Каплан Г.И. Клиническая психиатрия

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.

ohly\ wlhli_jbh^m gbog_[uehdZdhceb[hiZlheh]bb

IkbobZljbq_kdh_ e_q_gb_ jZkkljhckl\Z Z^ZilZpbb ^he`gh ijh\h^blvky jZamfgh

qlh[uba[_`Zlv\lhjbqghc\u]h^u;he_ag_ggh_khklhygb_fh`_l[ulv\hagZ]jZ`^_gh

^ey ebpZ jZg__ g_ klZedb\Z\r_]hky k wlhc ijh[e_fhc l_f qlh hgh kgbfZ_l kg_]h

hl\_lkl\_gghklv LZdbf h[jZahf \gbfZgb_ \jZqZ khqm\kl\b_ b ihgbfZgb_ dhlhju_

g_h[oh^bfu ^ey mki_oZ fh]ml klZlv ih^dj_ie_gb_f \ ijhp_kk_ jZa\blby \lhjbqghc

\u]h^u GZ^h mqblu\Zlv \k_ wlb nZdlhju ijb ijh\_^_gbb ikbohl_jZibb Dh]^Z

kbfilhfu\lhjbqghc\u]h^um`_jZa\bebkve_q_gb_klZgh\blky[he__ljm^guf

Bgh]^Z ijb e_q_gbb lj_\h]b qZklh \hagbdZxs_c mebp kljZ^Zxsbo

jZkkljhckl\hf Z^ZilZpbb ohjhrbc wnn_dl hdZau\Zxl Zglblj_\h`gu_ Z]_glu f_g__

qZklh ² ljbpbdebq_kdb_ Zglb^_ij_kkZglu dhlhju_ hdZau\Zxlky wnn_dlb\gufb ijb

^_ij_kkbb >_ckl\bl_evgh dh]^Z \jZq ieZgbjm_l dmjk Zglb^_ij_kkb\ghc l_jZibb hg

^he`_g i_j_kfhlj_lv ^bZ]gha b ijh^mfZlv hkh[_gghklb ^_ij_kkb\gh]h jZkkljhckl\Z

Ebrv_^bgbqgu_beb`_\hh[s_gbdZdb_aZ[he_\Zgbyg_fh]ml[ulvbae_qbfulhevdh

e_dZjkl\Zfb ;hevgu_ m dhlhjuo jZkkljhckl\Z Z^ZilZpbb \dexqZxl gZjmr_gby

ih\_^_gbybgh]^Zkh\_jrZxlijZ\hgZjmr_gbydhgnebdlmxlk gZqZevkl\hfgZjZ[hl_

beb \rdhe_ G_ j_dhf_g^m_lky qlh[u \jZqb klZjZebkv kiZklb lZdbo [hevguo hl

hl\_lkl\_gghklb aZ k\hb ^_ckl\by Kebrdhf qZklh lZdZy ^h[jhlZ lhevdh ih^dj_iey_l

khpbZevgh g_ijb_fe_fu_ kihkh[u j_^mdpbb gZijy`_gby b ij_iylkl\m_l \ujZ[hld_

djblbdbb ihke_^mxs_fmmemqr_gbxwfhpbhgZevgh]hkhklhygby

Ihkdhevdm ijb jZkkljhckl\Zo Z^ZilZpbb fh`_l [ulv q_ldh ijhke_`_g klj_kk

qZklh ij_^iheZ]Zxl qlh ikbohl_jZiby g_ ihdZaZgZ bqlh jZkkljhckl\h hdhgqblky

kZfhklhyl_evghGhwlZlhqdZaj_gbyg_mqblu\Z_lqlhfgh]b_ebpZbkiulZ\rb_lZdhc

`_ klj_kk g_ h[gZjm`b\Zxl [he_ag_gguo kbfilhfh\ bqlh wlh² iZlheh]bq_kdZy

j_Zdpby Ikbohl_jZiby fh`_l ihfhqv km[t_dlm emqr_ ijbkihkh[blvky d i_j_g_k_gbx

klj_kkZ_kebhgg_h[jZlbfbebh]jZgbq_gh\j_fyb fh`_lkem`blvij_\_glb\ghcf_jhc

\ kemqZ__kebklj_kkih\lhjy_lky

=eZ\Z 

IKBOHEH=BQ?KDB?N:DLHJU<EBYXSB?G:NBABQ?KDH?

KHKLHYGB?IKBOHKHF:LBQ?KDB?J:KKLJHCKL<:

<<?>?GB?

>bZ]ghklbq_kdb_ djbl_jbb '60,,, b '60,,,5^ey ikboheh]bq_kdbo nZdlhjh\

hdZau\Zxsbo \ebygb_ gZ nbabq_kdh_ khklhygb_ l_ ^ey ikbohkhfZlbq_kdbo

jZkkljhckl\ wlh l_ ikboheh]bq_kdb agZqbfu_ jZa^jZ`bl_eb ba hdjm`Zxs_c kj_^u

dhlhju_ ^hklh\_jgh ohly b qZklbqgh b \j_f_ggh h[mkeh\eb\Zxl hkeZ[e_gb_ beb

mkbe_gb_ nbabq_kdh]h aZ[he_\Zgby Ijb lZdhf khklhygbb bf__lky eb[h hlq_leb\Zy

hj]Zgbq_kdZy iZlheh]by gZijbf_j j_\fZlhb^guc Zjljbl eb[h dZdhceb[h ba\_klguc

iZlhnbabheh]bq_kdbc ijhp_kk gZijbf_j ]heh\gZy [hev \\b^_ fb]j_gb Fgh]b_

kqblZxlqlh bkdexq_gb_ba '60,,, ghaheh]bq_kdh]h l_jfbgZ ikbohnbabheh]bq_kdbc

kbghgbf l_jfbgZ ©ikbohkhfZlbq_kdbcª \gh\v i_j_q_jdb\Z_l \aZbfhhlghr_gb_ mfZ

ikbobdbbl_eZkhfu dhgp_ipbydhlhjZyih^q_jdb\Z_l_^bgucbebohebklbq_kdbc

ih^oh^ \ f_^bpbg_ \lhf qlh gZ \k_ [he_agb hdZau\Zxl \ebygb_ iZlheh]bq_kdb_

nZdlhjuGb`_i_j_qbke_gu^bZ]ghklbq_kdb_djbl_jbb^eyikboheh]bq_kdbonZdlhjh\

hdZau\Zxsbo\ebygb_gZnbabq_kdh_aZ[he_\Zgb_

:

Ikboheh]bq_kdbagZqbfu_jZa^jZ`bl_ebbahdjm`Zxs_ckj_^u\h\j_f_gghf

hlghr_gbb k\yaZgu k gZqZehf beb h[hklj_gb_f ki_pbnbq_kdh]h nbabq_kdh]h

aZ[he_\ZgbybebjZkkljhckl\Zj_]bkljbjm_fuoihHkb ,,,

;

Nbabq_kdh_ khklhygb_ \dexqZ_l eb[h ih^l\_j`^_ggh_ hj]Zgbq_kdh_

aZ[he_\Zgb_ gZijbf_j j_\fZlhb^guc Zjljbl beb ba\_klgh_ iZlhnbabheh]bq_kdh_

jZkkljhckl\hgZijbf_j]heh\gZy[hevfb]j_gv

<

Khklhygb_g_hl\_qZ_ldjbl_jbyf^eykhfZlhnhjfgh]hjZkkljhckl\Z

Ki_pbZevgh bkdexq_gu ba deZkkbnbdZpbb '60,,,5  deZkkbq_kdb_ ikbobq_kdb_

jZkkljhckl\Z ijb dhlhjuo khfZlbq_kdb_ `Zeh[u y\eyxlky khklZ\ghc qZklvx

aZ[he_\Zgby gZijbf_j jZkkljhckl\h \\b^_ dhg\_jkbb ijb dhlhjhf khfZlbq_kdb_

`Zeh[u \ua\Zgu ikboheh]bq_kdbf dhgnebdlhf  jZkkljhckl\h \\b^_ khfZlbaZpbb

ijb dhlhjhf \uy\eyxlky nbabq_kdb_ kbfilhfu g_ hkgh\Zggu_ gZ hj]Zgbq_kdb

g_iheghp_gghcihq\_  bihohg^jbyijbdhlhjhchlf_qZ_lkyh[hklj_ggh_\gbfZgb_d

k\h_fma^hjh\vxb \hh[jZ`Z_fh_hsms_gb_ ly`_ehc [he_agb  nbabq_kdb_ `Zeh[u

dhlhju_ qZ_l_ k\yaZgu k ikboheh]bq_kdbfb jZkkljhckl\Zfb gZijbf_j jZkkljhckl\Z

\\b^_^bklbfbbdhlhju_khijh\h`^Zxlkyfur_qghckeZ[hklvxb bafh`^_gghklvx 

nbabq_kdb_ `Zeh[u k\yaZggu_ k ijb\uqgufb jZkkljhckl\Zfb gZijbf_j dZr_ev

k\yaZgguck lZ[Zdhdmj_gb_f

BKLHJBYB KH<J?F?GGU?<A=EY>U

=^_`_bdZd\aZbfh^_ckl\mxl^mrZbl_eh"Ij_^klZ\bl_ebdZdikbobZljbblZdb

f_^bpbgu\ l_q_gb_  e_ljZa^_eyebfg_gb_hlhfqlhijbg_dhlhjuojZkkljhckl\Zo

bf__lf_klhkhq_lZgb_b wfhpbhgZevguob khfZlbq_kdbojZkkljhckl\WlbjZkkljhckl\Z

\i_j\u_ gZa\Ze ikbohkhfZlbq_kdbfb +HLQURWK \  ] ijbf_gb\ ^Zgguc l_jfbg \

hlghr_gbb[_kkhggbpuL_jfbgihemqbejZkijhkljZg_gb_[eZ]h^Zjy -DFREL g_f_pdhfm

ikbobZljm D ikbohkhfZlbq_kdbf jZkkljhckl\Zf klZeb hlghkblv ya\_gguc dhebl

i_ilbq_kdmx ya\m ]heh\gu_ [heb h[mkeh\e_ggu_ fb]j_gvx [jhgobZevgmx Zklfm b

j_\fZlhb^gucZjljblZ lZd`_jy^^jm]bo

E_q_gb_ ikbohkhfZlbq_kdbo jZkkljhckl\ ikboheh]bq_kdbfb f_lh^Zfb g_

\uau\Z_l ^hklZlhqgh ohjhrbo j_amevlZlh\ lZd qlh g_ fh`_l [ulv j_dhf_g^h\Zgh \

dZq_kl\_ _^bgkl\_ggh]h f_lh^Z e_q_gby DZd ke_^kl\b_ wlh]h m \jZq_c \hagbdeb

khfg_gby \ ^hklh\_jghklb dhgp_ipbb ikbohnbabheh]bq_kdhc f_^bpbgu H^gb

ml\_j`^Zxl qlh wlhl l_jfbg kebrdhf rbjhdbc ^jm]b_²qlh kebrdhf madbc

;hevrbgkl\h kqblZ_l qlh ojhgbq_kdb_ ly`_eu_ b mihjgu_ klj_kku fh]ml b]jZlv

wlbheh]bq_kdmx jhev \ jZa\blbb g_dhlhjuo khfZlbq_kdbo aZ[he_\Zgbc OZjZdl_j

klj_kkZ ikbohnbabheh]bq_kdb_ nZdlhju e_`Zsb_ \ _]h hkgh\_ ijbjh^Z

wfhpbhgZevguodhgnebdlh\y\eyxlkyebhgbki_pbnbq_kdbfbbebg_ki_pbnbq_kdbfb

bimlbihdhlhjuf[eZ]h^ZjywlbfnZdlhjZfjZa\b\Z_lky[he_agvijhlb\hj_qb\u

<B>UKLJ?KKH<<?>MSBOD IKBOHKHF:LBQ?KDBF

J:KKLJHCKL<:F

Klj_kkh\Zy beb ljZ\fZlbabjmxsZy `bag_ggZy kblmZpby²wlh kblmZpby dhlhjZy

klZ\bl i_j_^ q_eh\_dhf ijh[e_fu k dhlhjufb hg g_ fh`_l kijZ\blvky gZ ^he`ghf

mjh\g_ jZajZ[hlZeb khpbZevgmx rdZem hij_^_eyxsmx mjh\_gv ijbkihkh[e_gby \

dhlhjhckh^_j`blky  `bl_ckdbokh[ulby\uau\ZxsbogZjmr_gbyb klj_kkujZaghc

kl_i_gb \ujZ`_gghklb \ h[uqghc `bagb [hevgh]h gZijbf_j kf_jlv kmijm]Z²

_^bgbpjZa\h^² _^bgbpujZaemdZ\ k_f_cghc `bagb²_^bgbpkf_jlv[ebadh]h

qe_gZk_fvb² _^bgbpu

RdZeZ[ueZkhklZ\e_gZiml_fhijhkZkhl_gebpbajZaguokeh_\^eykhklZ\e_gby

jy^Z agZq_gbc hij_^_eyxsbo mjh\_gv ijbkihkh[e_gby ih baf_g_gbx `bag_gguo

kh[ulbc +ROPHVb 5DKH

h[gZjm`beb qlh ijb gZebqbb ^\mokhl beb [he__ hqdh\ oZjZdl_jbamxsbo baf_g_gb_

`bagb \ l_q_gb_ h^gh]h ]h^Z bf_eh f_klh m\_ebq_gb_ qbkeZ ikbohkhfZlbq_kdbo

jZkkljhckl\ Bkke_^h\Zgby g_^Z\g_]h \j_f_gb ihdZaZeb qlh ebpZ dhlhju_ i_j_g_keb

wlh]h lbiZ klj_kku kdhj__ [eZ]hihemqgh q_f g_[eZ]hihemqgh f_g__ ih^\_j`_gu

jZa\blbx ikbohkhfZlbq_kdbo jZkkljhckl\ Z _keb hgb b jZa\b\Zxlky \ua^hjh\e_gb_

gZklmiZ_l[ukljh

Djhf_ \ebygby lbibqguo klj_kkh\ lZdbo dZd jZa\h^ beb kf_jlv kmijm]Z

g_dhlhju_ ki_pbZebklu ij_^iheh`beb qlh jZagu_ ebqghklb kdehggu d jZaebqguf

ikbohkhfZlbq_kdbf aZ[he_\Zgbyf b jZagu_ dhgnebdlu lZd`_ \uau\Zxl jZagu_

aZ[he_\Zgby >jm]b_ \ukdZau\Zxl fg_gb_ qlh g_ki_pbnbq_kdZy ]_g_jZebah\ZggZy

lj_\h`ghklv ijb ex[hf dhgnebdl_ fh`_l ijb\h^blv dp_ehfm jy^m jZaebqguo

aZ[he_\Zgbc

JHEV KI?PBNBQ?KDH=H B G?KI?PBNBQ?KDH=H KLJ?KK: <

A:;HE?<:GBYOIKBOHKHF:LBQ?KDHCWLBHEH=BB

Ki_pbnbq_kdbc klj_kk fh`gh hij_^_eblv dZd ki_pbnbq_kdbc ebqghklguc beb

[_kkhagZl_evguc dhgnebdl h[mkeh\eb\Zxsbc gZjmr_gb_ ijhp_kkZ ]hf_hklZlbq_kdh]h

jZ\gh\_kbydhlhjuc\ghkbl\deZ^\ ikbohkhfZlbq_kdh_jZkkljhckl\h

Ki_pbnbq_kdb_ lbiu ebqghklb [ueb \i_j\u_ hij_^_e_gu )ODQGHUV 'XQEDU

dhlhjuc\u^_ebedhjhgZjguoebqghkl_c`_klhdbcZ]j_kkb\guckm[t_dlkljZ^Zxsbo

fbhdZj^bZevghc hddexab_c < jZ[hl_ [he__ iha^g_]h \j_f_gb )ULHGPDQ b 5RVHUQPDQ

ij_^iheh`beb qlh ebqghklguc lbi : koh^guc k dhjhgZjghc ebqghklvx ih^\_j`_g

dhjhgZjgufaZ[he_\Zgbyf )UDQ]$OH[DQGHU \ukdZaZeij_^iheh`_gb_qlhhkgh\gmxjhev

\ jZa\blbb jZaguo jZkkljhckl\ b]jZxl jZaebqgu_ [_kkhagZl_evgu_ dhgnebdlu

gZijbf_j [_kkhagZl_evguc dhgnebdl aZ\bkbfhc ebqghklb ij_^jZkiheh`_gghc d

i_ilbq_kdhcya\_Zg_ebqghklvgZhkhagZgghfmjh\g_DZdki_pbnbq_kdbcebqghklguc

lbi lZd b [_kkhagZl_evgu_ dhgnebdlu ihf_sZxlky \ jm[jbdm ki_pbnbq_kdb_

wlbheh]bq_kdb_nZdlhjuikbohkhfZlbq_kdboaZ[he_\Zgbc

K ^jm]hc klhjhgu ojhgbq_kdbc g_ki_pbnbq_kdbc klj_kk k jZaebqghc kl_i_gvx

lj_\h`ghklb h[gZjm`b\Z_l nbabheh]bq_kdb_ dhjj_eylu k ikbohkhfZlbq_kdbfb

jZkkljhckl\Zfbm ]_g_lbq_kdbij_^jZkiheh`_gguokm[t_dlh\:e_dkblbfgu_km[t_dlu

hkh[_ggh ih^\_j`_gu wlbf aZ[he_\Zgbyf Wlh ebqghklb k [_^guf `bag_gguf

\hh[jZ`_gb_f hgb g_ hkhagZxl k\hbo wfhpbhgZevguo dhgnebdlh\ lZd qlh

ikbohkhfZlbq_kdb_ jZkkljhckl\Z fh]ml [ulv j_ame vlZlhf gZdhie_gby jZa^jZ`_gby

G_ki_pbnbq_kdb_ l_hjbb ih^l\_j`^Zxlky wdki_jbf_glZevgufb nZdlZfb qlh ijb

ojhgbq_kdhf klj_kk_ m `b\hlguo jZa\b\Zxlky ikbohkhfZlbq_kdb_ jZkkljhckl\Z

gZijbf_ji_ilbq_kdZyya\Zbqlh`b\hlgu_\jy^ebbf_xlki_pbnbq_kdmxebqghklv

beb[_kkhagZl_evgucikboheh]bq_kdbcdhgnebdlk\hckl\_ggucq_eh\_dm

NBABHEH=BQ?KDB?I?J?F?GGU?K<YAU<:XSB?KLJ?KKB

IKBOHKHF:LBQ?KDB?J:KKLJHCKL<:

F_^bZlhj f_`^m klj_kkhf b ikbohkhfZlbq_kdbf aZ[he_\Zgb_f fh`_l [ulv

]hjfhgZevguf gZijbf_j h[sbc Z^ZilZpbhgguc kbg^jhf K_ev_ \ dhlhjhf dhjlbahg

y\ey_lky k\yamxsbf a\_ghf >jm]b_ ij_^iheZ]Zxl qlh bf_xl f_klh baf_g_gby \

nmgdpbbi_j_^g_ciblmblZjgh]bihlZeZfbq_kdhZ^j_gZeh\hchkb$OH[DQGHU mdZau\Z_l

qlh \_]_lZlb\gZy g_j\gZy kbkl_fZ gZijbf_j iZjZkbfiZlbq_kdZy g_j\gZy kbkl_fZ ijb

i_ilbq_kdhc ya\_ b kbfiZlbq_kdZy g_j\gZy kbkl_fZ ijb ]bi_jl_gabb y\ey_lky

f_oZgbafhf k\yau\Zxsbf ojhgbq_kdbc klj_kk b ikbohkhfZlbq_kdh_ jZkkljhckl\h

Gb`_ ke_^m_l hibkZgb_ jZaebqguo deZkkbq_kdbo ikbohkhfZlbq_kdbo jZkkljhckl\

\dexqZydhjhldh_h[km`^_gb_j_e_\ZglguoikbohkhfZlbq_kdbonZdlhjh\

K?J>?QGHKHKM>BKL:YKBKL?F:DHJHG:JG:Y;HE?AGV:JL?JBC

DhjhgZjgZy [he_agv Zjl_jbc \uau\Z_l fbhdZj^bZevgmx br_fbx b

oZjZdl_jbam_lky wibah^bq_kdbfbkm[dZj^bZevgufb km[k_j^_qgufb [heyfb

^bkdhfnhjlhfbeb^Z\e_gb_fhgZh[uqghkihkh[kl\m_lijhy\e_gbxklj_kkZ

Ebqghklguc lbi

)UDQGHUV 'XQEDU \i_j\u_ hibkZe ebqghklv [hevguo k

dhjhgZjghc[he_agvxdZdZ]j_kkb\ghdhfimevkb\gmxhlf_lbem gboklj_fe_gb_fgh]h

\j_f_gb ijh\h^blv \ jZ[hl_ b aZ\h_\u\Zlv Z\lhjbl_l Iha`_ )ULHGPDQ b 5RVHQPDQ

hij_^_ebeblbi:b lbi; ebqghkl_c ijbq_f lbi : [he__kbevghk\yaZg k jZa\blb_f

dhjhgZjghc [he_agb k_j^pZ Ebqghklb lbiZ : ² wlh hjb_glbjh\Zggu_ gZ ^_ckl\b_

km[t_dlu dhlhju_ [hjxlky aZ dZdb_lh g_ykgu_ p_eb f_lh^Zfb \jZ`^_[gh]h

khi_jgbq_kl\Z Ebqghklb lbiZ ; gZijhlb\²kihdhcgu_ b f_g__ Z]j_kkb\gu_ b

kjZ`ZxlkyaZ k\hbp_ebf_g__ mihjghIjbebqghklghflbi_ : ih\ur_gh dhebq_kl\h

ebihijhl_bgZ g_[hevrhc iehlghklb ohe_kl_jbgZ ku\hjhldb ljb]ebp_jb^h\ b 

]b^jhdkbdhjlbdhkl_jhb^h\ b\k_ wlb nZdlhju kihkh[kl\mxl jZa\blbx dhjhgZjghc

[he_agbk_j^pZ

E_q_gb_

Ijbe_q_gbbdhjhgZjghchddexabbijbf_gyxlkyjZaebqgu_ij_iZjZlu

Qlh[u hkeZ[blv ikboheh]bq_kdb_ gZjmr_gby k\yaZggu_ k [he_agvx gZagZqZxl

ikbohljhigu_ kj_^kl\Z gZijbf_j ^bZa_iZf Ijb [heyo gZagZqZxl h[_a[heb\Zxsb_

gZijbf_jfhjnbcG_h[oh^bfhih^^_j`b\Zlv^mo[hevgh]hbm\_jylv_]h\lhfqlh

hg \ua^hjh\__l ^_eZy hkh[h_ m^Zj_gb_ gZ hkeZ[e_gbb klj_kkZ dhfimevkbb b

gZijy`_gby

<UJ:@?GG:Y=BI?JL?GABY

=bi_jl_gaby²wlhih\ur_gb_Zjl_jbZevgh]h^Z\e_gby^hagZq_gby  b \ur_

=bi_jl_gab_ckljZ^Zxl  \ajhkeh]hgZk_e_gbyKR: 

Ebqghklguc lbi

 EbpZ k ih\ur_gguf ^Z\e_gb_f \g_rg_ ^_j`Zlky hq_gv

[eZ]hijbklhcgh\ukdZau\Zxlfgh]h`Zeh[b[u\Zxldhfimevkb\gufbbohlyhldjulh

]g_\Z g_ \ujZ`Zxl m gbo fh`_l ihl_gpbZevgh gZdZieb\Zlvky yjhklv Bf__l f_klh

k_f_cgZyij_^jZkiheh`_gghklvd ]bi_jl_gabbl_dh]^Zojhgbq_kdbcklj_kkihy\ey_lky

m ]_g_lbq_kdb ij_^jZkiheh`_gghc ebqghklb dhlhjZy ih^Z\ey_l b j_ij_kkbjm_l ]g_\

fh`_ljZa\blvky]bi_jl_gaby

E_q_gb_

Ohjhrbc wnn_dl ijb ]bi_jl_gabb hdZau\Z_l ih^^_j`b\ZxsZy b

ih\_^_gq_kdZyikbohl_jZibygZijbf_j[bhih^dj_ie_gb_f_^blZpbyb j_eZdkZpbhggZy

l_jZiby >ey dhfie_dkghc l_jZibb ohjhrh ijbf_gylv lZd`_ Zglb]bi_jl_gab\gu_

kj_^kl\Z

K?J>?QG:YG?>HKL:LHQGHKLV

K_j^_qgZy g_^hklZlhqghklv²wlh jZkkljhckl\h ijb dhlhjhf k_j^p_ g_ \

khklhygbb ghjfZevgh mijZ\eylv djh\hlhdhf qlh h[mkeh\eb\Z_l aZklhc \ e_]dbo b\

[hevrhf djm]_ djh\hh[jZs_gby b ihgb`_gb_ ldZg_\h]h djh\hlhdZ k ihgb`_gb_f

h[t_fZ \u[jZku\Z_fhc k_j^p_f djh\b Ikboheh]bq_kdb_ nZdlhju lZdb_ dZd

g_ki_pbnbq_kdbc wfhpbhgZevguc klj_kk beb dhgnebdl qZklh \ebyxl gZ gZqZeh beb

h[hklj_gb_ wlh]h jZkkljhckl\Z LZdbf h[jZahf ih^^_j`b\ZxsZy l_jZiby b]jZ_l

\Z`gmxjhev\ e_q_gbbwlh]haZ[he_\Zgby

<:AHFHLHJGUC<:AH>?IJ?KKB<GUCH;FHJHD

<Zahfhlhjguc \Zah^_ij_kkb\guc h[fhjhd oZjZdl_jbam_lky \g_aZighc ihl_j_c

khagZgby [hevghc iZ^Z_l \ h[fhjhd k\yaZgghc k \Zah\Z]Zevguf ijbklmihf <

j_amevlZl_lhjfh`_gbykbfiZlbq_kdhcg_j\ghckbkl_fub mkbe_gbyiZjZkbfiZlbq_kdhc

\Z]mkghc g_j\ghc Zdlb\ghklb gZ[ex^Z_lky kgb`_gb_ h[t_fZ \u[jZku\Z_fhc k_j^p_f

djh\b mf_gvr_gb_ khijhlb\e_gby i_jbn_jbq_kdbo khkm^h\ \Zah^beZlZpby b

[jZ^bdZj^by Kh]eZkgh )UDQ] $OH[DQGU hkljuc kljZo beb bkim] lhjfhabl bfimevk

[hjv[u lZdbf h[jZahf ijhlZedb\Zy djh\v \ gb`gb_ dhg_qghklb baaZ \Zah^beZlZpbb

khkm^h\ dhg_qghkl_c < j_amevlZl_ wlh]h gZ[ex^Z_lky kgb`_gb_ `_em^hqdh\h]h

gZiheg_gby b gZjmr_gb_ djh\hkgZ[`_gby fha]Z k ihke_^mxs_c ]bihdkb_c fha]Z b

ihl_j_ckhagZgby

E_q_gb_

Ihkdhevdm wlb [hevgu_ h[uqgh aZgbfZxl gZdehggh_ iheh`_gb_ beb

iZ^Zxl kgb`_gb_ h[t_fZ djh\b \u[jZku\Z_fhc k_j^p_f dhjj_dlbjm_lky >ey

ebd\b^Zpbb nbabheh]bq_kdh]h ^bk[ZeZgkZ g_h[oh^bfh ijbih^gylv gh]b [hevgh]h

Gm`ghlZd`_ijh\h^blvikbohl_jZibxqlh[uhij_^_eblvijbqbgmkljZoZbebljZ\fu

\ua\Z\rbo h[fhjhd Dh]^Z h[fhjhd k\yaZg k hjlhklZlbq_kdhc ]bihl_gab_c [hevghfm

gZ^hj_dhf_g^h\Zlvf_^e_gghi_j_oh^blvbaiheh`_gbykb^y\ iheh`_gb_klhy

K?J>?QGU?:JBLFBB

M]jh`Zxsb_`bagbZjblfbblZdb_dZd`_em^hqdh\ZylZobdZj^byb `_em^hqdh\Zy

nb[jbeeypby bgh ]^Z ihy\eyxlky \f_kl_ k wfhpbhgZevgh hljbpZl_evguf kh[ulb_f K

wfhpbhgZevghcljZ\fhck\yaZgulZd`_kbgmkh\ZylZobdZj^bybaf_g_gby\heg 67bL

`_em^hqdh\Zy wdlhiby ih\ur_gb_ dZl_oheZfbgh\ ieZafu b dhgp_gljZpbb k\h[h^guo

`bjguo dbkehl WfhpbhgZevguc klj_kk y\ey_lky g_ki_pbnbq_kdbf lZd `_ dZd lbiu

ebqghkl_cijbdhlhjuohggZ[ex^Z_lky

E_q_gb_

>ey e_q_gby wlhc wfhpbhgZevgh kijh\hpbjh\Zgghc Zjblfbb

ijbf_gyxlkyikbohl_jZibyb E[ehdZlhju

IKBOH=?GGU?K?J>?QGU?@:EH;UMEBPG?KLJ:>:XSBO

A:;HE?<:GBYFBK?J>P:

Kh\k_f ^jm]b_ ijh[e_fu \hagbdZxl ijb e_q_gbb ebp dhlhju_ g_ kljZ^Zxl

k_j^_qgufaZ[he_\Zgb_fgh\k_`_\ukdZau\Zxl`Zeh[uoZjZdl_jgu_^eyk_j^_qguo

aZ[he_\ZgbcHgbqZklhhaZ[hq_gukhklhygb_fk\h_]hk_j^pZb bkiulu\Zxlqj_af_jgmx

[hyagv k_j^_qgh]h aZ[he_\Zgby Bo kljZo fh`_l \Zjvbjh\Zlv hl mjh\gy lj_\h`ghc

haZ[hq_gghklb ijhy\eyxs_cky \\b^_ ly`_ehc nh[bb beb bihohg^jbb ^h [j_^h\h]h

m[_`^_gby\lhfqlhk_j^_qgh_ aZ[he_\Zgb_bf__lkyFgh]b_bawlbo[hevguokljZ^Zxl

lZd gZau\Z_fhc g_cjhpbjdmeylhjghcZkl_gb_c kbg^jhf dhlhjuc iehoh hq_jq_g bg_

kh\k_fyk_g

G_cjhpbjdmeylhjgZyZkl_gby[ueZ\i_j\u_hibkZgZ 'D&RVWD\  ]bhggZa\Ze

__ ©jZa^jZ`_ggufk_j^p_fª HgZ bf__l hdheh  gZa\Zgbc \dexqZy kbg^jhf mkbeby

kbg^jhf 'D&RVWD k_j^_qguc g_\jha \Zahj_]meylhjgZy Zkl_gby bl_jdbg_lbq_kdbc

k_j^_qguc kbg^jhf b ]bi_j^bgZfbq_kdbZ^j_g_j]bq_kdh_ khklhygb_ pbjdmeypbb

djh\hh[jZs_gby IkbobZlju kdehggu jZkkfZljb\Zlv wlh khklhygb_ dZd \ZjbZgl

lj_\h`gh]hjZkkljhckl\Zohlyhgg_\dexq_g\ hnbpbZevgmxghf_gdeZlmjm '60,,,5

>bZ]gha

>bZ]ghklbq_kdbfb djbl_jbyfb ^ey g_cjhpbjdmeylhjghc Zkl_gbb

y\eyxlky  ^uoZl_evgu_ `Zeh[u lZdb_ dZd [he_ag_ggh_ ^uoZgb_ g_\hafh`ghklv

]em[hdh\a^hogmlvm^mrv_b h^urdZ  k_j^p_[b_gb_[heb\]jm^bbeb^bkdhfnhjl 

g_j\haghklv ]heh\hdjm`_gb_ keZ[hklv beb ^bkdhfnhjl \lhei_  qj_af_jgZy

mlhfey_fhklv beb h]jZgbq_gb_ Zdlb\ghklb  kbevgZy ihleb\hklv [_kkhggbpZ b

jZa^jZ`bl_evghklv AZ[he_\Zgb_ h[uqgh gZqbgZ_lky \ ih^jhkldh\hf \hajZkl_ beb \

\hajZkl_  k g_[hevrbf e_lghfh`_l\hagbdZlvb\kj_^g_f\hajZkl_Wlbkbfilhfu\

 jZaZ qZs_ gZ[ex^Zxlky m `_gsbg q_f mfm`qbg b y\eyxlky ojhgbq_kdbfb k

i_jbh^bq_kdbfbh[hklj_gbyfb

E_q_gb_

E_q_gb_ g_cjhpbjdmeylhjghc Zkl_gbb ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc ljm^gmx

aZ^ZqmZ ijh]ghaaZ\bkblhllh]hgZkdhevdh^Zggh_khklhygb_y\ey_lkyojhgbq_kdbf<

wlhfkemqZ_gZi_j\h_f_klh\uklmiZxlnh[bbb [hevgu_qZklhba\e_dZxli_j\bqgu_b

\lhjbqgu_\u]h^ubak\h_]hkhklhygby< g_dhlhjuokemqZyofh`_l[ulvwnn_dlb\ghc

ikbohl_jZiby gZijZ\e_ggZy gZ \uy\e_gb_ ikboh^bgZfbq_kdbo nZdlhjh\ qZklh

k\yaZgguok \jZ`^_[ghklvxg_ijb_febfufbk_dkmZevgufbbfimevkZfbaZ\bkbfhklvx

qm\kl\hf \bgu b kljZohf kf_jlb h^gZdh [hevrbgkl\h [hevguo ba[_]Zxl

ikbobZljbq_kdhc ihfhsb Fh`gh bkihevah\Zlv b ^jm]b_ ih\_^_gq_kdb_ f_lh^u

Ijh]jZffu nbabq_kdh]h \ha^_ckl\by gZijZ\e_ggu_ gZ dhjj_dpbx g_ijZ\bevguo

^uoZl_evguo gZ\udh\ bgZ ihkl_i_ggh_ mkbe_gb_ ihiulhd [hevgh]h d \ujZ[hld_

lhe_jZglghklblZd`_fh]mlhdZaZlvkyihe_agufbhkh[_gghwlbijh]jZffukhq_lZxlky

k ]jmiih\hc ikbohl_jZib_c IkbohnZjfZdheh]bq_kdZy l_jZiby nhdmkbjm_lky gZ

^hfbgbjmxs_c kbfilhfZlheh]bb Ijbf_g_gb_ ijhijZgheheZ fh`_l jZajmrblv

ihjhqgucdjm]k_j^_qguokbfilhfh\b bf__liheh`bl_evgucih^dj_ieyxsbcwnn_dl

h[jZlghc k\yab gZ lj_\h`ghklv dhlhjZy mkbeb\Z_l iZlheh]bq_kdb_ ijhy\e_gby ?keb

hkgh\guf kbfilhfhf y\ey_lky lj_\h`ghklv fh`gh ijbf_gylv kj_^kl\Z ijhlb\

lj_\h`ghklb gZijbf_j^bZa_iZfIjbij_h[eZ^Zgbb mlhfey_fhklbZiZlbbb keZ[hklb

ihdZaZghijbf_g_gb_jZamfguo^haZfn_lZfbgh\b f_lben_gb^ZlZ

>UO:L?EVG:YKBKL?F:

;JHGOB:EVG:Y:KLF:

;jhgobZevgZy ZklfZ ² ojhgbq_kdh_ i_jbh^bq_kdh_ jZajmrZxs__ aZ[he_\Zgb_

[jhgobZevguo \ha^mrguo iml_c dhlhju_ hl\_qZxl gZ jZaghh[jZagu_ klbfmeu

km`_gb_f [jhgoh\ hl_dhf b qj_af_jghc k_dj_pb_c =_g_lbq_kdb_ nZdlhju

Zee_j]bq_kdb_ nZdlhju bgn_dpbb hklju_ b ojhgbq_kdb_ klj_kku²\k_ \uau\Z_l wlh

aZ[he_\Zgb_ Kdhjhklv b ]em[bgZ ^uoZgby a^hjh\h]h q_eh\_dZ fh]ml f_gylvky

ijhba\hevghb dhjj_ebjh\Zlvk jZaebqgufbwfhpbhgZevgufb khklhygbyfb ijb Zklf_

wlbbaf_g_gbyaZljm^g_gub kh\_jrZxlkyf_^e_ggh

Ikboheh]bq_kdb_ nZdlhju

Ohly kqblZ_lky qlh ^ey ZklfZlbdh\ oZjZdl_jgZ

ih\ur_ggZy ihlj_[ghklv \ aZ\bkbfhklb ki_pbZevguo lbih\ ebqghklb g_ \u^_e_gh

$OH[DQGHU kqblZ_l qlh ikboh^ bgZfbq_kdbf dhgnebdlguf nZdlhjhf \uau\Zxsbf

Zklfm y\ey_lky kbevgZy [_kkhagZl_evgZy ihlj_[ghklv \ aZsbl_ b eZkd_ kh klhjhgu

fZl_jb beb ebpZ aZf_gyxs_]h fZlv Wlh ebph ^he`gh [ulv hq_gv aZ[hleb\uf

kh\_jr_ggufmoZ`b\ZlvaZ[hevgufaZsbsZlv_]hb ^hfbgbjh\Zlv?kebih^^_j`dZg_

ihy\ey_lkyjZa\b\Z_lkyijbklmiZklfu

E_q_gb_

G_dhlhju_[hevgu_Zklfhc^_lb\ua^hjZ\eb\Zxl_kebbojZaemqZxlk

fZl_jvx lZd gZau\Z_fZy ©iZj_glwdlhfbyª >ey e_q_gby ijbf_gyxlky \k_ \b^u

klZg^Zjlghc ikbohl_jZibb bg^b\b^mZevgu_ ]jmiih\u_ ih\_^_gq_kdb_ b

]bighlbq_kdZy :klfZlbdh\ ke_^m_l e_qblv kh\f_klgh l_jZi_\lZf Zee_j]heh]Zf b

ikbobZljZf

K?GG:YEBOHJ:>D:

K_ggZyebohjZ^dZ\hagbdZ_lijbkhq_lZgbbkbevguoikboheh]bq_kdbonZdlhjh\k

Zee_j]bq_kdbfbwe_f_glZfbH^bgnZdlhjfh`_l^hfbgbjh\ZlvgZ^^jm]bfbhgbfh]ml

lZd`_q_j_^h\ZlvkyihagZqbfhklb

E_q_gb_

Ijb e_q_gbb k_gghc ebohjZ^db gZ^h khq_lZlv ikbobZljbq_kdb_

khfZlbq_kdb_b Zee_j]bq_kdb_nZdlhju

=BI?J<?GLBEYPBHGGUCKBG>JHF

< ghjf_ q_eh\_d fh`_l ijhba\hevgh f_gylv kdhjhklv ]em[bgm b j_]meyjghklv

k\h_]h ^uo Zgby dhlhju_ fh]ml lZd`_ dhjj_ebjh\Zlv k jZaebqguf wfhpbhgZevguf

khklhygb_f ;hevgu_ ]bi_j\_glbeypbhgguf kbg^jhfhf ^urZl [ukljh b ]em[hdh \

l_q_gb_g_kdhevdbofbgmlaZl_fgZ[ex^Z_lky]heh\hdjm`_gb_bhgbiZ^Zxl\ h[fhjhd

baaZkm`_gby khkm^h\]heh\gh]hfha]Z b j_kibjZlhjgh]hZedZehaZ >jm]b_kbfilhfu

lZdb_ dZd iZj_kl_aby b dZjihi_^Zevguc kiZaf lZd`_ fh]ml bf_lv f_klh

>bnn_j_gpbZevguc ^bZ]gha ijb wlhf kbg^jhf_ ijh\h^blky k wibe_ikb_c bkl_jb_c

\Zah\Z]mkguf beb ]bih]ebd_fbq_kdbf ijbklmiZfb fbhdZj^bZevgufb ijbklmiZfb

[jhgobZevghc Zklfhc hkljhc ihjnbjb_c [he_agvx F_gv_jZ b n_hojhfhpblhfhc Ba

ikbobq_kdbo aZ[he_\Zgbc gZ^h ijh\h^blv ^bnn_j_gpbZevgmx ^bZ]ghklbdm k

ijbklmiZfb lj_\h`ghklb iZgbq_kdbfb j_Zdpbyfb rbahnj_gb_c ih]jZgbqgufb beb

bkl_jbq_kdbfb ebqghklgufb jZkkljhckl\Zfb b nh[bq_kdbfb beb h[t_dlb\gufb

`Zeh[Zfb

E_q_gb_

GZ^hijh\h^blvbamq_gb_ihy\e_gby]bi_j\_glbeypbhggh]hkbg^jhfZb

i_j_mqb\Zgb_ ^uoZl_evguf gZ\udZf m [hevguo kl_f qlh[u hgb fh]eb khagZl_evgh

ba[_]Zlvijh\hpbjmxsbonZdlhjh\Ijbklmifh`ghh[hj\Zlv_keb[hevghcih^urbl\

[mfZ`gucf_rhq_d

IBS?<:JBL?EVG:YKBKL?F:

I?ILBQ?KD:YYA<:

I_ilbq_kdZyya\ZoZjZdl_jbam_lkykhklhygb_fbatya\e_gbyf_f[jZgu`_em^dZbeb

^\_gZ^pZlbi_jklghcdbrdb^hklb]Zxs_]hfur_qgh]hkehyb \hagbdZxs_]h\ h[eZklyo

^hklmiguo\ha^_ckl\bx`_em^hqgh]hkhdZb i_ikbgZ

IKBOHKHF:LBQ?KDB?IKBOHNBABHEH=BQ?KDB?

WLBHEH=BQ?KDB?L?HJBB

Ki_pbnbq_kdb_ l_hjbb )UDQ] $OH[DQGHU \ukdZaZe ij_^iheh`_gb_ qlh

ojhgbq_kdZy njmkljZpby ijb \ujZ`_gghc ihlj_[ghklb \ aZ\bkbfhklb nhjfbjm_l

oZjZdl_jguc[_kkhagZl_evgucdhgnebdlWlhl[_kkhagZl_evgucdhgnebdli_j_jZklZ_l\

bgl_gkb\gmxhjZevghj_p_ilb\gmxihlj_[ghklv\ aZ\bkbfhklbaZ[hl_b eZkd_dhlhjZy

\uau\Z_l ojhgbq_kdbc [_kkhagZl_evguc j_]j_kkb\guc ]heh^ beb ]g_\ WlZ j_Zdpby

ijhy\ey_lkynbabheh]bq_kdbmklhcqb\hc\Z]mkghc]bi_jZdlb\ghklvxdhlhjZyijb\h^bl

d ]bi_jk_dj_pbb `_em^hqgh]h khdZ qlh hkh[_ggh hiZkgh ^ey ebp ]_g_lbq_kdb

ij_^jZkiheh`_gguo d ]bi_jk_dj_pbb `_em^hqgh]h khdZ <ur_ gZa\Zggh_ khklhygb_

fh`_lh[mkeh\blvjZa\blb_ya\uWlbheh]bq_kdb\Z`gu]_g_lbq_kdb_nZdlhjuZ lZd`_

bf_xs__ky hj]Zgbq_kdh_ ihjZ`_gb_ beb aZ[he_\Zgb_ gZijbf_j ]Zkljbl Ih^h[gu_

]ZkljblujZa\b\Zxlkybgh]^Z\ j_amevlZl_qj_af_jgh]hmihlj_[e_gbydhn_bgZgbdhlbgZ

bebZedh]hey

G_ki_pbnbq_kdb_ l_hjbb

 Klj_kk b lj_\h]Z \ua\Zggu_ jZaebqgufb

g_ki_pbnbq_kdbfb dhgnebdlZfb fh]ml h[mkeh\eb\Zlv ]bi_jZdlb\ghklv `_em^dZ b

]bi_jk_dj_pbx i_ikbgZ \ j_amevlZl_ q_]h nhjfbjm_lky ya\Z Ijb gZg_k_gbb ljZ\fu

`b\hlghfm gZijbf_j we_dljbq_kdbf lhdhf m kh[Zdb fh`gh \ua\Zlv ya\m wlb

wdki_jbf_glZevgu_^Zggu_ih^l\_j`^Zxlg_ki_pbnbq_kdb_l_hjbbI_ilbq_kdb_ya\u

h[gZjm`b\Zxlkym \k_oebqghklguolbih\

E_q_gb_

Ikbohl_jZiby gZijZ\e_gZ gZ dhgnebdl k\yaZgguc k aZ\bkbfhklvx

[hevgh]hFh]mlhdZaZlvkyihe_agufb[bhih^dj_ie_gb_b j_eZdkZpbhggZyl_jZibyIjb

ya\_ihdZaZgZf_^bdZf_glhagZyl_jZibypbf_lb^bghfbebjZgblb^bghfb ki_pbZevgZy

^b_lZ

YA<?GGUCDHEBL

Ya\_gguc dhebl ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc ojhgbq_kdh_ \hkiZebl_evgh_ batya\e_gb_

lheklh]hdbr_qgbdZijbdhlhjhfh[uqghgZ[ex^Z_lkydjh\Z\ucihghkAgZqbl_evgmx

jhev b]jZxl gZke_^kl\_ggu_ nZdlhju Khimlkl\mxsbfb aZ[he_\Zgbyfb y\eyxlky

j_]bhgZevgh_\hkiZe_gb_dbr_qgbdZb kbg^jhfgZjmr_gbyibs_\Zj_gby

Ebqghklguc lbi

 < [hevrbgkl\_ kemqZ_\ ij_h[eZ^Zxl dhfimevkb\gu_

ebqghklgu_ q_jlu Wlb [hevgu_ hijylgu kh[ex^Zxl ihjy^hd \k_ q_ldh \uihegyxl

imgdlmZevgu_ ]bi_jbgl_ee_dlmZevgu_ aZkl_gqb\u_ b k^_j`Zggh \ujZ`Zxsb_ k\hc

]g_\

Ki_pbnbq_kdZy l_hjby

:e_dkZg^_j hibkZe lbibqgmx ki_pbnbq_kdmx

dhgnebdlgmx dhgkl_eeypbx ijb ya\_gguo dheblZo Dexq_\uf fhf_glhf y\ey_lky

g_kihkh[ghklv \uihegblv h[yaZl_evkl\h ih hlghr_gbx d dexq_\hc nb]mj_ k\h_c

aZ\bkbfhklb Kms _kl\_ggh njmkljbjh\ZggZy aZ\bkbfhklv klbfmebjm_l hjZevgh

djh\Z\uf ihghkhf gZklmiZ_l \hkklZgh\e_gb_ <k\yab k dheblhf *HRUJ (QJHO hibkZe

iZlheh]bq_kdb_ hlghr_gby fZlv ² j_[_ghd \ j_amevlZl_ dhlhjuo \hagbdZxl qm\kl\Z

G_ki_pbnbq_kdZy l_hjby

G_ki_pbnbq_kdb_ klj_kku fgh]bo \b^h\ fh]ml

\uau\Zlvya\_ggucdhebl

E_q_gb_

<h \j_fy hkljhc nZau ihdZaZgZ ih^^_j`b\ZxsZy ikbohl_jZiby

ya\_ggh]h dheblZ k [he__ bgl_jij_lZlb\ghc ikbohl_jZib_c \h \j_fy [he__

ojhgbq_kdh]h eZl_glgh]h l_q_gby F_^bdZf_glhagh_ e_q_gb_ \dexqZ_l

ih^^_j`b\Zxsmx l_jZibx Zglbohebg_j]bq_kdbfb b Zglb^bZj_cgufb kj_^kl\Zfb <

ly`_euo kemqZyo ihdZaZgZ l_jZiby ij_^gbahehghf <bkfmlkh^_j`Zsb_ ij_iZjZlu

gZijbf_j 3HSHWR%LVPRO lZd`_hq_gvohjhrhihfh]Zxlijhlb\ihghkZ

H@BJ?GB?

HIJ?>?E?GB?

H`bj_gb_ y\ey_lky khklhygb_f oZjZdl_jbamxsbfky qj_af_jguf gZdhie_gb_f

`bjZdh]^ZfZkkZl_eZgZ  ij_\urZ_lklZg^Zjlgmx

IKBOHKHF:LBQ?KD:YL?HJBY

Bf__lky gZke_^kl\_ggZy ij_^jZkiheh`_gghklv d h`bj_gbx gZ dhlhjh_ \ebyxl

lZd`_nZdlhjujZgg_]hj Za\blby\ ^_lkl\_WlhagZqblqlhm lmqguo^_l_cih\urZ_lky

qbkeh dhjdh\uo de_lhd ]bi_jieZklbq_kdZy lmqghklv qlh kihkh[kl\m_l ij_\jZs_gbx

bo \ lmqguo \ajhkeuo Dh]^Z lmqghklv \i_j\u_ h[gZjm`b\Z_lky \h \ajhkehfi_jbh^_

hgZ y\ey_lky j_amevlZlhf ]bi_jljhnbq_kdh]h h`bj_gby m\_ebq_gby jZaf_jZ `bjh\uo

de_lhd Zg_ bo qbkeZ H`bj_gb_ lZd`_ h]jZgbqb\Z_l nbabq_kdmx Zdlb\ghklv qlh \

^Zevg_cr_fkihkh[kl\m_l_s_[hevr_fmh`bj_gbxIkboheh]bq_kdb_nZdlhju\Z`gu

^ey ]bi_jnZ]bq_kdh]h h`bj_gby i_j__^Zgb_ Kj_^b ikboh^bgZfbq_kdbo nZdlhjh\

fh`gh gZa\Zlv hjZevgmx nbdkZpbx hjZevgmx j_]j_kkbx b k\_jop_ggh_ hlghr_gb_ d

ibs_Fh`_lbf_lvf_klh[mebfbyh[uqghk\yaZggZyk dml_`ZfbDjhf_lh]hbgh]^Z

h`bj_gbx kihkh[kl\m_l ij_g_[j_`_gb_ d k\h_fm \g_rg_fm \b^m b iehob_ mkeh\by

iblZgby\ jZgg_f^_lkl\_

E?Q?GB?

H`bj_gb_fh`ghdhgljhebjh\Zlvh]jZgbq_gb_fk ihfhsvx^b_lub ihlj_[e_gby

fZeh]hqbkeZdZehjbc>ey[hjv[uk lj_\h]hcb ^_ij_kkb_ck\yaZggufbk i_j__^Zgb_f

b ^b_lhc g_h[oh^bfZ wfhpbhgZevgZy ih^^_j`dZ b ki_pbZevgh_ ih\_^_gb_ Wlhc `_

p_ebkem`blm^Ze_gb_`_em^dZghwlhbf__lh]jZgbq_ggh_ijbf_g_gb_

G?J<G:Y:GHJ?DKBY

G_j\gZy Zghj_dkby oZjZdl_jbam_lky ih\_^_gb_f gZijZ\e_gguf gZ lh qlh[u

ihom^_lvkljZgghcfZg_jhch lghr_gbyd_^_ihl_j_c\_kZkbevghc[hyagvxijb[Z\blv

\ \_k_ gZjmr_gb_f ko_fu l_eZ bm `_gsbg Zf_ghj__c Wlh h^gh ba g_fgh]bo

ikbobq_kdbo aZ[he_\Zgbc dhlhjh_ fh`_l ijhl_dZlv [_a j_fbkkbc ^h kZfhc kf_jlb

G_j\gZyZghj_dkbyih^jh[ghh[km`^Z_lky\ jZa^_e_

A:;HE?<:GBYKD?E?LGUOFURP

J?<F:LHB>GUC:JLJBL

J_\fZlhb^guc Zjljbl ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc aZ[he_\Zgb_ oZjZdl_jbamxs__ky

ojhgbq_kdhc[hevx\ kd_e_lguofurpZoh[mkeh\e_gghc\hkiZebl_evgufaZ[he_\Zgb_f

kmklZ\h\ Wlh jZkkljhckl\h \ agZqbl_evghc f_j_ k\yaZgh k gZke_^kl\_ggufb Z lZd`_

Zee_j]bq_kdbfbbffmgheh]bq_kdbfbb ikboheh]bq_kdbfbwlbheh]bq_kdbfbnZdlhjZfb

;ueh \ukdZaZgh ij_^iheh`_gb_ qlh ikboheh]bq_kdbc klj_kk \uau\Z_l

ij_^jZkiheh`_gghklv [hevguo d j_\fZlhb^ghfm Zjljblm lZd `_ dZd d ^jm]bf

ZmlhbffmggufaZ[he_\Zgbyf;hevghcZjljblhfqm\kl\m_lkdh\Zgghklvdhg_qghklbdZd

[uk\yaZgu^\b`_gbyh]jZgbq_guIhkdhevdmfgh]b_bawlbo[hevguo^h[he_agb[ueb

nbabq_kdb hq_gv Zdlb\gufb gZijbf_j lZgphjZfb mgbo qZklh bf__l f_klh

ih^Z\e_gguc ]g_\ ih ih\h^m aZlhjfh`_ggh]h khklhygby furp qlh _s_ [he__

m\_ebqb\Z_lbokdh\Zgghklvb g_ih^\b`ghklv

E_q_gb_

E_q_gb_^he`gh\dexqZlvikbohl_jZibxh[uqghwlhih^^_j`b\ZxsZy

\h \j_fy hkljh]h ijbklmiZ b bgl_jij_lZlb\gZy \h \j_fy ojhgbq_kdhc nZau Ke_^m_l

q_j_^h\Zlvhl^uob nbabq_kdb_mijZ`g_gbyb \gmrZlv[hevghfmqlhhgg_^he`_g[ulv

ijbdh\Zg d ihkl_eb Z ^he`_g \_jgmlvky d k\h_c ij_`g_c Zdlb\ghc ^_yl_evghklb

Ijh]jZffmhl^uoZb nbabq_kdhcgZ]jmadbgm`ghkhq_lZlvk f_^bdZf_glhagufe_q_gb_f

[hebb \hkiZe_gbykmklZ\h\

;HEB< IHYKGBP?

;heb \ ihykgbp_ ho\Zlu\Zxl ihykgbqghkibgghc ihykgbqghdj_klph\uc b

dj_klph\hih^\a^hrguc hl^_eu Hgb qZklh khijh\h`^Zxlky ihykgbqghdj_klph\uf

jZ^bdmeblhfbrbZkhfijbdhlhjhf[hebjZkijhkljZgyxlky\gbagZh[_y]h^bpubeb

ih oh^m k_^Zebsgh]h g_j\Z Ohly [heb \ ihykgbp_ qZklh h[mkeh\e_gu jZajmr_gb_f

f_`iha\hgdh\h]h ^bkdZ i_j_ehfZfb \jh`^_ggufb ^_n_dlZfb gb`g_]h hl^_eZ

iha\hghqgbdZ jZkly`_gb_f k\yahd bfurp gh fh]ml bf_lv f_klh lZd`_ b [heb

ikbohkhfZlbq_kdhc ijbjh^u Ih g_dhlhjuf ^Zgguf  kemqZ_\ wlbo [he_c

h[mkeh\e_guikboheh]bq_kdbfbnZdlhjZfb

<jZqZ ^he`gu hkh[_ggh gZklhjZ`b\Zlv kemqZb dh]^Z [hevghc jZkkdZau\Z_l h

g_[hevrhcljZ\f_kibgu\ke_^aZdhlhjhc\hagbdZxl

ly`_eu_ [heb ebrZxsb_ [hevgh]h ljm^hkihkh[ghklb Hq_gv qZklh [hevghc ]h\hjbl

qlh [heb kh\iZeb ih \j_f_gb k ikboheh]bq_kdhc ljZ\fhc beb klj_kkhf Djhf_ lh]h

j_Zdpby[hevgh]hgZ[hevg_Z^_d\ZlghwfhpbhgZevgZk kbevghclj_\h]hcb ^_ij_kkb_c

;he__ lh]h ehdZebaZpby [he_c j_^dh khhl\_lkl\m_l ghjfZevghfm ZgZlhfbq_kdhfm

jZkijhkljZg_gbxg_j\guohdhgqZgbcgZijbf_jk_^Zebsgh]hg_j\Z

E_q_gb_

E_q_gb_^he`gh[ulvdhgk_j\Zlb\gufOhjhrbfZgZev]_lbdhfy\ey_lky

Zkibjbg^h  ]kml>bZa_iZf gZagZqZ_fucih ² f]q_j_adZ`^u_  q^_ckl\m_lb

dZd fur_qguc j_eZdkZgl bdZd Zgdkbheblbd Ohjhrbc wnn_dl ^Zxl lsZl_evgh

ih^h[jZggu_ nbabq_kdb_ mijZ`g_gby b nbabhl_jZiby Z lZd`_ ih^^_j`b\ZxsZy

ikbohl_jZiby gZijZ\e_ggZy gZ \ua\Z\rmx aZ[he_\Zgb_ wfhpbhgZevgmx ljZ\fm

j_eZdkZpbhggZy l_jZiby beb [bheh]bq_kdZy h[jZlgZy k\yav ;hevguf ke_^m_l \gmrZlv

g_h[oh^bfhklv \_jgmlvky d ij_`g_c Zdlb\ghc ^_yl_evghklb dZd fh`gh kdhj__

Objmj]bq_kdh_\f_rZl_evkl\hihdZaZghj_^dh

=HEH<GU?;HEB<<?>?GB?

=heh\gu_[heby\eyxlkygZb[he__qZklufg_\jheh]bq_kdbfgZjmr_gb_fb h^ghc

ba gZb[he__ qZkluo `Zeh[ \ukdZau\Z_fuo [hevgufb MklZgh\e_gh qlh dZ`^uc ]h^

hdheh  gZk_e_gby kljZ^Z_l]heh\ghc[hevxih f_gvr_c f_j_ h^bg jZa Zhl ^h

 gZk_e_gby h[jZsZ_lky d \jZqm ih ih\h^m ]heh\ghc [heb y\eyxs_cky m gbo

hkgh\gufgZjmr_gb_f=heh\gu_ [heby\eyxlkylZd`_hkgh\ghcijbqbghcg_\uoh^ZgZ

jZ[hlmbebba[_]Zgby^jm]bo\b^h\h[s_kl\_gghcb ebqghc^_yl_evghklb

;hevrbgkl\h ]heh\guo [he_c g_ k\yaZgh k hj]Zgbq_kdbfb aZ[he_\Zgbyfb M

fgh]bo]heh\gu_[hebgZ[ex^Zxlky\h\j_fyklj_kkh\;he__lh]hijb]heh\ghc[heb

h[gZjm`b\Zxlkyfgh]b_ikbobq_kdb_jZkkljhckl\Z\dexqZylj_\h]mb ^_ij_kkbxQZklh

[hevguo k ]heh\ghc [hevx gZijZ\eyxl d ikbobZljm \jZqb h[s_]h ijhnbey b

g_\jhiZlheh]b ihke_ ijh\_^_gby bo lsZl_evgh]h h[ke_^h\Zgby qZklh \dexqZxs_]h

dhfivxl_jgmxlhfh]jZnbx]heh\uIj_h[eZ^Zxs__[hevrbgkl\hlZdbobkke_^h\Zgbc

ijh\_^_gguo ih ih\h^m `Zeh[ gZ ]heh\gu_ [heb ^Z_l g_]Zlb\gu_ j_amevlZlu b wlb

g_]Zlb\gu_j_ame vlZlu \uau\Zxl njmkljZpbxdZd m [hevgh]hlZd bm\jZqZ <jZq g_

agZxsbc ikboheh]bb fh`_l iulZlvkym\_jylv [hevgh]hqlh lhl g_ kljZ^Z_l gbdZdbf

aZ[he_\Zgb_f Gh wlh qZklh hdZau\Z_l ijhlb\hiheh`guc wnn_dl m\_ebqb\Zy lj_\h]m

[hevgh]hb^Z`_\uau\Zy _]hg_kh]eZkb_kl_fqlhwlZ[hevy\ey_lky\hh[jZ`Z_fhcZg_