, 285, 308, 321–2

Rask, Rasmus, 5

reﬂexivity and reciprocality, 463–6

roots and stems, structure of, 378

Rgvedic Sanskrit, 486, 488

Russian, 6, 15, 38, 47

Sabir, A. R., 260

Sambasiva Rao, G., 97

Sanglechi–Ishkashmi, 39

Sanscrit (= Sanskrit), 17

Sanskrit, 1, 6, 15, 17, 22–3, 30–2, 37, 41–2,

48, 53–5, 82, 87, 122–3, 157, 173, 235, 242,

266–7, 389, 414–15, 439, 455, 458, 464,

470–3, 475–6, 480, 482, 491, 501

Sapir, E., 117

Schiffman, H. F., 35, 49, 219, 240, 314, 375

Schultze, F. V. P., 25

Scythian, 5, 17, 43

Sekhar, A. C., 245

semantic ﬁelds, structured, 483

Semito-Hamitic/Afro-Asiatic, 45

sentence(s), 420; clitics can be attached to

autonomous constituents of a, 412;

complex, 440–55; compound, 455–9; minor,

457–9; simple, 388–440; unmarked order of

constituents in a, 420

serial verbs, 365–9, reconstructible for

Proto-Dravidian as structural templates, 365

Sethumadhava Rao, 26

Shalev, M., Ladefoged, P. and Bhaskararao, P.,

50, 53, 66

Shanmugam, S. V., 34, 138, 140, 142–3, 210,

213, 215, 219, 225, 227, 229–30, 233–5,

237–8, 240, 270

shared innovation(s), 93, 99, 105–6, 117, 143,

145, 148, 155, 163, 170, 174–7, 179, 202,

211, 216–18, 220, 230, 249, 289, 291, 310,

471, 494, 497, 499, 501–2; in Central

Dravidian, 174–5; in North Dravidian,

175–6; in South Dravidian, 174

Shevoroshkin, V. V. and Makey, T. L., 45

Sh¯olega (= a dialect of Ku

rumba), 34, 54,

121

Sindhi, 141, 142, 175

Sinhalese, 4

Sjoberg, A. F., 4, 39, 40

South Dravidian, 470; Indo-Aryan loanwords

in, 470–8

South Dravidian I, 7, 19–20, 34, 49, 62, 93–4,

96, 98–9, 101–2, 105, 108, 113, 117–19,

122–3, 125–6, 129, 134–6, 139–42, 144,

146–53, 156–7, 159, 163–4, 166–8, 173,

174–7, 181, 193, 206–7, 209, 211–12, 214,

216–18, 221, 224–5, 227–8, 230, 232–3,

235, 239–40, 245, 248–50, 253–4, 256–7,

259–60, 264–6, 269–70, 279–86, 288–96,

298–304, 306–9, 311–13, 318–19, 321, 331,

334–6, 338, 342, 344, 346–8, 351, 354–5,

357–8, 361–2, 367, 370, 374, 379, 380, 382,

385–6, 395, 404, 407–8, 414–16, 418, 420,

442, 450, 459, 463, 468, 470, 472, 489–95,

497–9, 501, 502

South Dravidian II, 7, 19–20, 34, 49, 55, 68,

93–6, 98–9, 101–2, 105–7, 117, 118, 122–3,

125–6, 131, 135, 140–1, 143–4, 146–8,

150–3, 155, 157, 159, 163, 166–8, 172–5,

177, 181, 206–12, 216–17, 220–2, 224–6,

228–9, 231–7, 241, 243, 246, 248, 250–1,

254, 256–62, 265–6, 268–9, 274, 393, 395,

398, 400–1, 407, 409, 414, 416, 418–19,

427, 459, 465, 468, 471, 492–5, 497, 499,

501–2

South-Central Dravidian (= South

Dravidian II), 19, 33–4, 52, 68, 95, 99, 105,

106–8, 157–8 ,173, 177, 186–7, 190, 207,

211–12, 285, 352–4

544 Gener

al index

Southern Havyaka (a dialect of Kanna

da), 208,

217

Southern Oriya, 38

Southworth, F. C., 15, 20, 37, 40, 470, 492

Spoken Telugu, 222

Sreekanthaiya, T. N., 106

Sri Lanka Tamil (dialects), 149

Sridhar, S. N., 228, 272, 317, 379, 397, 409,

414–15, 418, 420, 426, 430, 432, 446–7,

456, 467

Srinivasan, R., 375

Steever, S. B., 34–5, 49, 53–4, 59, 61, 62, 94,

272, 312, 350, 355, 365–70, 385, 390, 396,

420, 430, 447–8

stem formatives, 188; incorporation of

tense–voice sufﬁxes as, 188–91; in nouns,

196–7

stem(s), 191; incorporating past

∗

-nt- in the,

191–2; intransitive, transitive and causative,

279–91

Subbaiya, K. V., 31, 245

Subbarao, K. V. and Lalitha Murthy, B., 468

Subbiah, G., 379

subgrouping, 489ff.; adopted in this book,

492–501; earlier attempts at, 489–90;

supported by morphological features of

nominals, 495; supported by morphological

features of verbs, 496; supported by

morpho-syntactic features of adjectives,

adverbs, clitics and syntax, 496–7;

supported by phonological features, 494;

Subrahmanya Sastri, P. S., 144, 154

Subrahmanyam, P. S., 25, 34, 56–7, 91, 97,

101, 103–4, 108–11, 120, 122, 127, 130,

138–9, 146, 148, 150, 152, 157, 164, 166–8,

183, 191–2, 198, 210, 213, 270, 285, 300,

306–7, 329, 333, 336, 339, 342, 346, 351,

353, 419, 421

Subramanian, P. R., 35

Subramoniam, V. I., 167, 185

Sukumara Pillai, K., 473, 480

Sumerian, 43

surds and sonants, 144; law of convertibility

of, 144

Suvarchala, B., 35, 139, 175, 238, 239, 305,

308, 326

Tamil, 1–2, 5–6, 9, 16–20, 22–3, 31, 33–5, 40,

45, 48–55, 59, 62, 82, 85–7, 92–4, 97, 99,

101–2, 104–6, 109, 112–16, 122–3, 128–30,

133–6, 138–40, 142–4, 146–7, 149–50, 152,

154–6, 159, 163–4, 166–9, 171–7, 180,

182–5, 187–90, 192–4, 197–8, 205, 207–9,

211–15, 218–19, 221–2, 224–7, 230, 233,

235–8, 240, 242, 246, 248–9, 251–4,

257–61, 264, 266, 268–71, 280, 283–4, 286,

288–90, 292, 294–9, 301–2, 304, 306–9,

313–15, 330–1, 333, 335, 338–9, 342, 346,

348–50, 355, 357–8, 361–2, 364, 367,

370–1, 375, 377, 379, 388–9, 396, 406–8,

413–16, 418, 426–7, 430–5, 438–40, 442–3,

446, 449, 454–6, 458–60, 463–4, 468,

470–3, 475–6, 477–8, 480–2, 486–8, 490–2,

495, 501–2

Tamil–Br¯ahm¯ı, 22, 82, 472

Tamil–Ko

dagu subgroup, 192

Tamil–Malay¯a

lam, 125, 192, 225, 237, 253,

490, 492, 502; palatalization of velars in,

128–9

Tamil–Malay¯a

lam–Ko

dagu–Iru

la–Toda–Kota,

34, 280

Tamil–Malay¯a

lam scripts, 78, 84–7

Tamul (= Tamil), 22

Tappu (a dialect of Tu

lu), 300, 318

Telugu, 1, 7–11, 13–14, 16–20, 22–4, 26, 31,

33–5, 38, 45, 48, 52, 55, 59–61, 68, 78–83,

85, 87, 96, 98, 101, 106–8, 119, 122–3,

125–30, 132–4, 139, 141–2, 144–5, 147,

150, 152–5, 157–60, 162–4, 166–7, 169,

171–2, 174–5, 182–3, 187–9, 193–5, 197–8,

200, 203, 205–7, 209–14, 217–18, 220–7,

229, 231, 234–7, 239, 241–3, 245–6,

249–51, 253–4, 257–9, 261–2, 264–8, 270,

274, 278, 280–6, 288–9, 291, 293, 296–8,

301, 303–8, 310–12, 319–21, 332, 334–7,

339, 342–4, 346–7, 351–3, 356, 358–60,

362–6, 370–3, 380–5, 389–90, 398, 401–2,

404, 406–7, 409–10, 414–15, 417, 419, 420,

427–29, 431–5, 437, 439, 442–3, 447, 449,

452, 454–7, 459, 462, 465–6, 468, 470,-3,

477–82, 484–92, 494–8, 501; palatalization

of velars in, 128–9; past

∗

-c incorporation

in, 193

Telugu–Gondi, 288

Telugu–Gondi–Kui–Kuvi–Pengo–Man

da, 33

Telugu–Kanna

da script, 78–84

Telugu–Kuvi, 489

Thapar, R., 35, 36, 47

Thomasiah, K., 26, 57, 72, 326, 345, 410,

416, 419

Gener

al index

545

Thomason, S. G. and Kaufman, T., 42

Tibeto-Burman, 405

Tinnappan, S. P., 375

Toda, 4, 17, 19, 24–5, 27, 31–2, 34–5, 48–50,

53–4, 59, 66, 93–4, 99, 105, 108–12, 116,

121, 124, 126, 133, 136, 145–6, 148–9,

151–3, 164, 167, 169–72, 174, 177, 182,

189, 197, 207–9, 212, 214, 217–19, 222,

228, 230–1, 234–6, 238, 241, 246, 249, 254,

257, 269–70, 279–80, 285–86, 288–91, 294,

297–8, 302, 307–8, 316, 331, 334, 338, 342,

348, 350, 358, 361, 378–9, 397, 407, 411,

414, 417, 471, 487, 490, 492, 495, 502

Toda–Kota, 490, 492

transitive-causative (stems), 280; by the

addition of -pp, 282–3; by the addition of

-tt, 280–2; combined with tense markers,

286–9; three main patterns of forming,

290–1

transitive-causative markers, 193; with the

addition of -cc, 285–6

Trautmann, T. R., 11

Trench, C. J. C., 25

lu, 6, 11, 19–20, 23, 31, 35, 49, 54–5, 67,

87, 99, 104–5, 111–13, 115–16, 119, 122,

127, 129, 133, 139, 141, 150, 153, 164, 166,

169, 171, 174, 183, 195, 207, 213–14,

218–19, 222, 228, 231, 234–5, 238, 240,

245, 249, 254, 257, 264, 267, 269, 273,

280–2, 288–9, 291, 293–4, 298, 300, 302–3,

308, 318, 331, 336–7, 339, 346, 350, 353,

355, 358, 361, 363, 365, 374, 379, 393, 398,

407, 417, 446, 449, 493, 498, 503;

aphaeresis in, 115–17;

∗

c- and

∗

t- merger in,

17; rounding of front vowels in, 115

lu–Koraga, 502

Tuluva (= Tu

lu), 16, 24

Turanian, 43

Turner, R. L., 32

Tuttle, E. H., 31, 489

Tyler, Stephen A., 25, 43, 229, 234, 242, 285

typological goal, 176; changes with, 176–9

umlaut rule, 104; exceptions and extensions to,

104–6

universal semantic types, 388; adjectives can

be deﬁned in terms of, 388–95

Uralic, 43, 45–6

Uralic–Yukaghir, 46

Ushadevi, A., 380

Vacek, J., 43

Varadarajan, 267

von Staden, Heinrich, 5

dugu/Warug¯ı(= Telugu), 23

Wakhi, 39

Winﬁeld, W., 25, 52, 56, 70, 196, 220, 223,

242, 275, 283, 343, 369, 372, 384, 385,

401

Winslow, M., 18

Witzel, M., 38

Yidhga, 39

Yukaghir, 45

Zvelebil, K. V., 1, 5, 17, 20, 24, 27, 34, 43–5,

47, 50–1, 54, 65, 101, 111–12, 116, 120–22,

130–1, 136, 139, 149, 157, 175, 213, 230–1,

233, 268, 270, 309, 315, 378, 389, 480–1