Krishnamurti Bhadriraju. The Dravidian Languages
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Biblio
graphy
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1961. Dravidian philology, general linguistics and early history of India. In Dr. R. P. Sethu
Pillai Silver Jubilee Commemoration Volume, 127–34. Madras.
1962. Personal pronouns in Tamil and Dravidian. IIJ 6: 65–9.
1964. Tamil in 550 A.D.: an Interpretation of Early Inscriptional Tamil. Prague: Publishing
House of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences.
1967. On morphophonemic rules of Dravidian bases. Linguistics 32: 87–95.
1970a. From Proto-South Dravidian to Old Tamil and Malayalam. AO 38: 45– 67. [Repr. in
Asher 1971: 1: 54–72.
1970b. Comparative Dravidian Phonology. The Hague: Mouton.
1971a. Irula vowels. IIJ 13: 113–22.
1971b. Review of T. Burrow and M. B. Emeneau, A Dravidian Etymological Dictionary
(supplement) (1968). IIJ 13.2: 152– 4.
1972a. Initial plosives in Dravidian. Lingua 30: 216–26.
1972b. The descent of the Dravidians. IJDL 1: 57–63.
1972c. Dravidian case-suffixes: attempt at a reconstruction. JAOS 92: 272–76.
1973. The Irula Language. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
1975. Word-borrowing and word-making in modern South Asian languages: Tamil. In South
Asian Digest of Modern Writing IV: 86–97.
1977. A Sketch of Comparative Dravidian Morphology (part I). Mouton: The Hague.
1979. The Irula (¨e
rla) Language, part II. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
1980. A plea for Nilgiri areal studies. IJDL 9: 1–22.
1982a. Be
.
t
.
ta Kur
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1982b.The Irula (¨e
rla) Language, part III: Irula Lore, Texts and Translations. Wiesbaden: Otto
Harrassowitz.
1988. J¯enu Kur
umba. Brief report on a ‘tribal’ language of the Nilgiri area. JAOS 108: 197–301.
1990a. Dravidian Linguistics: an Introduction. Pondicherry: Pondicherry Institute of
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1990b. The language of the Sholegas, Nilgiri area, South India. JAOS 110.2: 417–33.
1997. Language list for Dravidian. AO 65: 175–90.
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INDEX OF RECONSTRUCTIONS
WITH GLOSSES
Asterisks are not marked since all the items listed below occur with asterisks in the book. They
are all reconstructed forms and must be deemed to carry an asterisk each, if cited anywhere else.
All reconstructions, unless otherwise stated, are to be taken as representing Proto-Dravidian (PD);
reconstructions done at the level of subgroups are indicated by subgroup name: SD I, SD II, CD
or ND, as the case may be. The order of entries follows Indic Roman, adapted to Dravidian, i.e.
<a¯ai¯ıu¯ue¯eo¯o, k, c ˜n,
.
t
.
n, t
,tn,pm,yrlw,
.
l
.
zH>. Lexical items (roots, stems, words,
compounds) and grammatical morphs (suffixes which are bound) are listed separately. The
numbers in square brackets refer to entry numbers in DEDR, followed by the page number(s) of
this book. New abbreviationsV=avowel;Vb=main verb in complex stems, indicated by V in
the book.
A. Lexical items
akam ‘inside’, aka-ppa
.
tu ‘to be included’
[7], 279.
aka
.
z-tt-ay ‘moat’ [11], 8
akka- ‘elder sister’ [23], 10
a˜nc- ‘to fear’, a˜nc-al, a˜nc-c(-am), n. ‘fear’
SD I, Te. [55], 199
a
.
t-a-nk- ‘be compressed, hidden’, a
.
t-a-nkk- v.t.
‘to control, hide’ PSD [63], 107, 279, 289
a
.
t-a-ppay ‘betel pouch’ [64], 16
a
.
t-ay-kk¯ay ‘areca nut’ SD I [88], 9
a
.
t-V ‘foot, bottom, base’ SD I, a
.
t-Vk-SDII,
CD [72], 484
a
.
t
.
tu ‘pancake’ [76], 10
a
.
n-
.
t
.
t- ‘to adhere, stick’ [96], 172
a
.
n
.
na- ‘elder brother’ [131], 10
a
t-V- ‘to know’ [314], 14
a
tt-/¯att- ‘that place, manner’ [1], 407
a-tu 3neu sg SD I [1], 308
atta- ‘maternal/paternal aunt’ [142], 10
a-n(V)k- ∼ ¯a-n(V)k/-t- ∼ -tt- ‘that
place/time/much/many/ manner’ [1], 407
a-nV ‘there, then’ [1], 407
a-n
tu ‘that day, then’ SD I [1], 407
appa- ‘father’ [156a], 10
app-am ‘rice cake’ [155], 10
ap-p¯o
.
z ‘that time, then’, 407
amp-ali ‘porridge’ SD II [174], 10
ampu ‘arrow’ [17a], 9
amp-i ‘boat’ [177], 13
a-mpV ‘there’ PSD [1], 407
amm-a ‘mother’ [183], 10
ayy-a ‘father’ [196], 10
ar-ac/-a
.
l ‘pipal tree’ [202], 12
ar-i ‘a kind of tax’ [216], 8
ar-V
.
n
.
t
.
ti ‘banana, plantain’ SD II [205], 12
al- ‘to be not’ SD I, 354–5
al-a-nk- ‘to shake’, 277
a-l(l)V ‘that place’, 407
aw-an
tu ‘he, that man’ 3m sg (nom), awan-
obl [1], 20, 211, 217, 495, 498
aw-a
.
l 3f sg SD I [1], 495, 498
aww-a ‘mother, grand mother’ [73], 10
a
.
l-amp- ‘mushroom’ [300], 16
a
.
l-V-kk- ‘to sacrifice’ [297], 11
a
.
z-i- ‘to perish’, a
.
z-i-ntt- past transitive,
a
.
z-i-mpp non-past transitive, 194
aH-/¯a ‘that’ (distal); a-tu ‘she/it’ (hum f and
non-hum), aw-an
tu ‘he’ (hum m), aw-ay
‘they’(non-men/non-hum), aw-ar
‘men/persons’ (hum), aw-a
.
l ‘she’(hum f ),
[1], 45, 199, 207–11, 217–18, 269, 390
524 Index
of reconstructions
with glosses
aHn-(>a(y)n- > e(y)n- > i(y)n-, ¯an-) ‘to say’
[868/9], 15, 95, 143; quotative marker,
451–2
¯a- ‘to be, become’; ¯a-k- ‘to be’, ¯a-kk- ‘to
make’; ¯an-/an- ‘to be’; ¯a-p- ‘to become’,
¯a-pp- ‘to make’ [333], 184–6, 262, 277–9,
289, 459–63
¯a
.
t-u ‘to play, dance’, n. ¯a
.
t
.
t-u (< ¯a
.
t + t-) [347],
10, 199
¯a
t- ‘to become cool, to dry up’ [404], 117, 146
¯a
t(t)- 1pl incl nom, 310
¯ant-ay ‘owl’ SD I [359], 13
¯a(m/n)- ‘cow’ [334], 12, 92, 278
¯ay ‘mother’ [364], 10
¯ar-¯ay ‘to investigate’, ¯ar-¯ay-cci ‘research’ PSD
I [368 + 363], 201
¯ar/ar-ak- ‘millet’ [5265], 9
¯al ‘banyan tree’ [382], 11
¯a
.
l ‘man/woman’ [399, 400], 11
i
.
t-u-(i
.
t-
.
t-) ‘to put, place’ [442], 112, 293
i
t-ay-cci ‘meat’ [529], 9, 10, 102
in- adj/n ‘sweet’ [530a,b], 394
i-n
tu ‘today, now’, 407
ir- ‘to be’ (copular verb) SD I, ir-u-wu ‘a place
to be’ SD II [480], 8, 109, 191, 295, 496,
498–9
ir-u-ppay ‘mahua tree’, Bassia longifolia
[485], 9
ir-Vl/w ‘liver’ SD I [546], 484
il ‘house’ [494], 8, 180
i
.
zi- ‘to descend’; i
.
zi-nt- past intransitive,
i
.
zi-ntt- past transitive; i
.
zi-(m)p- non-past
intransitive, i
.
zi-(m)pp- non-past transitive
[502], 188–9, 279
iH-/¯ı ‘this’ (proximal); i-tu ‘this
thing/woman’, iw-an
tu ‘this man’, iw-ay
‘these things/women’, iw-ar ‘these
men/persons’, iw-a
.
l ‘this woman’ [410],
20, 45, 199, 207 (fn 2), 390, 407, 495, 498
¯ı ‘fly’ [533], 278
¯ı r /ir-V ‘two’, ir-a
.
n-
.
tu ‘two’(3n-m pl), iru-war
‘two persons’ [474], 46, 97, 141, 159, 197,
395
¯ı
.
zam ‘toddy’, ¯ı
.
za-wan
t- ‘toddy-tapper’ SD I
[549], 9, 11
ukir ‘finger nail, toe-nail’ SD I, g¯or/k¯or SD II,
CD, Br.; or-kk-Ku
.
r–Malt [561], 484
uc-V- ‘to breathe’, uc-Vr [645], 149
u
.
t-ump- ‘iguana’ [592], 11
u
.
n- ‘to drink’ [600], 110
uram-kkal ‘grinding stone, pestle’ [651], 8
ur-ay ‘to rub’, 118
ula-kk-V ‘pestle’ [572]
u
.
l- ‘to be, to have’, u
.
n
.
t-u (< u
.
l-nt-) ‘is, are’
[697], 180, 187
u
.
l
.
l-am ‘mind,
the inside one
’, 13; see u
.
l-
u
.
l
.
li ‘onion’ [705], 12
u
.
z-untu ‘black gram’ [690], 12, 16
u
.
z-u-pp- ‘stag, deer’ [694], 12
u
.
z-uw- ‘tiger’ SD II [692], 12
u
.
z-V- ‘to plough’, u
.
z-a-tti ‘farming’ [688], 8,
11, 152
uH
.
n-/¯u
.
n- (past u
.
n-
.
t-, u
.
n-
.
t
.
t-) ‘to eat, drink’, ¯u
.
t
.
t-
(<uH
.
n-tt-) ‘to give to eat or drink’ [600],
280, 291–2
uH/¯u ‘yonder’ [557], 45, 253–6, 390, 407
¯u/uy ‘meat’ [728], 10
¯ur ‘habitation, village, town’ [752], 6, 205
e
.
n ‘to count’ [793], 13
e
.
n adj ‘eight’, e
.
n-
.
t
.
tu ‘eight’ (3n-m pl) [783/4],
92, 111, 112, 264, 278, 395
e
t-ay-antu ‘chief, king’ [527], 7
e
t-V- ‘red’ PSD II [865], 14, 391
e
t-V-y ‘prawn’ [533], 13
enk- ‘to remain, be left over’, enk-al ‘left over
food’ (palatalization in SD I + Ko
.
n
.
da as
e˜nc-) [780], 199
en-
t- ‘sun’ [869], 278
er-utu ‘ox’ [815], 12
er-umV- ‘buffalo’ [816], 12
el-ay ‘leaf’ PSD [497], 103
el-i ‘rat’ [833], 12
el, en-
tu ‘sunshine, sun’ [829, 861], 95
el-V-mp/-nk ‘bone’ [839], 14, 483
elli ‘tomorrow’ (Tu. Te.? Br.), 407
ell-V ‘all’ [844], 266
e
.
l-V- ‘young, tender’ [513], 107, 393
e
.
l-V-˜nc- ‘black bear’ [857], 12
e
.
z-V adj ‘seven’, ¯e
.
z ‘seven’ (3n-m pl) [910],
112, 263–4
¯ek-/eHk- ‘to gin cotton’ [765], 8
¯e
tu ‘ox, bull’ [917], 12
¯el ‘mind, reason, knowledge’ [912], 14
¯el-V- ‘cardamom’ [907], 9, 37
¯e
.
z/ e
.
z-V- ‘to spin’ [506], 8
o- ‘to be suitable’; (with incorporated
tense-transitivity suffixes) o-kk-, o-pp-,
Index
of reconstructions
with glosses
525
o-mp-, o-ww-; okku- ‘to be together’; okk-al
‘relatives’ [924], 184, 278
ok-Vr, k¯o-r, ‘finger/toe nail’ [561], 46
okk- ‘one’ CD, Tel. [990b], 261, 495, 500
o
.
t-ay ‘to break’ PSD [946], 110, 282
o
.
t-al ‘body’ PSD [585], 483
o
.
t-unku ‘to be restrained’[954], 110
o
.
t-Vkk- ‘chameleon’ [2977], 12
o
t-a-nku ‘to sleep’ PSD [707], 116
on-
tu ‘one’ [990c], 101, 110, 169, 260–1
on-patV ‘ten minus one’ [1025] SD I, 265
oy- ‘to carry’ [984], 277
o
.
l-an ‘house’ Pre-Gondi [697], 220; see u
.
l-
‘to be’
o
.
z-ukk- ‘to spin’ [1012], 8
¯o
.
tu v.i. ‘to flee’, ¯o
.
t
.
t-am ‘defeat’ [1041, 2861], 8
¯otu ‘to recite, read’ [1052], 14
¯ontti ‘bloodsucker lizard’ [1053], 12
¯or-/or-V- adj ‘one’ [990a], 261, 395
kac (>kay) ‘to be bitter’, n. ‘bitterness’
[1249], 119, 154
ka ˜nci ‘gruel’ [1104], 10, 16
ka
.
t-/ka
.
t
.
t- ‘to tie, bind’, n. ka
.
t
.
t-ay ‘a dam’
[1147], 92, 97, 199
ka
.
t-ac- ‘male of cattle, heifer’ [1123], 12, 16,
123–4 (fn 5), 160
ka
.
t-ampu Anthocephalus cadamba [1116], 16
ka
.
t-ay ‘end, place’, 407
ka
.
t-al ‘sea, ocean’ [1118], 13
ka
.
t-V- ‘be bitter, pungent’ [1135], 98
ka
.
t-V- ‘wild buffalo’ [114], 12
ka
.
t-V- ˜ncc/-ntt ‘stag’ [1114], 12
ka
.
n ‘eye’ [1159a], 46, 100, 108, 196; ka
.
n-
.
n¯ır
‘tear’ [1159a + 3690a], 46, 201, 205, 483
ka
.
n
.
t-an
tu ‘husband, warrior’ SD I [1173], 11,
169
katti ‘knife’ [1204], 9
kan-acV ‘dream, to dream’ [1407], 123 (fn 5)
kap- ∼ kapp -/kaw-V ‘to cover’ [1221, 1225],
98, 144
kapp-a ‘frog’ [1224], 13
kapp-am ‘a kind of tax, tribute’ [1218], 8
kapp-al ‘ship, boat’ [119], 13
kap-V
.
l ‘cheek’ [1357], 16
kam-ku
.
zi ‘armpit’[1134 + 1818], 203
kay ‘hand, arm’ [2023], 90, 118–19, 145,
196, 484
kay-tay ‘fragrant screw-pine’ [2026], 16;
kay-tVkk- id., 37
kay-m-(>key-m-) ‘field’ [1958], 128
kay-V-l/-kk-/-mpp- ‘fish of different kinds’
[1252], 13, 16
kar-umpu ‘sugar-cane’ SD I [1288], 12
kar-V
.
l ‘bowels’ [1274], 14
kar-Vnk Pongamia glabra [1507], 16
kar-V-nt- ‘to consider, intend’, kar-V-ntt n.
‘will, mind’ SD I + Te. [1283], 14
kar-Vnti ‘red gram’ [1213], 12
kal ‘stone’ [1298], 92, 118, 179, 196
kal-/ka
t- ‘to learn’ [1297], 14
kala-kala onom. of ‘rustle, tinkle, rattle’
[1302], 486
kal-a-nku ‘to be stirred’, kal-a-nkku ‘to stir’
PSD [1303], 172–3, 240, 289
kal-Vnk- ‘covered drain, sluice’ SD [1309], 13
kal-ac- ‘to quarrel’ [1303], 123 (fn 5)
kal-am ‘boat, ship’ [1305], 13
kaw-V
.
li ‘a house lizard’ [1338, 1399], 12, 16
ka
.
l-am/-an ‘an open place (threshing floor,
battle ground)’ [1376], 8, 9, 153
ka
.
z-ut-ay ‘donkey’ [1364], 12
ka
.
z-u-tt- ‘neck/throat’, SD I, ka
.
z-nt(t)- Tu.,
CD, SD II [1366], 484
ka
.
l ‘toddy’ [1374], 9, 1
ka
.
l-/ka
.
n- ‘to steal’ [1372], 11, 95
ka
.
zi (-nt-) v.i. ‘time to pass, be spent’, (-nt-t -)
v.t. ‘to spend, waste, reject’ PSD [1356], 294
ka
.
z-V-ku/-tu ‘eagle’[1362], 13
ka
.
z-Vt ‘paddy field’ [1355], 8, 16
k¯a-kk-ay ‘crow’ [1425], 13, 91 (fn 2)
k¯a
.
n-(<kaH
.
n-) ‘to see’ [1443], 95, 196
k¯a
.
n-ikk-ay ‘gift’ [1443], 6
k¯a
t- ‘plough-share’ [1505], 9
k¯a(-tt-) ‘to protect, guard’ [1416], 293
k¯a(-n), k¯a-
.
tu ‘forest’ [1418, 1438], 12, 16
k¯a, k¯a-n-, k¯a-
.
tV n. ‘forest’ [1418, 1438], 277
k¯a-nk- ‘big clay pot’ [458], 8
k¯ay ‘fruit, pod’ [1459], 12
k¯ay, k¯a-nku v.i.: k¯a-nkku v.t., k¯a-ntu v.i.:
k¯a-nttu v.t., k¯a-mpu v.i.: k¯a-mppu v.t. ‘to be
hot, dry up, burn’ [1458], k¯a-
.
l ‘to burn,
flame’ [1500], k¯a-r/kar-V- ‘be scorched’, 9,
130, 181, 296
k¯ar/kar-V ‘dark, black, dark clouds’ [1278],
13–14, 391
k¯al ‘canal’ [1480], 13
k¯al ‘leg, foot’ [1479], 179, 196, 205, 277, 484
k¯a-wa
.
ti ‘shoulder pole’ [1417], 9
kic-ampu > kiy-ampu > k¯ı-mpu/k¯e-mpu
‘yam’, Arum colacasia [2004], 6, 12, 96,
144, 197; see k¯e-mpu
526 Index
of reconstructions
with glosses
kic-Vkic-V onom. ‘chirping, squeaking’, 128
ki
.
n
.
t-V- ‘metal pot’ [1540], 8
ki
t-u-tt-/-mp- ‘cheetah, panther’ [1599, 2589],
12
ki
tt-eli ‘mouse’ [1594], 205
kin- ‘to be angry’ PSD I [1600], 129
kir-V- ‘ear’ (some languages of SD I and II)
[1977b],
483
kil- ‘sound, noise’ PSD [1574], 109, 129
kil- ‘to be able’ SD I [1570], 94
kil-/ki
t- ‘small’[1571, 1577, 1594], 129
kil-a ‘some’ [1571], 266
ki
.
li ‘parrot’ [1584], 13, 111, 128
ki
.
z-ank- ‘tuber, root’ SD I [1347], 12; see
k¯ı
.
z/ki
.
z-V-
k¯ı-
t ‘scratch’ [1623], 14
k¯ı
t-/kit-V ‘small’ [1594], 394
k¯ıw/kiw-V- ‘snow, ice’ [1618], 13
k¯ı
.
z/ki
.
z-V-kk ‘below’ [1619], 111, 112; ‘low
area, east’ SD I, 14
kucc-/kuc-V- ‘greens’ [1760], 12
ku
.
t-al ‘intestines’ SD I [1652], 484
ku
.
t-V/ku
.
n
.
t-V ‘eyeball’ [1680], 16
ku
.
n
.
tV ‘heart, kidney’ [1693], 14, 46, 484
ku
t-ay-(kut-ay-nt-, kut-ay-ntt-) ‘to be reduced
in size’ [1851], 192
ku
t-V ‘short’ PSD [1851], 394
ku
t-V-nk-/ -w ‘thigh’ SD I [1840], 146, 484
kut-i ‘to jump’, kut-ir-ay ‘horse’ SD I
[1711a,b], 12, 132
kut-V- ‘club’ [1850b], 9
kun
t-am/-u ‘hill’ [864], 12, 138
kun
t-i ‘crab’s eye, a plant’ [1865], 16
kun-t¯al/-t¯a
.
l ‘pick-axe’ [1722], 9
ku-nt-/ntt- ∼ ko-nt-/ntt- ‘throat, voice, tone’
SD I, SD II [1718], 484
kupp-V ‘heap’ [1731a], 164
kur-u
.
tu ‘blindness’ [1787], 10
kur-V-c- ‘deer’1785], 12
kur-Vwi ‘small pot’ [1797], 8
kur-V-wi ‘sparrow’ [1793], 13
ku
.
l-am/-Vnc- ‘lake’ [1828], 13, 150
ku
.
z-V ‘pit, hollow’ [1818], 105–6
k¯u
.
t-u v.i. ‘to be joined, meet’, k¯u
.
t
.
t-(<k¯u
.
t-tt)
v.t. ‘to unite, put together’, k¯u
.
t
.
t-am n.
‘union’, k¯u
.
t-al ‘joining’, k¯u
.
t
.
t-al ‘uniting’
PSD [1882], 199, 280
k¯u
.
t-u ‘nest’, 148
k¯unt(t)- ‘mushroom’ [1893], 12
k¯un-ttu/-ccu/-kku ‘daughter’ [1873], 10
k¯um-/kum-V- ‘pigeon, dove’ [1930], 13
k¯u-r- ‘to sleep’ [1902], 130
k¯ul-i ‘paddy’ [1906], 9
k¯u
.
z ‘porridge’ [1911], 10
kec-a
t- ‘mud, slush’ [2020], 129
ke
.
t-u ‘to perish, decay’, k¯e
.
tu n. ‘damage’
(<keH
.
tu); ke
.
t-al ‘evil’, ke
.
tu-ti n. ‘ruin’,
ke
.
t-
.
ta ‘evil’ [1942],
92, 128, 198
–9
ke
t-ay/-uwu ‘tank’ [1980], 13
ke
t-V- ‘wing, feather’ PSD; split of [2591] into
two entries suggested, 126
kep- ‘to tell, scold’: kew-i ‘ear’ [1955,
1977a, c], 13, 144–5;kew-i
.
tu ‘deafness’
[1977c], 10
kem ‘red’ [931], 14, 391.
kem-pu ‘copper vessel’, see kem [2775], 8
key- ‘to do’ [1957], 128, 145, 181, 196,
277, 279
key-(a)m‘wet field’ [1958], 8
key-pi- ‘to cause one to do’, 279; see key-
ker-uppu ‘sandal’ [1963], 8, 198
kew-i ‘ear’ [1977a], 100, 483; see kep-
ke
.
l-ay ‘to dig up’ [1588], 112
k¯e
t- ‘to winnow’, k¯et-tV n. ‘winnowing basket’
[2019], 8, 175
k¯e-mpu (<key-ampu < kic-ampu) PSD ‘yam’
[2004], 103, 144; see kic-ampu
k¯e
.
l-/k¯e
.
n- ‘to hear, ask’ [2017a], 15, 95
koc-V- ‘pot-making’ [1762], 11
ko
.
t-ay ‘umbrella’ [1663], 8, 110, 112
ko
.
t-Vkku ‘west’ [1649], 14
ko
.
t
.
t- ∼ ko
.
t- ‘to beat’ [2063], 165
ko
.
t
.
tay ‘stone of fruit’ [2069], 114
ko
t-a ‘to become short’ [1851], 110
ko
t-a
.
n
.
t-/-a˜nc- ‘henna’, Barleria sp. [1849], 16
ko
t-ay ‘to pierce’ PSD [2168, 1859], 110
ko
t-i ‘sheep’ [2165], 12
ko
t-u ‘chicken’ SD II [2160], 13
ko
t-V ‘a kind of millet’ [2165], 9
koy- ‘to cut, harvest crop’ [2119], 9, 90
kor-Vnk-/-nkk- ‘a stork, crane’ [2125], 13, 16
kor-V-nkk-/-ntt- ‘monkey’ [1769], 12
kol ‘smithy’ [2133], 11
kol- ‘to kill’ [2132], 118
ko
.
l-/ko
.
n- ‘to receive, buy’ [2151/2125], 9, 95;
reflexive marker, 13, 16
ko
.
z-utt-V ‘new’ [2149], 198
k¯o/k¯o-n-
tu ‘king, mountain’ [2177, 2178], 7, 11
k¯o
.
t-u ‘horn’; k¯o
t- SD II [2200], 110, 147–8
k¯o
.
t
.
t-ay ‘fort’ [2207a]
Index
of reconstructions
with glosses
527
k¯o
.
t-ay ‘west wind, monsoon’ PSD I [2203], 13,
110
k¯on-y¯a
tu ‘temple tank, open well’ [2177 +
5159], 202; see k¯o-
k¯oy-il ‘palace, temple’ (King’s/God’s abode)
PSD [2177 + 494], 8, 202
k¯ol ‘stick, plough-shaft’ [2237], 9, 101
k¯o
.
z/ko
.
z-V ‘new, young, tender’ 158–9, 393;
k¯o
.
z-/ko
.
z-V ‘son, young one’ [2149], 10
k¯o
.
zi ‘chicken’ [2248], 13
ca
.
ta-pp¯ı ‘cowdung’ (lit. bullock’s excrement)
[2402a + 4210], 201
ca
.
tVca
.
tV ‘cracking sound’ [1659], 136
ca
.
t
.
ti ‘small pot’ [2306], 8
ca
t-V adj ‘six’, c¯at-u ‘six’ (3n-m pl) [2485],
263
cat-V- ‘to read’ Pre-Te. [2327], 14
cam-V- ‘to be made, to form’ [2342], 150
cay-m- adj ‘five’, cay-m-tu ‘five’ (3n-m pl)
[2826], 263, 395
car-ac- ‘snake’ PSD [2359], 12, 122–3 (fn 5)
cal-/can-(can-
t-<cal-nt- PSD I, can-tt-
PSD II) ‘to go, pass, occur’ [2781], 90, 118,
150–1, 181, 279, 295
ca
.
l-/ca
.
n- ‘cool, cold’ [3045], 13
ca
.
l-V- ‘buttermilk’ [2411], 8
caH- ∼ ceH- (past ca-tt-/ce-tt-) ‘to die’; PSD
caH-/c¯a-, PCD cay-/c¯ay-, PND keH-/key-
[2426], 45–6,118, 126–7, 156, 293
c¯ar-/c¯er- ‘to go reach’ [2484]
c¯al ‘ploughed furrow’ [2471], 9
c¯al-iy-an
tu ‘nephew/son-in-law’ [2410], 11
c¯al-Vy-an
tu ‘weaver’ [2410], 11
cinki, cinki-w¯er ‘ginger’ [429, 5535], 5, 12, 16
cin-tta ‘tamarind’ [2529], 12
ciy-/c¯ı- ‘to give’ [2598], 123, 279
cir- ‘black’ [2552], 10; cir-a-, cir-V-
.
l/-nk-
‘darkness’ [2552], 13; cir-umpu ‘black
metal/iron’ [2552], 10
cir ‘day’ CD [2553], 13
cir-V-tt- ‘the low area, east’ SD I [2584], 14
cil- ‘to be not’ [2559], 109, 354–7, 459–63,
496–7
c¯ık-k¯ay ‘soapnut’ [2607a + 1459], 12, 202
c¯ın-kk- ‘darkness’ [2604],13
c¯ın-t(t)-V- ‘date palm’ [2617], 12, 126, 168
c¯ı- p/cay-pp- ‘sweeping broom’ [2599], 8
c¯ır-pp¯ı ‘nits’ (lit. lice eggs) PSD [2625 +
4210], 201
cukk-V ‘star’ [2646], 13
cup/cow-ar ‘salt’ SD II, up/ow-ar SD I, Te.
[2674a, b], 97, 98, 105, 123, 144
cum-V- ‘to carry on head’, n. ‘head-pad’
[2677], 9, 126
cuw- ‘pipal tree’ [2697], 12
c¯u
.
t-/cu
.
t-V- ‘be hot, burn’; SD II cu
t- [2654],
148
c¯ur/cur-V- ‘to curl up’ [ 2684], 126
c¯u-
.
z ‘to see, deliberate’ [2735], 13
ce
t-ank-/-ankk- ‘wing’ [2591], 126
ce
t-Vkk- ‘sugar-cane’ SD II [2795], 12
cey-t-/coy-t- ‘porcupine’ [2776, 2852], 12
cer- ‘to insert’, 126 [2599], 126
c¯er ‘plough yoked to oxen’ [2815], 6
c¯el-¯a
.
l ‘younger sister’ SD II [2783], 10
co
.
t- ‘to drip’ [2835], 118
co
.
t
.
t-V ‘lame’ [2838], 10
co
t-ac- ‘shark’ [710], 13
col- ‘to speak, relate’ [2855], 15
col-(ay) ‘fireplace’ [ 2857], 9, 102, 123
c¯o
.
t- ‘to run’, c¯o
.
t-am ‘boat’ [2861; also
see1039, 1041], 200
˜na
.
n
.
t- ‘crab’ [290], 13
˜nam-V-l ‘peacock/peahen’ [2902], 13
˜nam-k¯ol ‘plough, our stick’ [297], 9 (fn 10),
˜nar-ampu ‘tendon, nerve, sinew, vein, pulse’
[2903], 14, 484
˜n¯ac-V
tu ‘son’ SD I [2910], 13
˜n¯a
.
n/˜n
¯
e
.
n ‘string, cord’ [2908], 140
˜n¯a
tu ‘seedlings for transplantation’ [2919], 9
˜n¯a
tu ‘to emit smell’ [2918], 140
˜n¯an
t-V- Eugenia jambolana [2917], 12
˜n¯an-
tu/˜n¯en-tu ‘day, time, today’ PSD [2920],
13, 140, 407, 496, 499, 500
˜n¯a-n/˜nan- ‘I’ (1sg nom/obl innovated in PSD),
20, 245 (fn 21), 245–8, 269, 495, 497
˜n¯am/˜nam- ‘we’ (1pl incl) [cf. 3647], 14, 20,
247–8, 269
takar ‘ram’ [3000], 12
ta
.
t
.
t-/ta
.
t-V- ‘measles’ [3028], 10
ta
.
n adj ‘cool, cold’ [3045], 394
ta
.
n
.
t-al ‘boatman’ [3049], 3
tan-tay/tan-
ti ‘father’ [3067], 10
tapa-tapa/daba-daba onom. ‘walking fast’
[3069], 486
tam-kay ‘younger sister’ [3015], 10
tamp-V- ‘younger brother’ [3485], 10
528 Index
of reconstructions
with glosses
tar-/t¯a-(< taH-r-/taH-, neg and pos) ‘to give
to 1st or 2nd person’, 198, 384–5, 496–7
tar-V- ‘to churn buttermilk’ [3095], 8
tal-ay ‘head, hair, top’ [3103], 121, 484
ta
.
l
.
l-ay/-i ‘mother’ [3136], 10
ta
.
z-Vnk-/-nkk ‘liver’ [3120], 14, 484
t¯a-
.
n
.
tu ‘to dance, jump’ [3158], 91 (fn 2)
t¯att-a ‘grand father’ [3160], 10
t¯an/tan-(<taHn-) ‘self ’ (3refl sg), emphatic
particle SD I, 496, 498 [3196], t¯am/tam-
‘selves’ (3refl pl) [3162], 20, 198, 252–3
t¯an
ti Belleric myrobalan [3198], 12
t¯ali ‘wedding string with a gold piece’ SD I,
Te. [3175], 11
t¯a
.
z ‘palmyra tree’ [380], 12
t¯a
.
z-wa
.
tam ‘a string of beads/pearls’ [3178 +
5220], 202
ti
t-V- ‘to open’ [3259], 159
tink-a
.
l ‘moon’ SD I [3213], 13
tiy-am ‘honey’ [3268b], 96
tirV- ‘be changed’ [3251], 194; tir-ay ‘to roll’
[3244], 181; tir-a-nku ‘be curled up’:
tir-a-nkku ‘to shrivel up’, tir-i v.i. (-v-, -nt-)
‘to turn’: (-pp-, -ntt-) v.t. ‘to turn’, tir-u-ku,
tir-u-mpu v.i. ‘to twist’: tir-u-kku,
tir-u-mppu v.t. ‘to twist’ [3246], 161;
tir-u-ntu v.i. ‘to be corrected’ [3251]:
tir-u-nttu v.t. ‘to correct’, 92, 180, 286–7,
290; tir-u
.
l ‘to turn’, 118
tirV- kal ‘a hand-mill’ [2882 + 1298], 203
tiHn- (past tin-
t-/tin-tt-) ‘to eat’: t¯ı-ntt- ‘to
feed’ [3263], 109, 281, 292
tu ˜nc- ‘to sleep’ [3291], 170
tul-acV ‘sacred basil’ [3357], 123 (fn 5)
tuw-V
t- ‘to drizzle’ [3398], 13
tuw-Vr ‘coral’ [3284], 15
t¯u-nk- v.i. : t¯u-nkk- v.t. : ‘to swing’ [3376], 198,
289–90
t¯er ‘chariot’ SD [3459], 9
t¯er/ter-V- ‘to become clear, to know’ [3419],
14
ten, te
t-kku ‘south’ [3449], ten-k
¯
ay ‘coconut’
(southern fruit) PSD [3449 + 1459], 12, 14,
20(fn 23), 201, 391
tepp-V- ‘float’ [3414], 13
te
.
l-V- ‘white, clear’, v. ‘to become clear, to
know’ [3433], 14
t¯e
tt- ‘to recover’ [3471], 112
t¯e-(< tew-i-) ‘be full, satiated’ [3451, 3453],
103
t¯e-(<tiy-a) ‘sweet’ PSD [3268a], 103
t¯en-¯ı ‘honey-bee’(lit. honey-fly) SD I [3268a +
533], 201
t¯en-kk- ‘teak’ [3452], 12
t¯e
.
l ‘scorpion’ [3470], 12, 101
tokk-/tok-al/t¯o-l ‘skin’ PSD [3559], 96,
103, 484
to
.
t-V- ‘to hold’ [3480],
118
to
.
n
.
t-V- ‘chameleon’ [3501], 12
to
t-V ‘cattle, cow’ [3534], 8
tor-Vmp- ‘lungs’ [3515], 14
to
.
l-/to
.
n- ‘nine, 9/10’ [3532], 14, 264, 395
to
.
z-V- ‘slavery’ [3523], 11
to
.
z-V ‘cattle stall’ [3526], 8
t¯oc-ay ‘a cereal pancake’ SD [3542], 10
t¯o
.
n-
.
t
.
t-am (<t¯o
.
n
.
tu) ‘garden’ [3549], 171
t¯on-
tu ‘to appear, strike to mind’ [3566], 13
t¯o-l(<tok-al) PSD [3559], 8, 144; see tokk-
t¯o
.
z-/t¯o
.
z-nt- ‘wolf’ [3548], 12
nakk- ‘to lick’ [4353], 108
na
.
t-a ‘to walk’ [3582], 277
nan-key ‘good (wet) land’ [3610], 8
na-mpu (<nay-mp-) ‘to long for’ [3602], 168
nari-(kkV) ‘jackal’ [306], 12
nal ‘good, beautiful’ PSD [3610], 395
naH-ay/-att/-ku
.
zi ‘dog’ [3650], 12
n¯a
.
tu ‘country, place’; n¯a
tu SD II [3638],
8, 147
n¯a (obl of 1sg) SD II, 248, 269, 495, 499
n¯am-/nam-V- ‘be emaciated’ [3648], 150
n¯a-l, n¯a-l-nk(k) [3633], 46, 484
n¯al/nal-V- adj ‘four’, n¯al-nk(k)V ‘four’ (3n-m
pl) [3655], 261, 395
n¯a
.
l ‘day’, n¯a
.
n-
.
t-(< n¯a
.
l-nt-) SD II [3656], 14
n¯a
.
l/na
.
l-V- ‘night’ [3621], 13
ni
t(V)-nay/-nal/-n¯a
.
l ‘yesterday, completed
day’ [3758], 202, 407
ni
t-, nin-t- v.i. ‘to be full’ [3682], 95
nil-/ni
t-/nitt- ‘to stand’ [3675], 94
n¯ı-(< niw-V-) ‘be elongated’ [3692], 104
n¯ı (obl of 2sg) SD II, 250, 269, 495, 499
n¯ı- ‘to abandon’ [3685], 278
n¯ı-n/nin- ‘thou’ (2sg) [3684], n¯ım/nim- ‘you’
(2pl) [3688], 46, 249–51
n¯ı-r‘you’ (2pl) PSD, 250, 270, 310, 495, 497
n¯ır ‘water’ [3690], 46, 138
nu
.
z-V
.
l/-nk- ‘mosquito’ [3715], 12
n¯u
t- (obl n¯ut-t V) ‘hundred’ [3729], 266
n¯uy ‘well’ [3706], 13
Index
of reconstructions
with glosses
529
n¯ul ‘thread’ [3728], 8
n¯u(w) ‘sesame’ [3720], 12, 278
n¯u
.
z/nu
.
z-V- ‘to squeeze through’ [3714], 102
nek-V
.
l ‘alligator’ [3732], 13
nec-/ney- ‘to weave’ [3745], 8
ne ˜n-cV ‘mind, heart, pith’ SD I; see nen-ay
[3736], 13, 14
nen-ay ‘to think’, see ne ˜n-cu SD I [3683], 14
ney ‘oil, ghee’ [3746], 119
nel ‘a paddy variety’ [3743], 9
nel-a-nc/-ncc ‘moon, moonlight’ [3754], 13;
nel-V- ‘month’, 14, 123 (fn 5), 160
nell-/nel-V- ‘myrobalan tree’, Phyllanthus
emblica [3755], 12, 166
n¯eram ‘time, sun’ SD I, Br.[3774], 14, 407
no
.
t-‘to wash’; no
t- SD II [3783], 147
no
.
t-V- ‘to say’ [3784], 15
n¯on-pu ‘a religious vow’ [3800], 168
n¯oy-(n¯oy-nt-) ‘to pain’ [3793], 191, 278
pak-al ‘daylight’ [3805], 13
pac-V- ‘calf’ [3939], 7
pacc- ∼ pac- ‘yellow/green’ [3812], 10, 149;
pac-V
.
n
.
t- ‘yellow metal/gold’ [3812], 10;
pac-V
t-/-Vl ‘green gram’ [3821, 3941], 12,
391
pa
.
t-Vku ‘small boat, ferry’ [3838], 13
pa
.
d
.
d-V ‘a female buffalo’ SD II [3881], 16
pa
.
n-V- ‘work’ [3884], 11
pan ‘agriculture land’ [3891], 8
pan-i-(kil ) ‘dew, cold, chill’ [4035], 13
pan-
ti ‘pig’ [4039], 12, 117
pan-n¯ır ‘cool water, rose water’ [4035 +
3690a], 202
pan-V- ‘palm tree’ [4037], 12
pay- ‘to break, separate’ [3808], 149
par-a‘to spread’ [3949], 277, 279
par-utti ‘cotton’ [3976], 8
par-V
.
n
.
tu ‘bullfrog’ [3955], 13
par-Vntu ‘vulture’ [3977], 13
pal ‘tooth’ [3986a], 46, 108, 196, 484
pal-acV/pan-acV ‘jack fruit tree’ [3988], 12,
123 (fn 5)
pall-i ‘a lizard’ [3994], 12, 37
pal-V ‘many’ [3987], 266
paw-a
.
z ‘coral’ [3998], 15
pa
.
l
.
li ‘hamlet’ [4018], 8
pa
.
z-a ‘old, used’(mainly referring to objects)
[3999], 392
pa
.
z-V- (pa
.
z-nt-) ‘to ripen’ [4004], 192
paH- adj ‘ten’, paH-tu ‘ten’ (3n-m pl) [3918],
265, 395
p¯a
.
t
.
t-¯an ‘grand father’ [4066], 10
p¯a
.
t-V ‘to sing’; p¯a
t- SD II [4065], 10, 14, 147
p¯a
.
n-/pa
.
n-V- ‘ask, commission’ [3887], 15
p¯a
t-/pat-V- ‘to run, flee’ [4020], 97, 108
p¯ankk- ‘betel nut’ SD I [4048], 9
p¯ampu ‘snake’ [4085],
12, 168
p¯ay (p¯ay-nt-) ‘to leap’ [4087], 191
p¯ar ‘to see, perceive, know’ [4091], 13
p¯ar-ay, ‘crowbar’ [4093], 9
p¯al ‘milk, breast’ [4096], 8, 9, 100, 196, 483
pic-V- ∼ pi
.
z-V- ‘to squeeze’ [4135, 4183], 149
picc-/pic-V- ‘insanity’ [4142], 10
pi
.
t-i v.t. ‘to grasp’, n. ‘handle’ [4148], 115
pi
.
n
.
t-(<pi
.
z-nt-) ‘to squeeze’ [4183], 169–70
pi
t-u ‘rain’ SD II, ND [4199], 13
pin/pi
t- ‘back, end in place or time,
afterwards’ [4205], 391–2
pin-cc-Vr ‘name’, pec-ar PSD [4410],
46, 104
piy/p¯ı ‘excrement’ [4210], 15, 100, 278
pill-V ‘cat’ [4180], 12
pi
.
zi-(pi
.
zi-nt-) ‘to squeeze’ [4183], 191
pi
.
z-ul ‘intestines’ CD [4193], 484
pi
.
z-Vcc- ‘sparrow’ [4190], 13
p¯ı-t-/pi-tt- ‘to fart’ [4167], 15, 164
p¯ı r ‘thatched grass’ [4225], 8
puc/puy Schleichera trijuga [4348], 12
puc-V/ put-V- ‘new’ [4275], 392
pu
.
t
.
ti ‘a measure of c. 500 lbs.’ [4262], 9
pu
t-ac- ‘dove, pigeon’ [4334], 13 13
pu
t-V ‘gourd shell, skull’ [4332], 484
pun-key ‘bad (dry) land’ [4337], 8
punttV ‘white-anthill’ [4335], 37, 100
pun-nay ‘mastwood’ [4243], 12
puy/p¯u n. ‘flower’, v.i. ‘to blossom’ [4345], 92
pur-u
.
tu ‘birth pollution’ SD [4290], 11
pul ‘grass’ [4300], 8
pul-i ‘tiger’ [4307], 12, 115
pul-V- ‘pollution’ [4547], 11
pu
.
l- adj ‘sour’ [4322], 394
pu
.
z-u ‘insect’ [4312], 12, 110,
p¯u n. ‘flower’, v.i. ‘to blossom’ [4348], 277,
278
p¯u
.
n ‘to put on, wear, be yoked’: p¯u
.
n-
.
t
.
t-
(< *p¯u
.
n-tt-) ‘to cause to put on, yoke’
[4361], 282
pe
.
t-a ‘nape of neck’ [4146], 112
pe
.
t
.
t-i ‘box’ PSD, 112
530 Index
of reconstructions
with glosses
pe
.
n ‘woman’ [4395], 11; pe
.
n-
.
t
.
t-i ‘female of an
animal/bird’ [4395a, b], 13; pe
.
n-(
.
d )li
‘marriage’ SD II [4395a], 11
pe
.
n-kk- ‘tile’ [4385], 9
per-V- ‘to grow big’ [4411], 118; see
p¯er/per-V-
pe
.
z-an ‘bone, stone of fruit’ [4418], 483
p¯ec-/p¯e
.
z- ‘to talk, prattle’ [4430], 15
p¯e
.
n/p¯ey ‘devil, god’ [4438], 7, 11
p¯e
.
n
.
t-V (< pee
.
l-nt-) ‘cattle dung’ [4441a,b]
p¯e
t-:pet-V ‘to curdle’, pet-uku ‘curd’ [4421],
8, 9
p¯en ‘louse’ [4449], 46
p¯er/per-V ‘big’ [4411], 97, 277–8, 393–4
po- ‘to perforate’ [4452], po-k-/po-t- ‘to make
a hole’ [4348], 277
pok-ay ‘smoke’ PSD [4240], 149
pok-ku
.
z-V- ‘navel’ SD I, SD II, CD [4460a] ,
200, 484
pok-V
.
l- ‘imperial pigeon’ [4454], 13, 150
pok-V
.
z ‘to praise’ [4235], 15
poc-/poy- ‘to lie’, poy-nkk- ‘to lie’, poy-nkk-am
n. ‘falsehood’ (Pre-Telugu) [4531, 4559],
11, 198
po
.
t
.
t-/po
.
t-V- ‘belly, stomach, pregnancy,
intestines’ [4494], 484
po
t-Vl ‘lungs’ [4569], 14
po-nku ‘to boil’ [4469], 170
por-a-/pr¯o- ‘to sell’ PSD II [4536], 107
por-ay ‘cataract of eye’ [4295], 10
pol-am ‘field’ [4303], 8
pon ‘gold’ PSD [4570], 1o, 110
p¯o- ‘to go’, p¯o-k- ‘to go’: p¯o-kk- ‘to send’,
PSD [4572], 103, 110, 184, 278
p¯o-ntt- ‘male of an animal/bird’ [4586], 13
p¯or ‘fight, battle’, p¯or/por-V-‘to fight’ v.t.
[4540], 8, 9
p¯o
.
z/po
.
z-u-tu ‘sun’ [4559], 13, 14, 200
mak-an
tu ‘son, male’, mak-a
.
l ‘daughter’
[4616], 10, 163, 218
mac-V- ∼ ma
.
z-V- ‘to delay, be dull’ [4627,
4750], 149
ma
t-i(ntu) ‘male child, the young of an
animal’ [4764], 7, 10
ma
.
ti-w¯el- ‘washerman’ (ma
.
ti ‘ceremonial
purity’ + w¯el-ay ‘work’) SD I, Te. [4654 +
5540], 203
ma
t-V- ‘be hidden, to forget’ [4760], 14
ma
t-Vku ‘covered drain’ SD [4688], 13
ma
t-k¯ay ‘mango’ SD II [4772], 12
mat-al/mat-uw-ay ‘marriage’ SD I [4694], 11
man-(man-
t-/-tt-) ‘to be, to live, stay’; also
copular verb [4778], 90, 117–18, 279, 496,
498–9
man-ay ‘house, place to live in’ [4776], 8; see
man-
maya-nk- ‘to be confused’, maya-nkk- v.t. ‘to
confuse’, may-nkk-am n. ‘confusion’
[4706], 199
may-nt(t)- ‘fog, mist, dew’ [4641], 13
may-(mt)- ‘body’, m¯e-nd- [5099], 483
may-Vr ‘peacock’ [4642], 37
mar-am/-an ‘tree’ [4711a], 10, 107, 118, 150,
198
mar-untu ‘medicine’ [4719], 10, 168–9
mar-Vt- Terminalia tomentosa [4718], 18
ma
.
z-ay ‘rain’ SD I [4753], 13
ma
.
z-V-/ma
t-V ‘axe’ [4749], 9
ma
.
zc-a- ‘husband [4756], 11
m¯a (obl of 1pl) SD II, 248, 269, 495, 499
m¯a ‘animal, beast, deer’ [4780], 11, 278
m¯a
.
t-V, m¯e
.
t-ay ‘terraced house’ [4796a,b], 8
m¯a
t- v.i. ‘to be changed, altered’, m¯att-
(< m¯a
t-tt-) v.t. ‘to change, alter’ [4834], 281
m¯a-m ‘mango tree’ [4782], 12
m¯ama ‘paternal (father’s sister’s
husband)/maternal uncle’ [4813], 10
m¯ay-tt-/m¯a-cc- ‘man, husband’ [4791], 11
mic-al/miy-al >m¯e-l ‘above, high’ [4841,
5086], 96
mit-V
.
z ‘brain, thephysical part’[5032], 14, 145
mi
.
l-Vku ‘black pepper’ [4867], 9
miHn ‘star’, min- ‘to shine, twinkle’ [4876], 13
m¯ı (obl of 2pl), SD II, 250, 269, 495, 499
m¯ın ‘fish’ [4885], 13
muc-Vl ‘hare’ [4968], 12
mucc- ∼ muc-V- ‘to cover’ [4915], 165
muttV ‘pearl’ [4959], 15
mutt-/mut-V ‘old, ancient’, 393;mut-t¯ata ‘great
grand father’ [4954], 11
mun adj ‘prior, before, front’ [5020 a, b], 392
mun-ay ‘war-front’ [5021], 8
mun-nay/-n¯a
.
l ‘day before yesterday’ [5020b,
4615], 203
muy-il ‘cloud’ [4892],13
muy-cc- ‘baboon’ [4910], 12
mul-ay ‘breast, teat’ SD I [4985], 483
mu
.
z-u-nk v.i. ‘to sink’, mu
.
z-u-nkk v.t. ‘to
drown’ [4993], 97, 198