Kenny Anthony. An Illustrated Brief History of Western Philosophy
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394
index
chance, 122
change, 34, 54–5, 81–3, 284
accidental vs. substantial, 82
character, 67, 72
Charlemagne, 125
choice, 70, 115
see also freedom of the will
Christianity, 102–5, 110, 144–5
Chrysippus, 95–6
church and state, 118, 130–1, 133,
175–6
Cicero, 99–100, 114
classes (logical), 43, 354–7
classes (political), 46, 305–6
Cleanthes, 95
clear and distinct perception, 213
Clement of Alexandria, 104
cogito ergo sum, 211, 288, 303
cognitive appearance, 98
Coleridge, S. T., 62, 272, 274
colours, 158, 231, 256, 374
common sense, 263–5
communism, 179
composite sense vs. divided sense, 170
compossibility, 249
concept script, 351
concepts, 132, 136, 252
concept vs. object, 355–6
conclusions, 65
Concord, temple of (Agrigento), 17
concrete universals, 42
conscience, 160, 343, 347–8
consciousness, 208, 212, 282
consent, 137
consequences, 160
consequentialists, 311–12
Constantine, 109, 183
Constantinople, 109, 111, 144, 183
consubstantiality, 110
contemplation, 74–5, 162
continence, 74
contingent vs. necessary, 35–6, 79, 242,
290
convention, 19
Copernicus, 199, 276
Corpus Christi, 155
cosmical concepts, 289–91
cosmological proofs, 291–5
counter-reformation, 195
courage, 46
creation, 83
see also eternity, of world
creeds, 111
criterion, 98
Crito, 31, 36
cruelty, 332
Crusades, 144
cycles, 15, 331
Cynicism, 95
Cyril of Alexandria, 113
Dante, 140, 145, 175
Darwin, Charles, 333–8, 334
death, 28, 32–6, 93–4, 242–3
deduction, 282
definite descriptions, 58, 359–62, 367
deism, 266, 272
Delphic oracle, 27
democracy, 26, 51, 76, 270
Democritus, 17–20, 56, 94
Descartes, René, 207–20, 209, 222,
228–9, 230, 236, 237, 240, 245,
285, 338, 377, 378
Discourse on Method, 208
life and works, 207–10
Meditations, 210–11, 212–17
description, definite, 58, 359–62, 367
determinism, 120, 291, 338
hard vs. soft, 291
deterrence, 313
dialectic, 44, 287
Hegelian, 303
Diderot, Denis, 266, 268
Diogenes, 95
Dionysius the Areopagite, 127
disputation, 146
divine law, 110, 162
divine right of kings, 225–6
divisibility, 18
dogmatism, 290, 299
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index
Dominicans, 146, 162, 198
dominion, 179
double effect, 161, 238
doubt, 210–12
drama, 67–8
dreams, 210–11, 344–5
dualism, 208, 237, 378
duty, 295–6
earth, 6, 8
East, the, 43
economic determinism, 307–8
ecumenism, 245
ego (Freudian), 346–7
egoism, 325
Eleatics, 9–13, 58–60
elements, 15, 58, 78
elenchus, 44
Eliot, T. S., 8, 324–5
Elizabeth, Princess Palatine, 218
Empedocles, 14–17
empiricism, 98, 158, 290, 316, 339, 377
and Hobbes, 221–3
and Locke, 228–32
Encyclopédie, 266
ends vs. means, 138, 29–7, 314
Ephesus, 6, 113, 114
Epicurus/Epicureanism, 92, 93–4, 97–8
epistemology, 356
equivalent classes, 354
Erasmus, Desiderius, 190
ergon, 69
Eriugena, 125–8
esse est percipi, 253
essence, 89, 109–10, 168
vs. existence, 129–30, 156–7, 292
generic vs. individual, 156
real vs. nominal, 232
eternal truths, 218, 243
eternity, 117
of world, 123, 142, 152, 154, 289
ethics, 328
and Abelard, 137–8
and Aquinas, 159–62
and Aristotle, 68–75
and Democritus, 20
and Plato, 44–50
eucharist, 101, 154–5, 180–1, 196
Euclid, 66
eudaimonia, 69, 74
evening star, 357
evil genius, 211
evolution, 4
and Empedocles, 16
Darwin’s, 333–8
excellence, 45
existence, 10, 87–8, 136, 215, 259, 292,
353
vs. essence, 129–30, 156–7
existentialism, 329
experience, 78, 213
see also empiricism
explanation, 77–80
by causes vs. by reasons, 291
extension, 208–9, 241, 284
faculties, 70
faith, 153, 161, 339–42, 380
falsehood, 57–9
falsification, 205
fate, 97
felicific calculus, 200
Ferdinand of Aragon, 189
feudal system, 130–1, 306
Fichte, J. G., 298–9
Ficino, Marsilio, 187
fictions, 87–8, 174
Filmer, Robert, 226
final causes, 79, 337
fire, 8, 97
first philosophy, 86–90
Five Ways, 152
flat-earthers, 5
flux, 34
Folk-Spirit, 302
forces of production, 306
form vs. matter, 82–3, 97, 154, 218–19
in Kant, 278
formal distinction, 169
forms of life, 379–80
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index
fossils, 6
foundations, 377
Fox, Charles James, plate 14
Francis of Assisi, St, 146
Franciscans, 146–7, 164, 174
freedom of speech, 267, 315–16
freedom of the will, 85, 94–5, 115, 119,
169–70, 184–6, 195, 198, 238, 242,
248, 262, 291
Frege, Gottlob, 318, 351–7
French Revolution, 271–2
Freud, Sigmund, 343–50
Freudian slips, 344
friendship, 44, 74, 95
function, 69, 80, 338
functions (logical), 353
future contingent events, 185
Galileo, 178, 199–201
games, 281, 372
Garden, the, 92, 93
Gassendi, Pierre, 214–15
genera, 178–9, 333
general will, 268–70, 271
generosity, 71
geometry, 1–2, 207, 240, 265, 279–80
Germany, 302
Gibbon, Edward, 108, 111
Gilson, Etienne, 165
Gnosticism, 102–5
God, 74, 95, 101–5, 109–10, 122, 127,
129, 137–8, 142, 147, 172, 255,
319
existence of, 130, 131–2, 152–3,
167–8, 214–15, 239, 241, 255,
291–3, 319, 331, 336, 343
foreknowledge of, 122, 170, 184
idea of, 215
God no deceiver, 210–11, 215
Gödel, Kurt, 359
good will, 295
Gorgias, 25
Gottschalk, 126
government, 176, 270
grace, 119–20
gravitation, 236
great-souled man, 72, 161
greatest happiness principle, 310–11
Gregory VII, Pope, 130, 131, 175
Grosseteste, Robert, 148
Grotius, Hugo, 206–7
haecceitas, 168–9
happiness, 52
and Aquinas, 159
and Aristotle, 69, 74
utilitarianism, 309–11
Harvey, William, 220
health, psychic, 53
see also mental health
heat, 231, 253, 284
heaven, 118
Hegel, G. W. F., 299–304, 300, 305,
320, 327
heliocentrism, 200–1, 208
hell, 118
Hellenistic era, 91–2
Héloïse, 135
Henry of Ghent, 166
Henry VIII, 190, 193
Heraclitus, 6–8, 13, 13, 15, 20, 54–8,
238
heresy, 103, 196
Hermias, 61–2
Herodotus, 22
history of philosophy, 303–4
history, philosophy of, 299–303
Hobbes, Thomas, 221–6, 224
empiricism of, 221–3
political philosophy, 223–6
holiness, 29
Holy Roman Empire, 125, 130, 176,
183, 206
Homer, 1, 5, 46, 110
homonymy, 81
homoousion (vs. homoiousion), 109, 111
homosexuality, 349
homunculus, 217
Hopkins, G. M., 8, 155, 172
horseness, 83, 129, 168
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index
humanism, 183
humanity, 41, 81, 110, 136, 158, 168
Hume, David, 256–63, 257, 275, 285,
377, 378
humility, 161–2
Huxley, T. H., 336
Hypatia, 113
I (ego), 211, 282–3, 286–9, 299
id, 346–7
idealism, 158, 285–6, 299–304, 377
ideas, 35
abstract, 252–3, 254
innate, 228–9
Kantian, 288–9
Platonic, 40–4, 48–50, 69, 115, 127,
147, 157
identity, 233–4, 249–50, 354
ideology, 305, 308
idols, 204
‘if . . . then’, 96, 352
illumination, 148, 245
imagination, 48, 213, 223, 257–8
immaculate conception, 171–2
immortality, 2, 33–7, 53, 85, 140, 190,
368
imperative, hypothetical vs categorical,
296
imperishability, 36, 85
impetus, 123–4
impiety, 31
impressions (vs. ideas), 256–60
inalienable rights, 176
incarnation, 112–14, 133, 153
inconceivability, 132
incontinence, 74
indiscernibles, 249
individualism, 327–9
individuation, 82–3, 107, 168, 233, 325
induction, 20–4, 317–18
inertia, 124, 200
infants, 115
sexuality, 345–6, 348–9
inference, 63–5, 341
real vs. verbal, 317
infinite, 23, 166–7
infinite regress, 170
infinitesimal calculus, 245
infinity axiom, 359
inner eye, 261
Inquisition, 146, 195, 199
instants of nature, 171
intellect, 85–6, 169, 213
active vs. passive, 129, 140, 147, 157–8
intellectual virtues, 73–4
intelligence, 73
intensive magnitude, 284
intention, 137, 160, 238, 313–14
direct vs. oblique, 314
introspection, 258
intuition, 216, 239, 318
Islam, 125
Jansenism, 238
Jesuits, 195, 197–8, 238
Jesus, 100–2, 109–12, 329
Jews, 91, 101, 110, 240, 330
John the Scot, 125–8, 126
judge, 30
judgement, 212
categorical vs. hypothetical vs.
disjunctive, 281
and knowledge, 56–7
synthetic vs. analytic, 276–7, 283–4
Julius Caesar, 99, 248
justice, 2, 9, 44–54
Justinian, 108, 109, 123, 124, 145
Kant, Immanuel, 249, 275–97, 277, 298,
303, 320, 378
Critique of Pure Reason, 275–95, 287
Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals,
295–7
Keats, John, 273
Kierkegaard, Søren, 327–9
kingdom of ends, 297
knowledge, 48–9, 54–8
a priori vs. a posteriori, 276–9
of fact vs. knowledge of consequence,
221
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index
knowledge (cont’d)
intuitive vs. abstractive, 169, 172
and judgement, 56–7
as perception, 54–6
labour theory of value, 307
language, 115, 222, 251–2, 258, 281,
337, 362, 365–77
language-games, 372–4
Latin, 100, 115, 145, 150, 182
laws, 31
divine, 110, 162
natural, 202, 219, 322
Leibniz, G. W., 171, 245–50, 250
Leucippus, 18
liberalism, 226, 314
liberty of indifference, 198, 213,
262
liberty of spontaneity, 248, 262, 291
light, 148
lions, 380
Locke, John, 226–36, 340
Essay, 228–32
theory of language, 251–6
Two Treatises, 226–8
logic
and Abelard, 135–7
and Aristotle, 63–7
and Descartes, 219
and Frege, 351–7
and Hegel, 303
and Mill, 316–19
modal, 150
and Russell, 362–4
and Stoics, 96–7
thirteenth century, 149–50
three-valued, 185–6
logical atomism, 362–8
logical form, 367
logical positivism, 368–70
logicism, 353–6
Louvain University, 185
love, 15–16, 243
Lucretius, 93; plate 6
Luther, Martin, 184, 193–4, 195
Lyceum, 62, 92
lyre, 34–5
Macaulay, Thomas, 204–5
Machiavelli, Niccolò, 188–90; plate 12
madness, 54, 347
magic, 187, 202
Maimonides, 139, 140–3
Malebranche, Nicolas, 243–5
Manicheism, 114
Marcus Aurelius, 95, 103
Marsilius of Padua, 175–6
Marx, Karl, 304–8
Mary, 113, 171
master-morality, 330
materialism, 304–6, 378
mathematics, 50, 66, 177, 202, 218, 318,
351–62
matter (material things), 253
matter vs. form, 82–3, 97, 148, 154
maxims, 296
Maya, 321
mean, 70, 71
meaning, 136, 357, 372–7
meaning of life, 368
medical ethics, 312
Medici family, 186–7, 189, 193, 199
Melissus, 13–14
memory, 236, 257–8
mental health, 347–9
mental images, 251–3, 257–8
mental language, 173–4
mental processes, 373
metaphysics, 67, 86–90, 202, 276, 278,
373
metempsychosis, 2, 16
middle knowledge, 198
midwife, 54
Mill, James, 309
Mill, John Stuart, 309, 314–19, 315, 369,
377
mind, 24, 57, 106
Aquinas’ philosophy of, 157–9
and Descartes, 212–17, 220
Hume’s philosophy of, 256–60
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index
and Mill, 316
and Wittgenstein, 372–7
see also dualism; intellect; soul vs. body
modal logic, 150
modes, 241
Molina, Luis de, 198
monads, 247–8
monarchy, 76
monism, 59, 240
monophysitism, 113–14
monotheism, 6, 110
Montaigne, Michel de, 197
Montesquieu, Baron de, 267
moral philosophy
and Aristotle, 68–75
and Bentham, 312, 313–14
and Kant, 295–7
morality
moral law, 295
moral virtues, 69–72, 73–4, 161
and Nietzsche, 330
and Socrates, 26–7
More, Thomas, 190–3, 191, 194, 195
Moses, 101
motion, 123, 229
vital vs. voluntary, 222
motive, 72, 313–14
murder, 28, 71, 118
music, 46, 324–5
Muslim philosophy, 128–30, 139–40
myth, 46
names, 172, 222, 316, 360–1, 375
Napoleon, 272, 298, 331
nationalism, 298
natura naturans, 199
natural law, 202, 219, 322
natural powers, 85
natural rights, 176–7, 226–7, 310
natural selection, 335–6
natural theology, 153, 380
natural virtue, 73
nature, 2, 19, 76, 97, 127, 216, 224–5,
240–1
necessary being, 129–30, 153
necessary connection, 260–1, 284
necessary vs. contingent, 35–6, 79, 242,
290
necessity and freedom, 242
necessity, simple vs. conditional, 122
negative propositions, 65
neo-Platonism, 106–8, 147
Nero, 95
Nestorianism, 113–14
neurosis, 345–7
Newman, J. H., 339–43, 340, 380
Newton, Isaac, 236, 338
Nicaea, 109–11
Nicolas of Autrecourt, 177
Nietzsche, F., 329–32
nominalism, 136, 173, 177, 178–9
non-contrariety, 48
nothing, 12
noumenon, 286
noun, 59
null-class, 354, 358
numbers, 354–6, 358–9
objects vs. concepts, 355–6
occasionalism, 244, 254
Ockham’s razor, 174
Ockham, William, 172–7, 173
Oedipus, 22, 68
complex, 346
oligarchy, 51–2
omnipotence, 138, 171, 319
One, the, 106, 107
ontological argument, 214, 241, 356
ontology, 9
opinion, 49
opium of the people, 305
opposites, 33
Oresme, Nicole, 164
Organon, 66
Origen, 104–5
origin of species, 333–6
original sin, 101, 113, 119, 171, 337
Orthodoxy, 109–12
other minds, 316
Oxford Calculators, 177–8
AIBD03 22/03/2006, 11:12 AM399
400
index
Oxford University, 145–6, 148, 162,
164–5, 177–8, 182
pain, 231, 242, 375
Papacy, 112, 130, 176–7, 180–1, 183,
225
paradigms, 42
paradoxes, 357–8
paralogisms, 288–9
Paris University, 145–6, 148, 162,
182
Parmenides, 9–14, 37, 58–60, 106
particular propositions, 65
Pascal, Blaise, 238–9
passion, 70–1, 242
Paul, St, 6, 101–2, 110, 120, 184
peacock’s tail, 127
Pelagianism, 119–20
pepper, 150
perception, 84
knowledge as, 54–6
Pericles, 22–4
permissiveness, 349
person vs. man, 234
personal identity, 111–13, 233–5
Peter Lombard, 145, 151
Peter de Rivo, 185–6
Peter of Spain, 149
phenomena vs. noumena, 286
phenomenalism, 255, 316
Philip the Fair, 175
Philo, 102
Philoponus, 123–4, 200
philosopher king, 51
philosophy, nature of, 370–4
phronesis, 73
physico-theological proof, 293
physics, 66, 177, 199
physis, 2, 66
Pico della Mirandola, 187
picture theory of meaning, 365–7
piety, 29–30
pineal gland, 216
pistons, 374
plasma physics, 15
Plato, 24, 26, 28, 38–60, 39, 110, 114,
186; plate 2, 11
Apology, 27, 36
Crito, 28, 31
Euthyphro, 28–31, 39
life and works, 38–40
Parmenides, 40, 41, 61
Phaedo, 28, 31–7
Republic, 40, 44–54, 69, 75–6, 118,
139, 193, 347
‘Socratic’ dialogues, 38–40
Sophist, 40, 58–60
Theaetetus, 40, 54–8, 60, 84
Theory of Ideas, 40–4, 54, 60,
69
Timaeus, 40
Platonism, Renaissance, 186–7
pleasure, 72, 94, 314
Plotinus, 106–8
pneuma, 97
poetry, 51, 67–8
polis, 75
political philosophy
and Aristotle, 75–6
and Hobbes, 223–6
and Locke, 226–8
and Machiavelli, 188–9
and Montesquieu, 267
and Plato, 51
and Rousseau, 268–71
and Socrates, 45–6
polity, 76
Pomponazzi, Pietro, 190
Pope, Alexander, 135, 227
Porphyry, 107, 121
possible worlds, 171, 197, 248–9
best of, 249
potentiality, 81–2, 84
powers, 231–2
practical reasoning, 170
practical science, 66, 68
pre-established harmony, 247
pre-existence, 33, 105, 272–3
Pre-Socratics, 1–25, 78
predestination, 119–20, 127, 196
AIBD03 22/03/2006, 11:12 AM400
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index
predicate calculus, 351–2
predicates, 66, 136–7
first-order vs. second-order, 292–3
premisses, 65–6
prescription, 70
‘present King of France’, 360
price vs. worth, 297
prime matter, 82
Principia Mathematica, 358–60
priority, 89
privacy, 220, 370
private language, 375–7
probability, 239, 342
Proclus, 107–8
prohairesis, 159
prohibitions, 312
properties, 42
property, 22
propositional calculus, 351–2
Protagoras, 24–5, 54–6
protocol statements, 369–70
providence, 97, 300
pseudo-propositions, 368
psychoanalysis, 343–4
psychology, 83, 288
Ptolemies, 91
punishment, 309, 313
purification of emotion, 68
Pyrrho, 98
Pythagoras, 1–2, 3, 7
qualities, primary vs. secondary, 229–32,
253–5, 264
quality of pleasure, 314
quantification, 353
quintessence, 78, 200
rainbow, 324
Ramus, Peter, 197
Raphael, 47, 189; plate 13
School of Athens, 3, 13, 62
rational powers, 85
rationalism, 158
realism, 136, 179
reality, 106, 215
reason, 47, 48, 53, 69, 74, 339, 347
pure reason, 286–91
reason vs. superstition, 266, 283
recollection, 33, 36, 272
reference vs. sense, 357
reformation, 193–6
Reid, Thomas, 263–5
relations of production, 306
religion, 1, 2, 4, 140, 328
Renaissance, 182–3
res cogitans, 212–13
resurrection, 8, 101, 105, 233
retribution, 313
revealed theology, 153
revelation, 341
river, 8
romanticism, 272–4
Roman Empire, 99–100, 103–4, 109
round square, 360
Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 256, 267–71,
269, 272,
Royal Society, 205, 240
Russell, Bertrand, 152, 318, 357–64,
361
logical analysis, 362–4
paradox, 357–9
theory of descriptions, 359–62
sacraments, 144–5, 193
satisfaction, 133
Savonarola, 187
scepticism, 24, 97–9, 172
schism, 180–1
Schlick, Moritz, 368
scholasticism, 123, 145, 164
Schopenhauer, 320–7, 321, 377
sciences, 1, 66–7, 77–80, 367–8
scientism, 373, 379
Scotus, Duns, 165–72, 166, 175, 198
seeming, 13
self, 260, 283
self-consciousness, 190, 234, 282–3
self-defence, 161
semantics, 149
Seneca, 95, 102
AIBD03 22/03/2006, 11:12 AM401
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sensation, 55, 94, 213, 219, 222, 254,
384
sense-perception, 58, 56, 78, 84–5
sense vs. reference, 357
senses, 56, 84, 94, 155
inner vs. outer, 278–9
sensibility, 272
sensibles, common vs. proper, 230
sentence, 59, 63
separation of powers, 270
sex, 344–6
Sextus Empiricus, 98–9, 197
ship in river, 285
Shylock, 77
signs, 96
silence of the law, 225
simplicity, 107, 290, 371
Simplicius, 108, 123
sin, 110
Sixtus IV, 185–6
slave-morality, 330, 332
slavery, 76, 97, 195
social contract, 31, 227–8, 268–71
Socrates, 7, 25–37, 32; plate 1
Socratic dialogues, 38–40
Socratic paradox, 27, 54
soul vs. body, 33–6
solipsism, 369, 376–7
sophismata, 178
sophists, 24–5, 26, 58–9
Sophocles, 22, 68
sortals, 232
soul vs. body, 33–6, 44; plate 10
and Aristotle, 70, 83–6
and Epicurus, 94
Plato’s parts of, 47–8, 51–3, 52
vegetative vs. animal vs. rational, 129,
165, 168
sovereignty, 225, 227, 268–70
space, 278–9
species, 178, 333–5
spider, 7
Spinoza, Baruch, 240–3, 244, 272
spirit, 84, 235, 301–3
split personality, 233
State, 45, 51–2, 76, 268–9, 302, 305
state of nature, 223, 226, 268
statements, 96–7
Stoics, 92, 95–8, 103
strife, 15–16
struggle for existence, 335–6
Suarez, Francisco, 197–8
subsistence wages, 307
substance, 284–5
Aristotle’s category of, 80
first vs. second, 81, 110, 112
Spinozist, 241
substance vs. accident, 154
unknown substratum, 232–3, 253–5
substantial forms, 218
sufficient reason, 246
suicide, 118, 192, 296, 325
sun, 23
superego, 346–7
Superman, 331–2
superstition, 266, 326, 381
supposition, 149–50
surface grammar, 372
surplus value, 307
swerve of the atoms, 94
syllogisms, 65–6, 149, 204, 317,
352
syncategorematic terms, 149
synthetic a priori, 277–86
taste, 19, 84–5, 231
tautologies, 369
teleology, 79, 337–8
temper, 47, 53, 70, 72, 347
temperance, 46; plate 4
Thales, 2–4, 15
Theodosius, 111, 118
theological virtues, 161
theology, 66–7, 87
theory of types, 358
therapy, 344, 372
thesis vs. antithesis, 289, 303
thing-in-itself, 286, 299, 322
Third Man, 41–2
thought, 11, 16, 33, 59, 208–13
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Thrasymachus, 45
three-valued logic, 185–6
Thucydides, 22
time, 117, 279, 284, 327
timocracy, 51
Timon, 98
tools, 281
tortoise, 14
totalitarianism, 46
tragedy, 67–8
transcendental aesthetic, 278–80
transcendental analytic, 280–6
transcendental deduction, 282
transcendental dialectic, 286–95
transcendental unity of apperception, 283,
303
transmigration of souls, 1, 16, 35
transubstantiation, 154–5, 156
transvaluation of values, 330
tree of knowledge, 202
Trinity, 112, 153
truth-functions, 352
truth-values, 352–3
truths of reason vs. of fact, 246
Twenty Questions, 58
Tyndale, William, 98
Unbeing, 11–14, 18, 59, 83, 106
unconditioned, 290
unconscious, 344
understanding, 73–4, 280
unicorns, 157
uniformity of Nature, 318
universal propositions, 65, 281
universalizability, 296
universals, 135–6, 172–4, 178–9,
362
universals, concrete, 42
universities, 145–6, 164–5
univocity, 167
unmoved movers, 78, 89
usury, 76–7, 194
utilitarianism, 20, 71, 309–19
utility, principle of, 204, 310
Utopia, 190–3
Valla, Lorenzo, 183–5
Van Zomeren, Henry, 185
vegetarianism, 1, 16, 192
verb, 59
verification, 205
verification principle, 369–70
violent motion, 78, 123
virtue, 45, 51, 68–75, 97
moral, 69–72, 73–4, 161
natural, 73
vividness, 258
void time, 289
void, the, 18
Voltaire, 249, 266–7, 275
voluntariness, 159, 160
voluntarism, 170
wager, 239
Wagner, Richard, 325, 330
war, 118, 144, 192, 206–7, 303
Wars of Religion, 206–7
water, 2, 7
weaver, 35
will, 137, 213, 262, 322–4
William of Sherwood, 149
wisdom, 33, 380
Aristotle on, 72–3, 74
Wittgenstein, L., 220, 364, 365–81, 366,
376; plate 16
On Certainty, 379–80
Philosophical Investigations, 370–80
Tractatus, 365–8, 369
Wolff, 249
women, 46, 113, 207, 218
Word (= Logos), 7, 102
Wordsworth, William, 272–3
World-mind, 106–7
world-picture, 380
World-soul, 107, 273
World-spirit, 301–3
world-view, 380
Wyclif, John, 178–81, 180, 196
Xenophanes, 5–6, 15
Xerxes, 21–2
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