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Summary

This book investigates two related topics. First, the roots of neorealist

paradigm that dominates in the studies of international relations. Second, it

seeks the nature of war in the neorealist perspective. The book has been writ-

ten to give a clearer understanding of the way neorealism was developed in

American political thought; to reveal conceptional and methodological base

of neorealism; to show the specific features and the diversity of neorealist

approaches; to figure out how these versions of political theory treat the rea-

sons of war using the multi–level method of analysis first provided by Ken-

neth Waltz.

The monograph consists of two Parts and several chapters. Part–I deals

with the main approaches in the evolution of neorealism. It starts with a sur-

vey of main paradigms in International Relations theories. It describes the

basic concepts of realism, liberalism, globalism, geopolitics, constructivism,

and post–positivism. The proximate sources of neorealism are «classic» real-

ism supplied with methodological principles developed by French structural-

ism and structural–functional analysis.

The second chapter offers a classification of different neorealist theories

based on their vision of systemic nature and features of international system.

I distinguish few concurrent theories: structural realism, cyclic theory, evolu-

tionary theory, theory of hegemonic stability, historical–structural approach,

and nonlinear analysis of international politics.

The third chapter shows the main tendencies in the development of mod-

ern neorealism, which are related to the discussions about basic concepts and

methodology. These questions include a broader treatment of security, the

alternative meanings of balance of power, the conditions of security and co-

operation in international relations, the growing activity of non–state actors,

the co–evolution of economics and politics in the post–cold war world, the

necessity to cover not only the great powers but also the Third world coun-

tries by theoretical analysis.

Part–II of the book focuses on the nature of war in international relations.

The forth chapter discusses the way American researches define some key

terms like «power», «force», «balance of power», «capability», and non–

violent means of influence like «authority», «persuasion», «control». Neore-

alism, as well as other paradigms, hasn’t overcome the ambiguity of defini-

tions. The force is treated as power distribution in international system or

attribute of power or acting capability and the result of the action. Additional

368

difficulties arise from the fact that the sources of state capability comprise

both material and ideal elements. Special attention is paid to the impact of

information technologies on American military force being on the stage of

revolution in military affairs. There are no adequate quantitative techniques

to measure force due to the ambiguities in definitions, asymmetry of the

sources of power for different states, and ideal nature of some elements of

capability. The chapter concludes that war as political means hasn’t changed

in contemporary international politics since Clausewitz, as some liberals sug-

gested by the end of the cold war. What have been changed are the new

forms of warfare and the new threats on the global and local levels.

The fifth chapter is devoted to the neorealist’ vision of reasons of war. It

studies how the main approaches explain the conditions of systemic stability

and war with respect to the multi–level understanding of international poli-

tics: system, state, and man. As follows from their arguments, neorealists

have different and sometimes contradictive points of view on the systemic

reasons of war and on the perspectives of American hegemony. But they still

share theses about anarchy, state as main actor, sovereignty as the key prin-

ciple of international system, and structural principles of analysis. Because of

its limits, neorealists’ explanations of war on the state and man level are

more amorphous comparing to the systemic level. Partial theories, especially

on the man level, prone to interdisciplinary methodology and are more induc-

tive rather then deductive.

369

Acknowledgements

Author is grateful to those institutions whose assistance and materials

made possible the appearance of this monograph:

• The Fulbright Scholar Program sponsored by the U.S. Department of

State Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs

• Council for International Exchange of Scholars, Washington

• The Center for International Relations, Boston University, Boston

I am thankful for advices, discussions, and friendly support provided by

Professor Andrew Bacevich, Professor Vivien Schmidt, and General Fred

Woerner of the Center for International Relations, Boston University.

370

Сведения об авторе

Конышев Валерий Николаевич — кандидат исторических наук

(1997), старший преподаватель кафедры североамериканских исследо-

ваний факультета международных отношений Санкт–Петербургского

государственного университета (1999).

Проходил научные стажировки в Институте североамериканских

исследований им. Дж. Кеннеди при Свободном университете Берлина

(Германия, 1995), в Университете штата Миссури (США, 1996–97), в

мемориальных библиотеках президентов Дж.Форда и Д.Эйзенхауэра

(США, 1997), в Копенгагенском институте исследований мира (Дания,

1997), в Центрально-европейском университете (Венгрия, 1999), в Уни-

верситете Бостона (США, 2002–03).

Автор был удостоен исследовательских грантов от Gerald Ford

Foundation, Dwight Eisenhower World Affairs Institute, John F.Kennedy–

Institut fur Nordamerikastudien, Junior Faculty Development Program, Ful-

bright Scholar Program.

В.Н. Конышев является автором статей по теории международных

отношений, проблемам безопасности, внешней политике США, а также

книг:

Принятие решений о военных интервенциях: отношения прези-

дента и конгресса США (1982–1991 гг.) СПб: ВИРД, 1999. — 159 с.

Неореализм в современной политической мысли США. Учебное

пособие. СПб: Изд. БАН, 2001. — 160 с.

konyshev@omrb.pnpi.spb.ru