Каплан Г.И. Клиническая психиатрия

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.

>GH

Kh]eZkgh '60,,,5 bf_xlky [_kkhggbpZ ]bi_jkhfgby b jZkkljhckl\h pbdeZ

khg²[h^jkl\h\Zgb_ dhlhju_ g_ fh]ml [ulv deZkkbnbpbjh\Zgu \ jZfdZo \ur_

ijb\_^_gguodZl_]hjbc

Kx^Z\oh^bl]jmiiZdebgbq_kdbokhklhygbcdhlhju_\ hkgh\_k\h_cg_y\eyxlky

jZkkljhckl\Zfb kgZ b [h^jkl\h\Zgby gh y\eyxlky g_h[uqgufb beb g_`_eZl_evgufb

n_ghf_gZfbdhlhju_ihy\eyxlky\g_aZighgZihjh]_f_`^mkghfb [h^jkl\h\Zgb_f

JZkkljhckl\h\ \b^_kghoh`^_gby

Kghoh`^_gb_ gZau\Z_fh_ lZd`_ khfgZf[mebafhf ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc

ihke_^h\Zl_evghklv keh`guo \b^h\ ih\_^_gby dhlhju_ gZqbgZxlky \ i_j\mx lj_lv

ghqb \h \j_fy GN;K klZ^bb  b  b qZklh ohly bg_ \k_]^Z ijb\h^yl d lhfm qlh

[hevghc \klZ_l k ihkl_eb b [jh^bl \hdjm] \ [_kkhagZl_evghf khklhygbb bk

ihke_^mxs_c ihl_j_c iZfylb gZ ^Zgguc wibah^ Gb`_ ijb\h^ylky ^bZ]ghklbq_kdb_

djbl_jbbjZkkljhckl\Z\\b^_kghoh`^_gby

:

Ih\lhjgu_wibah^udh]^Z[hevghc\klZ_lk ihkl_ebb [jh^bl\hdjm]h[uqgh

gZ[ex^Zxsb_ky\ l_q_gb_i_j\hclj_lbhkgh\gh]hi_jbh^ZkgZ

;

<h\j_fykghoh`^_gbym [hevgh]h©imklhcª\a]ey^hgihqlbg_j_Z]bjm_lgZ

mkbeby^jm]bo\hkij_iylkl\h\Zlvkghoh`^_gbxbebaZ]h\hjblvk gbfb ijh[m`^Z_lkyk

[hevrbfljm^hf

<

Ijb ijh[m`^_gbb eb[h hl wibah^Z kghoh`^_gby eb[h gZ ke_^mxs__ mljh

[hevghcZfg_abjm_l\_kvwibah^

=

< l_q_gb_ g_kdhevdbo fbgml ih ke_ ijh[m`^_gby hl wibah^Z kghoh`^_gby

gZjmr_gbyikbobq_kdhc^_yl_evghklbbebih\_^_gbyhlkmlkl\mxlohlyhgbfh]mlbf_lv

f_klh\ kZfhfgZqZe_

\\b^_kimlZgghklbbeb^_ahjb_glbjh\db

>

G_evay mklZgh\blv dZdhceb[h hj]Zgbq_kdbc nZdlhj e_`Zsbc \ hkgh\_ beb

ih^^_j`b\ZxsbcwlhjZkkljhckl\hgZijbf_jwibe_ikby

;hevghckZ^blkybebbgh]^Zkh\_jrZ_li_jk_\_jZlb\gu_^ \b]Zl_evgu_^_ckl\by

lZdb_dZdoh^v[Zh^_\Zgb_b^_l\ \ZggmxjZa]h\Zjb\Z_l\kdjbdb\Z_lZ bgh]^Z^Z`_

\_^_l fZrbgm Wibah^ bgh]^Z aZdZgqb\Z_lky ijh[m`^_gb_f k g_kdhevdbfb fbgmlZfb

kimlZgghklbgZb[he__qZklhq_eh\_dkgh\ZaZkuiZ_lbg_ihfgblhk\h_fkghoh`^_gbb

Ihebkhfgh]jZnby h[uqgh ihdZau\Z_l j_Zdpbx Zdlb\Zpbb kh klZ^bb  k gZebqb_f

gbadhZfieblm^guo f_^e_gguo \heg i_j_^ fur_qghc Zdlb\Zpb_c Z aZl_f gZklmiZ_l

iZll_jg ijh[m`^_gby Bgh]^Z lZdh_ khklhygb_ fh`gh bkdmkkl\_ggh \ua\Zlv

ijh[m`^_gb_f hl klZ^bb  kgZ M ^_l_c hkh[_ggh kh kghoh`^_gbyfb ij bklmi fh`_l

[ulv kijh\hpbjh\Zg l_f qlh j_[_ghd \klZ_l gZ gh]b b lZdbf h[jZahf \hagbdZ_l

qZklbqgh_ijh[m`^_gb_\h\j_fyklZ^bb  kgZ

Kghoh`^_gb_ h[uqgh gZ[ex^Z_lky \ \hajZkl_  ²  e_l gh [u\Z_l bm

ih^jhkldh\ bebp fheh^h]h \hajZklZ Wlh jZkkljhckl\h [he__ qZklh \klj_qZ_lky m

fm`qbg q_f m `_gsbg b hlebqZ_lky ijb[ebabl_evgh m  ^_l_c dZd kemqZcguc

wibah^Bf_xlkymdZaZgbygZgZke_^kl\_ggmxij_^jZkiheh`_gghklv<_]hhkgh\_fh]ml

e_`Zlvg_[hevrb_g_\jheh]bq_kdb_gZjmr_gbywlbwibah^u g_ ke_^m_ljZkkfZljb\Zlv

dZd iheghklvx ikboh]_ggu_ ohly g_l khfg_gby qlh \ i_jbh^u klj_kkh\ m

qm\kl\bl_evguo ebp gZ[ex^Z_lky mqZs_gb_ wlbo wibah^h\ Ijbklmiu lZd`_

mkbeb\Zxlky \ j_amevlZl_ djZcg_c mlhfey_fhklb b ij_^r_kl\mxs_c ^_ijb\Zpbb kgZ

Khklhygb_ y\ey_lky hiZkguf lZd dZd fh`_l ijb\h^blv d ljZ\fZf \ j_amevlZl_

g_kqZklguokemqZ_\

Kgh]h\hj_gb_khgguc[j_^

Kgh]h\hj_gb_ ^h\hevgh qZklh \klj_qZ_lkybm ^_l_c bm \ajhkeuo Hgh ohjhrh

bkke_^h\Zgh \ eZ[hjZlhjbyo ih bamq_gbx kgZ b dZd hdZaZehkv ihy\ey_lky gZ \k_o

klZ^byokgZJZa]h\hjh[uqghkhklhblba g_kdhevdbokeh\dhlhju_ljm^ghih gylv;he__

^ebl_evgu_wibah^u\dexqZxljZa]h\hjh `bagbb aZ[hlZokiys_]hghwlbwibah^ug_

k\yaZguk _]h kgh\b^_gbyfb Z lZd`_ hg ihqlb gbdh]^Z g_ jZkdju\Z_lk\hbo [hevrbo

k_dj_lh\Wibah^ukgh]h\hj_gbybgh]^Zkhijh\h`^Zxlghqgu_m`Zkub khfgZf[mebaf

KZfhihk_[_kgh]h\hj_gb_g_lj_[m_le_q_gby

JZkkljhckl\h\ \b^_ghqguom`Zkh\

Ghqgu_ dhrfZju gZklmiZxl ijb ijh[m`^_gbb \ i_j\hc lj_lb ghqb \h \j_fy

GN;KklZ^by  b  Bfihqlb\k_]^Zij_^r_kl\m_lijhgabl_evgh_\kdjbdb\Zgb_beb

ieZq ih\_^_gq_kdbfb ijhy\e_gbyfb khijh\h`^Zxsbfb bo y\eyxlky agZqbl_evgh_

[_kihdhckl\h b lj_\h]Z beb ijbklmiu iZgbdb Gb`_ ijb\_^_gu ^bZ]ghklbq_kdb_

djbl_jbb^eyjZkkljhckl\\\b^_ghqguodhrfZjh\

:

Ij_h[eZ^Zxs__ jZkkljhckl\h \\b^_ i_jbh^bq_kdbo wibah^h\ j_adh]h

ijh[m`^_gby ijh^he`Zxs_]hky ² fbg hl kgZ h[uqgh ihy\eyxsboky \h \j_fy

i_j\hclj_lbhkgh\gh]hi_jbh^ZkgZb gZqbgZxsbokyiZgbq_kdbf\udjbdhf

;

KbevgZy lj_\h]Z b ijbagZdb \_]_lZlb\ghc Zdlb\Zpbb lZdb_ dZd lZobdZj^by

[ukljh_ ^ uoZgb_ b ihleb\hklv gh [_a ih^jh[guo \hkihfbgZgbc h dZdhfeb[h

kgh\b^_gbb

<

Ihqlb ihegh_ hlkmlkl\b_ j_Zdpbb gZ ihiuldb ^jm]bo mkihdhblv [hevgh]h \h

\j_fy ^Zggh]h wibah^Z bihqlb \k_]^Z gZebqb_ ih  f_gvr_c f_j_ g_kdhevdbo fbgml

kimlZgghklb ^_ahjb_glbjh\db b i_jk_\_jZlb\guo ^\b`_gbc gZijbf_j \a[b\Zgb_

ih^mrdb

=

G_evay mklZgh\blv dZdhceb[h hj]Zgbq_kdbc nZdlhj \ j_amevlZl_ dhlhjh]h

fh]eh\hagbdgmlvb ih^^_j`b\ZlvkywlhjZkkljhckl\hgZijbf_jhimohevfha]Z

H[uqgh [hevgu_ kZ^ylky \ djh\Zlb k bkim]Zgguf \ujZ`_gb_f ebpZ ]jhfdh

\kdjbdb\Zxlb bgh]^Zlml`_ ijh[m`^Zxlkyk qm\kl\hfqj_a\uqZcgh]hm`ZkZBgh]^Z

[hevgu_ [h^jkl\mxl gh ^_ahjb_glbjh\Zgu H^gZdh [he__ qZklh [hevgu_ aZkuiZxl b

aZ[u\Zxl h kemqb\r_fky wibah^_ G_j_^dh wibah^ ghqgh]h m`ZkZ ihke_ gZqZevgh]h

\kdjbdb\Zgby jZa\b\Z_lky \ kghoh`^_gb_ Iheb]jZnbq_kdb_ aZibkb ghqguo m`Zkh\

bgh]^ZgZihfbgZxllZdh\u_ijbkghoh`^_gbb>_ckl\bl_evghwlb^\Zkhklhygbyl_kgh

k\yaZgu f_`^m kh[hc Ghqgu_ m`Zku dZd bahebjh\Zggu_ wibah^u hkh[_ggh qZklh

gZ[ex^Zxlkym ^_l_cWlhjZkkljhckl\hgZ[ex^Z_lkym ²  qZs_m fm`qbgq_fm

`_gsbgb\h^gbok_fvyoqZs_q_f\ ^jm]bo<hafh`ghqlhghqgu_m`Zkuy\eyxlky

j_amevlZlhfg_[hevrbog_\jheh]bq_kdbohldehg_gbchkh[_gghgZjmr_gbc\ \bkhqghc

^he_ beb ih^e_`Zsbo kljmdlmjZo lZd dZd \ l_o kemqZyo dh]^Z ghqgu_ m`Zku

gZqbgZxlky m ih^jhkldh\ bebp fheh^h]h \hajZklZ hgb qZklh y\eyxlky i_j\uf

kbfilhfhf wibe_ikbb eh[ghc ^heb < lbibqguo kemqZyo ghqguo m`Zkh\ h^gZdh g_l

gbdZdbo ijbagZdh\ wibe_ikbb eh[ghc ^heb beb ^jm]bo km^hjh`guo jZkkljhckl\ gb

debgbq_kdbgb we_dljhwgp_nZeh]jZnbq_kdb

Ghqgu_m`Zku l_kgh k\yaZgu kh kghoh`^_gb_f Z bgh]^Z k wgmj_ahf gh kbevgh

hlebqZxlkyhlghqguodhrfZjh\Ijbghqguom`ZkZobf__lf_klhijhklh_ijh[m`^_gb_

\ m`Zk_ H[uqgh \hkihfbgZgby h ijbkgb\r_fky kg_ hlkmlkl\mxl gh bgh]^Z

\kihfbgZ_lkydZdhceb[hkljZrgucnjZ]f_glkgh\b^_gby

Ki_pbnbq_kdh_ e_q_gb_ ghqguo m`Zkh\ beb wibah^h\ kghoh`^_gby h[uqgh g_

lj_[m_lky <Z`guf fh`_l hdZaZlvky bkke_^h\Zgb_ klj_kkh]_gghc k_f_cghc kblmZpbb

bgh]^Z [u\Z_l ohjhrbc wnn_dl hl bg^b\b^mZevghc beb k_f_cghc l_jZibb < j_^dbo

kemqZyo dh]^Z g_h[oh^bfh f_^bdZf_glhagh_ e_q_gb_ gZagZq_gb_ ^bZa_iZfZ \

g_[hevrbo ^haZo i_j_^ kghf ijbghkbl h[e_]q_gb_ Z bgh]^Z b iheghklvx kgbfZ_l

ijbklmiu

JZkkljhckl\h\ \b^_lj_\h`guokgh\b^_gbc

JZkkljhckl\h \ \b^_ lj_\h`guo kgh\b^_gbc beb ghqguo dhrfZjh\ y\ey_lky

^ebl_evguf kljZrguf kghf hl dhlhjh]h q_eh\_d ijhkuiZ_lky \ m`Zk_ Gb`_

ijb\h^ylky^bZ]ghklbq_kdb_djbl_jbbjZkkljhckl\Z\\b^_lj_\h`guokgh\b^_gbc

:

Ih\lhjgu_ ijh[m`^_gby hl hkgh\gh]h i_jbh^Z kgZ beb hl ^g_\gh]h kgZ k

ih^jh[gufb \hkihfbgZgbyfb h ^ebl_evguo b qj_a\uqZcgh kljZrguo kgZo h[uqgh

kh^_j`Zsbo m]jham ^ey `bagb [_ahiZkghklb beb qm\kl\Z kh[kl\_ggh]h ^hklhbgkl\Z

Ijh[m`^_gb_h[uqghgZklmiZ_l\h\j_fy\lhjhciheh\bgui_jbh^ZkgZ

;

Ijb ijh[m`^_gbb hl kljZrguo kgh\b^_gbc [ukljh gZklmiZ_l khklhygb_

ijh[m`^_gby b hjb_glbjh\db \ hlebqb_ hl kimlZgghklb b ^_ahjb_glbjh\db

gZ[ex^Zxsboky ijb jZkkljhckl\_ \\b^_ gh qguo m`Zkh\ b g_dhlhjuo nhjfZo

wibe_ikbb

<

Kgh\b^_gby beb jZkkljhckl\Z kgZ gZklmiZxsb_ \ j_amevlZl_ ijh[m`^_gby

\uau\Zxlkbevgu_kljZ^Zgby

=

G_evay mklZgh\blv dZdhceb[h hj]Zgbq_kdbc nZdlhj dhlhjuc fh`_l

h[mkeh\eb\Zlv b ih^^_j`b\Zlv ^Zggh_ jZkkljhckl\h gZijbf_j mihlj_[e_gb_ dZdh]h

eb[hij_iZjZlZ

DZd b ^jm]b_ kgh\b^_gby ghqgu_ dhrfZju ihqlb \k_]^Z ihy\eyxlky \h \j_fy

N;KHgbh[uqgh\hagbdZxlihke_^ebl_evguoi_jbh^h\N;Kiha^g_cghqvx

M h^gboebpghqgu_dhrfZjugZ[ex^ZxlkyqZklhbgh]^Z^Z`_\ l_q_gb_\k_c`bagbm

^jm]bo²lhevdh \h \j_fy klj_kkh\ b [he_ag_c Kh]eZkgh 9DLOODQW mihjgu_ ghqgu_

dhrfZjuk\b^_l_evkl\mxlh ij_^jZkiheh`_gghklbd rbahnj_gbbghhgbfh]mllZd`_

\hagbdZlv m Zjlbklbq_kdbo l\hjq_kdbo ebqghkl_c Ijb[ebabl_evgh  ex^_c dh]^Z

eb[hi_j_`b\Zebghqgu_dhrfZju

IZjZkhfgbygb]^_[he__g_deZkkbnbpbjm_fZy>jm]h_gZa\Zgb_hlkmlkl\m_l

>GH

Wibe_ilbq_kdb_ijbiZ^dbk\yaZggu_khkghf

K\yavf_`^mkghfb wibe_ikb_c

ghkbl keh`guc oZjZdl_j Ihqlb dZ`^Zy nhjfZ wibe_ikbb ij_l_ji_\Z_l \ jZaebqgh_

\j_fy pbdeZ kgZ lh memqr_gb_ lh mom^r_gb_ Dh]^Z ijbiZ^db \hagbdZxl ihqlb

bkdexqbl_evgh\hkg_wlhaZ[he_\Zgb_gZau\Z_lky©wibe_ikb_ckgZª

;jmdkbaf k\yaZgguc kh kghf

;jmdkbaf beb kdj_`_lZgb_ am[Zfb \hagbdZ_l

ghqvx GZb[he__ qZklh gZ klZ^bb  kgZ Ih ^Zgguf ^Zglbklh\ ² gZk_e_gby

kljZ^Zxl [jmdkbafhf \klhev \ujZ`_gghc nhjf_ qlh m gbo bf_xl f_klh aZf_lgu_

ih\j_`^_gbyam[h\KZfkiysbcg_aZf_qZ_lwlh]hkhklhygbydjhf_kemqZcguo[he_c\

h[eZklbq_exklbihmljZfh^gZdhkmijm]kimlgbdbeb]hjgbqgZyqZklhijhkuiZxlky

hlwlboa\mdh\

Kbg^jhf k\yaZggh]h kh kghf ghdlmjZevgh]h fbhdehgmkZ

Kbg^jhf

k\yaZggh]h kh kghf ghdlmjZevgh]h fbhdehgmkZ khklhbl ba iheghklvx kl_j_hlbigh]h

j_adh]hkhdjZs_gbyg_dhlhjuofurpgh]\h\j_fykgZHglZd`_gZau\Z_lkykbg^jhfhf

©[_kihdhcguogh]ªlZddZdkm[t_dlhsmsZ_lqm\kl\hih eaZgbyfmjZr_d]em[hdh\bdj_

dZdijbkb^_gbblZdbijbe_`ZgbbWlbjZkkljhckl\Zqm\kl\bl_evghklbj_^dh[u\Zxl

[he_ag_ggufb gh fmqbl_evgh mihjgufb b \uau\Zxl ihqlb g_ij_h^hebfh_ `_eZgb_

ih^\b]Zlv gh]Zfb qlh f_rZ_l kgm >bZ]gha klZ\blky gZ hkgh\Zgbb iheb]jZnbq_kdhc

aZibkb hl ih\_joghklguo we_dljh^h\ jZkiheh`_gguo gZ^ [_jph\ufb furpZfb b

bgh]^ZlZd`_bgZ^^jm]bfbfurpZfb

E_q_gb_g_jZajZ[hlZghIhdZaZghhq_gvlsZl_evgh_bamq_gb_bklhjbb[he_agbb

e_q_gbylZddZdbgh]^Z[hevghfmihfh]Z_lbaf_g_gb_ko_fue_q_gby<ke_^kl\b_lh]h

qlh fh]ml bf_lv f_klh baf_g_gb_ h[f_gZ \_s_kl\ b we_dljheblh\ gZ^h gZagZqblv

hij_^_e_ggmx ^b_lm \hafh`gh k ^h[Z\e_gb_f zèqwzv{jtj ?keb lj_[m_lky

nZjfZdhl_jZibygZagZqZxl FORQD]HSDP ihkdhevdmlhevdhijbf_g_gb_wlh]hij_iZjZlZ

\uau\Z_l ih  bf_xsbfky ^Zgguf iheh`bl_evguc wnn_dl gh b wlb wnn_dlu

\ZjbZ[_evgu bbo g_evay kqblZlv m[_^bl_evgufb Ijb kbfilhf_ ©[_kihdhcguo gh]ª

ohjhr__\ha^_ckl\b_fh]mlhdZaZlvj_]meyjgu_mf_j_ggu_]bfgZklbq_kdb_mijZ`g_gby

K\yaZggu_ kh kghf dZqZgby ]heh\u

L_jfbg ©k\yaZggu_ kh kghf dZqZgby

]heh\uª h[hagZqZ_l ih\_^_gb_ gZ[ex^Zxs__ky \h kg_ b khklhys__ \ hkgh\ghf ba

jblfbq_kdbo ihdZqb\Zgbc ]heh\u \i_j_^²gZaZ^ j_`_ lmeh\bsZ g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh

i_j_^ beb \h \j_fy kgZ Wlh khklhygb_ h[uqgh \hagbdZ_l \ i_jbh^ g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh

ij_^r_kl\mxsbc kgm ba^_j`b\Z_lky \ l_q_gb_ i_jbh^Z e_]dh]h kgZ Baj_^dZ hgh

khojZgy_lkyb ihy\ey_lky\h\j_fy]em[hdh]hkgZGN;K

GZke_^kl\_gguciZjZebq\h\j_fy kgZ

GZke_^kl\_gguciZjZebq\h\j_fykgZ

oZjZdl_jbam_lky \g_aZighc ihl_j_c kihkh[ghklb \uihegylv ijhba\hevgu_ ^\b`_gby

eb[hkjZam`_\ gZqZe_kgZeb[hijbijh[m`^_gbbghqvxbebmljhf

K\yaZggu_ kh kghf kbevgu_ ]heh\gu_ [heb b ojhgbq_kdZy ]_fbdjZgby



K\yaZggu_ kh kghf kbevgu_ ]heh\gu_ [heb ghkyl fmqbl_evgh ly`_euc oZjZdl_j

mgbeZl_jZevgu_ ]heh\gu_ [heb qZklh gZ[ex^Zxlky \h \j_fy kgZ b oZjZdl_jbamxlky

\ujZ`_ggufbiZll_jgZfbgZqZeZb hdhgqZgbyijbklmiZOjhgbq_kdZyiZjhdkbafZevgZy

]_fbdjZgby y\ey_lky koh^ghc mgbeZl_jZevghc ]heh\ghc [hevx dhlhjZy ihy\ey_lky

dZ`^uc ^_gv ijbq_f hgZ \hagbdZ_l [he__ qZklh b[he__ [ukljh b ij_^r_kl\mxsb_

jZkkljhckl\ZkgZhlkmlkl\mxlH[ZlbiZkhkm^bklhc]heh\ghc[heby\eyxlkyijbf_jZfb

khklhygbc mom^rZxsboky \h \j_fy kgZ b k\yaZgu kN;K Z iZjhdkbafZevguc lbi

k\yaZgkN;K^hklZlhqgh`_kldh

Kbg^jhf k\yaZgguc k gZjmr_gb_f ]ehlZgby \h \j_fy kgZ

Kbg^jhf

gZjmr_gby]ehlZgbyy\ey_lkykhklhygb_fgZ[ex^Zxsbfky\h\j_fykgZijbdhlhjhf\

j_amevlZl_]ehlZl_evghc^bknmgdpbbbf__lf_klhZkibjZpbykexgudZr_evb m^mrv_

Wlhkhklhygb_i_j_f_`Z_lkyk dhjhldbfbi_jbh^ZfbZdlb\Zpbbb ijh[m`^_gbyfb

:klfZgZ[ex^ZxsZyky\hkg_

<hkg_ m g_dhlhjuoex^_cgZ[ex^Z_lkymkbe_gb_

Zklfub\j_amevlZl_Zklfufh]ml\hagbdgmlvagZqbl_evgu_jZkkljhckl\ZkgZ

K\yaZggu_ kh kghf k_j^_qghkhkm^bklu_ kbfilhfu

 Wlb kbfilhfu \hagbdZxl

ijb gZebqbb jZkkljhckl\ k_j^_qgh]h jblfZ g_^hklZlhqghklb fbhdZj^Z

g_^hklZlhqghklb dhjhgZjghcZjl_jbbb baf_g_gbc Zjl_jbZevgh]h ^Z\e_gbyhgbfh]ml

mkbeb\Zlvky beb h[hkljylvky \ j_amevlZl_ gZjmr_gbc kgZ beb nbabheh]bq_kdbo

dZj^bh\Zkdmeyjguobaf_g_gbcgZjZaebqguoklZ^byokgZ

K\yaZgguc kh kghf ]ZkljhwahnZl_Zevguc j_nexdk

K\yaZgguc kh kghf

]ZkljhwahnZ]_Zevguc j_nexdk y\ey_lky jZkkljhckl\hf ijb dhlhjhf [hevghc

ijh[m`^Z_lky hl kgZ eb[h kh `]mq_c km[kl_jgZevghc ih^]jm^bgghc [hevx

hsms_gb_f [heb beb kl_kg_gby \h \k_c ]jm^bg_ beb k hsms_gb_f dbkeh]h \h jlm

Bgh]^Z fh]ml ihy\blvky lZd`_ dZr_ev m^mrv_ b g_[hevrZy ^uoZl_evgZy

g_^hklZlhqghklvijhy\eyxsb_kyg_h^ghdjZlgh

=_fheba k\yaZgguc kh kghf iZjhdkbafZevgZy ghdlmjZevgZy

]_fh]eh[bgmjby

IZjhdkbafZevgZy ghdlmjZevgZy ]_fh]eh[bgmjby ² j_^dh

\klj_qZxs__ky ijbh[j_l_ggh_ khklhygb_ ojhgbq_kdhc ]_fheblbq_kdhc Zg_fbb ijb

dhlhjhc]_fh]eh[bg_fbyb ]_fh]eh[bgmjby\hagbdZxl\ j_amevlZl_\gmljbkhkm^bklh]h

]_fhebaZ=_fhebab ihke_^mxsZy]_fh]eh[bgmjbymkdhjyxlky\h\j_fykgZhdjZrb\Zy

mlj_ggxxfhqm\ dhjbqg_\hdjZkgucp\_l=_fhebak\yaZgk i_jbh^hfkgZ^Z`__keb

ihke_^gbckbevghk^\b]Z_lky

=eZ\Z 

BKDMKKL<?GGH>?FHGKLJBJM?FU?J:KKLJHCKL<:

<<?>?GB?

Ijb bkdmkkl\_ggh ^_fhgkljbjm_fuo jZkkljhckl\Zo ij_^ty\eyxlky `Zeh[u gZ

nbabq_kdb_ beb ikboheh]bq_kdb_ gZjmr_gby Kbfmeypby nbabheh]bq_kdbo beb

ikboheh]bq_kdbo aZ[he_\Zgbc bf__l _^bgkl\_ggmx p_ev ²qlh[u km[t_dlZ kqblZeb

[hevguf Hkgh\ghc p_evx m fgh]bo ba wlbo ebp y\ey_lky ]hkiblZebaZpby ijbq_f

bgh]^Z hgZ y\ey_lky p_evx \k_c `bagb Wlbf jZkkljhckl\Zf ijbkms_ dhfimevkb\gh_

dZq_kl\hb lZdh_ih\_^_gb_jZkkfZljb\Z_lkydZd^_fhgkljZlb\gh_\lhfieZg_qlhhgh

y\ey_lkygZjhqblufb p_e_gZijZ\e_ggufZg_\lhfkfuke_qlhbffh`ghmijZ\eylv

WIB>?FBHEH=BY

JZkijhkljZg_gghklvbkdmkkl\_ggh^_fhgkljbjm_fuojZkkljhckl\g_ba\_klgZohly

g_dhlhju_Z\lhjuiheZ]Zxlqlhhgh\klj_qZ_lky[he__qZklhq_f^mfZebjZgvr_Hgh

qZs_ hlf_qZ_lky mfm`qbg Z lZd`_ kj_^b jZ[hlgbdh\ kem`[u a^hjh\vy < h^ghf

bkke_^h\Zgbb hlf_q_gh qlh ba \k_o [hevguo ihklmib\rbo \ debgbdm m 

h[gZjm`b\Zxlbkdmkkl\_ggh^_fhgkljbjm_fu_jZkkljhckl\Z\ ^jm]hcjZ[hl_bf_xlky

^Zggu_hlhfqlhm  [hevguobf__lf_klhbkdmkkl\_ggh^_fhgkljbjm_fZyebohjZ^dZ

>ey ij_^mij_`^_gby khljm^gbdh\ debgbd h lZdbo kemqZyo gZ ebp kbfmebjmxsbo

aZ[he_\Zgb_ bf__lky [Zgd ^Zgguo fgh]b_ ba gbo iulZxlky mkljhblvky \ jZaebqgu_

[hevgbpuih^jZagufbnZfbebyfbbebkbfmebjmyjZagu_[he_agb

WLBHEH=BY

QZklh\ bklhjbblZdboebpbf__lf_klhk_gkhjgZy^_ijb\Zpby\ jZgg_f\hajZkl_

beb ly`_eZy [he_agv beb hij_^_e_ggh_ gZjmr_gb_ nmgdpbb dhlhjh_ ijhreh gh ijb

mqZklbb [hevrh]h qbkeZ ebp h[_ki_qb\Zxsbo f_^bpbgkdmx ihfhsv gZijbf_j

\jZq_c k_kl_j [hevgbqgh]h i_jkhgZeZ b ij hy\eyxsbo dwlbf [hevguf ex[h\v b

aZ[hlmK_fvbm wlbo[hevguoh[uqgh[u\Zxlg_ihegufb² eb[hfZlv[jhkZ_lj_[_gdZ

eb[h g_l hlpZ < [hevrbgkl\_kemqZ_\ m lZdbo [hevguo g_l eb[h h^gh]h eb[h h[hbo

jh^bl_e_c eb[h jh^bl_eb g_ aZ[hlylky h gbo LZdbf h[jZahf kha^Z_lky nZdkbfbe_

]_gmbgguoaZ[he_\Zgbc^ey\hkkha^Zgby`_eZ_fhcihablb\ghcjh^bl_evkdhceZkdbWlh

jZkkljhckl\h y\ey_lky nhjfhc i_jbh^bq_kdhc dhfimevkbb ih\lhjyxs_c hkgh\ghc

dhgnebdlihlj_[ghklbb ihbkdZijbagZgbybex[\blh]^ZdZdhiul]h\hjblqlhbog_

[m^_lHlkx^Z[hevghcljZgknhjfbjm_l\jZq_cb i_jkhgZe\ jh^bl_e_chl\_j]rbo_]h

;hevgu_ dhlhju_ ^h[b\Zxlky [he_ag_gguo ijhp_^mj lZdbo dZd hi_jZpbb beb

bg\Zab\gu_ ^bZ]ghklbq_kdb_ bkke_^h\Zgby fh]ml [ulv ebqghklyfb k fZahobklkdbfb

gZdehgghklyfb ^ey dhlhjuo [hev kem`bl dZd [u gZdZaZgb_f aZ ijhreu_ ]j_ob

\hh[jZ`Z_fu_bebj_Zevgu_;ueh \ukdZaZgh ij_^iheh`_gb_qlh g_dhlhju_[hevgu_

iulZxlky ij_h^he_lv ljZ\fu gZg_k_ggu_ \ jZgg_f \hajZkl_ \ j_amevlZl_ k_jv_aguo

nbabq_kdbo aZ[he_\Zgbc beb ]hkiblZebaZpbb iml_f ijbgylby jheb [hevgh]h b

ih\lhjgh]hi_j_`b\Zgby[he_ag_gguob kljZrguokblmZpbc\ l_q_gb_fgh`_kl\_gguo

]hkiblZebaZpbc

;hevgu_ kbfmebjmxsb_ ikbobq_kdh_ aZ[he_\Zgb_ bgh]^Z ih^jZ`Zxl

jh^kl\_ggbdm dhlhjh]h ]hkiblZebabjh\Zeb ih  ih\h^m aZ[he_\Zgby dhlhjh_ hgb

kbfmebjmxl B^_glbnbpbjmy k_[y k wlbf ebphf lZdb_ [hevgu_ gZ^_ylky

\hkkh_^bgblvkykg_cbebk gbf\her_[gufkihkh[hf

M fgh]bo ba wlbo [hevguo hlf_qZ_lky iehoZy kljmdlmjZ b^_glbnbdZpbb b

gZjmr_ggZykZfhhp_gdZoZjZdl_jgu_^eyih]jZgbqguoebqghkl_cG_dhlhju_y\eyxlky

©dZd [uª ebqghklyfb dhlhju_ b^_glbnbpbjmxl k_[y k hdjm`Zxsbfb ?keb [hevghc

y\ey_lky ijhn_kkbhgZehf kem`[u a^hjh\vy hg beb hgZ qZklh g_ fh]ml

hl^bnn_j_gpbjh\Zlvk_[yhl[hevguok dhlhjufbhgbdhglZdlbjmxl

Khqm\kl\b_bebihhsj_gb_[hevgh]h^_fhgkljbjmxs_]hbkdmkkl\_ggmx[he_agv

kh klhjhgu ^jm]bo ebp y\ey_lky j_^dbf kemqZ_f ^Zggh]h jZkkljhckl\Z ij_^klZ\eyy

kh[hc _s_ h^bg \hafh`guc ijbqbgguc nZdlhj Ohly [hevrbgkl\h lZdbo [hevguo

^_ckl\mxl \ h^bghqdm \ g_dhlhjuo kemqZyo \ \u^mfu\Zgbb aZ[he_\Zgby bgh]^Z

ijbgbfZxlmqZklb_^jmavybebjh^kl\_ggbdb

<Z`gufb aZsblgufb f_oZgbafZfb y\eyxlky j_ij_kkby b^_glbnbdZpby k

Z]j_kkhjhfj_ij_kkbyb kbf\hebaZpby

>B:=GHAB DEBGBQ?KDB?HKH;?GGHKLB

BKDMKKL<?GGH>?FHGKLJBJM?FH?J:KKLJHCKL<HK NBABQ?KDBFB

KBFILHF:FBIJHY<E?GBYFB

Bkdmkkl\_ggh ^_fhgkljbjm_fh_ jZkkljhckl\h k nbabq_kdbfb kbfilhfZfb bf__l

fgh]h gZa\Zgbc kbg^jhf Fxgo]Zma_gZ ih bf_gb [ZjhgZ =_jfZgZ nhg Fxgo]Zma_gZ

dhlhjuc`be\ ;9,,, \b gZibkZefgh]hjZkkdZah\h iml_r_kl\byob ijbdexq_gbyoWlh

jZkkljhckl\hgZau\Z_lkylZd`_[hevgbqgufijb\udZgb_f

ihebobjmj]bq_kdbf ijb\udZgb_f b ijhn_kkbhgZevguf kbg^jhfhf [hevgh]h

kms_kl\m_lb_s_fgh`_kl\hgZa\Zgbc

Kms_kl\_gghchkh[_gghklvx[hevguokwlbfjZkkljhckl\hfy\ey_lkylhqlhhgb

gZklhevdh ohjhrh ij_^ty\eyxl k\hb `Zeh[u qlh kihkh[gu ^h[blvky ihf_s_gby \

debgbdm Gb`_ ijb\_^_gu ^bZ]ghklbq_kdb_ djbl_jbb bkdmkkl\_ggh ^_fhgkljbjm_fh]h

jZkkljhckl\Zk nbabq_kdbfbkbfilhfZfb

:

GZf_j_ggh_\ukdZau\Zgb_bebkbfmeypbynbabq_kdboghg_ikboheh]bq_kdbo

kbfilhfh\

;

Ikboheh]bq_kdZyihlj_[ghklvijbgylvjhev[hevgh]hdZd\b^ghihhlkmlkl\bx

^jm]bo fhlb\h\ ^ey ih^h[gh]h ih\_^_gby lZdbo dZd wdhghfbq_kdZy \u]h^Z beb

nbabq_kdh_[eZ]hihemqb_

<

Ihy\e_gb_g_lhevdh\h\j_fy^jm]bojZkkljhckl\Hkb ,lZdbodZdrbahnj_gby

Qlh[u ih^l\_j^blv k\hc jZkkdZa wlb [hevgu_ fh]ml \u^mfu\Zlv kbfilhfu

aZklZ\eyxsb_ ^mfZlv h jZkkljhckl\Zo dZ`^h]h ba hj]Zgh\ b kbkl_f Hgb agZxl h

[hevrbgkl\_jZkkljhckl\dhlhju_h[uqghlj_[mxl]hkiblZebaZpbbb e_q_gbyb fh]ml

jZkkdZaZlv hlebqgmx bklhjbx kihkh[gmx h[fZgmlv ^Z`_ kZfuo hiulguo \jZq_c

Debgbq_kdb_ `Zeh[u g_kdhgqZ_fu \dexqZy ]_fZlhfu djh\hoZjdZgv_ ebohjZ^dm

]bihdebd_fbxkbg^jhfuih^h[gu_©djZkghc\heqZgd_ªlhrghlmj\hlmk_j^p_[b_gb_

b ijbiZ^db Dfhq_ ijbf_rb\Zxl djh\v beb dZe ij bgbfZxl ZglbdhZ]meyglu qlh[u

\ua\Zlv jZkkljhckl\Z djh\_ghkghc kbkl_fu bkihevam_lky bgkmebg ^ey lh]h qlh[u

\ua\Zlv ]bih]ebd_fbx b lZd ^Ze__ LZdb_ [hevgu_ qZklh gZklZb\Zxl gZ hi_jZpbb

`ZemykvgZkiZcdbhlij_^u^msboobjmj]bq_kdbo\f_rZl_evkl\Lbibqgufby\eyxlky

`Zeh[ugZ[hebbfblbjmxsb_ihq_qgmxdhebdmijbq_f[hevghclj_[m_lgZagZq_gby

gZjdhlbdh\ Ijbf_jgh \ iheh\bg_ wlbo kemqZ_\ [hevgu_ lj_[mxl e_q_gby

hij_^_e_ggufbij_iZjZlZfbh[uqghZgZev]_lbdZfbIhiZ\\ [hevgbpmhgbihklhyggh

q_]hlhlj_[mxlbkgbfbijboh^blkyhq_gvljm^ghIhf_j_lh]hdZdh[gZjm`b\Zxlky

hljbpZl_evgu_ j_amevlZlu ih dZ`^hfm l_klm hgb gZqbgZxl h[\bgylv \jZqZ \

g_dhfi_l_glghklb m]jh`Zxl ijb\e_qv _]h dkm^m b ijhy\eyxl hkdhj[bl_evgh_

hlghr_gb_d hdjm`ZxsbfHgbfh]ml\g_aZigh\uibkZlvky_kebkqblZxlqlhkdhjhbo

h[\bgyl \ kbfmeylb\ghf ih\_^_gbb AZl_f hgb eh`Zlky \ ^jm]mx debgbdm \lhf `_

kZfhfbeb^jm]hf]hjh^_b pbdegZqbgZ_lkykgh\Z

Kh]eZkgh '60,,,5 ki_pbnbq_kdbfbij_^jZkiheZ]ZxsbfbnZdlhjZfby\eyxlky

bklbggu_ nbabq_kdb_ aZ[he_\Zgby i_j_g_k_ggu_ \ ^_lkl\_ \ j_ame vlZl_ dhlhjuo

[hevghc ^he]h e_qbeky g_^h[jh`_eZl_evgh_ hlghr_gb_ d f_^bpbgkdbf jZ[hlgbdZf

jZ[hlZ\ dZq_kl\_iZjZijhn_kkbhgZeZ\ f_^bpbg_b oZjZdl_jk\yabf_`^mwlbf[hevguf

b_]h\jZqhf\ ijhrehf

BKDMKKL<?GGH>?FHGKLJBJM?FU?J:KKLJHCKL<:K

IKBOHEH=BQ?KDBFBKBFILHF:FBIJHY<E?GBYFB

G_dhlhju_ [hevgu_ \ukdZau\Zxl `Zeh[u gZ kbfilhfu gZ[ex^Zxsb_ky m

ikbobq_kdb[hevguoh^gZdhhgbjZkp_gb\ZxlkydZd\u^mfZggu_JZaebqbyf_`^m gbfb

bgh]^Z hij_^_eyxlky k [hevrbf ljm^hf ^Z`_ ijb ^ebl_evghf gZ[ex^_gbb Gb`_

ijb\_^_gu^bZ]ghklbq_kdb_djbl_jbb^eybkdmkkl\_ggh^_fhgkljbjm_fuojZkkljhckl\k

ikboheh]bq_kdbfbkbfilhfZfbijhy\e_gbyfb

:

GZf_j_ggh_ \ukdZau\Zgb_ eh`guo `Zeh[ ikboheh]bq_kdh]h gh g_

nbabq_kdh]hoZjZdl_jZ

;

Ikboheh]bq_kdZy ihlj_[ghklv ijbgylv gZ k_[y jhev [hevgh]h dZd

k\b^_l_evkl\m_l hlkmlkl\b_ \g_rgbo ijbagZdh\ ih\_^_gby lbibqguo ^ey lZdh]h

ih\_^_gby gZijbf_j \lhjbqghc \u]h^u em qrbo mkeh\bc `bagb beb nbabq_kdh]h

[eZ]hihemqby

<

Ihy\e_gb_ kbfilhfh\ g_ lhevdh \h \j_fy jZkkljhckl\Z Hkb , gZijbf_j

rbahnj_gbb

Eh`gu_ `Zeh[u qZklh \dexqZxl ^_ij_kkbx ]ZeexpbgZpbb ^bkkhpbZlb\gu_ b

dhg\_jkb\gu_ kbfilhfu b ijbqm^eb\h_ ih\_^_gb_ BaaZ hlkmlkl\by memqr_gby

[hevgu_ k ^Zgguf jZkkljhckl\hf bgh]^Z ihemqZxl [hevrb_ ^hau ikbohZdlb\guo

\_s_kl\b ih^\_j]Zxlkywe_dljhrhdh\hcl_jZibb

Bkdmkkl\_ggh^_fhgkljbjm_fu_ikboheh]bq_kdb_kbfilhfugZihfbgZxln_ghf_g

ik_\^hkbfmeypbb dhlhjuc ljZdlm_lky dZd m^h\e_l\hj_gb_ ihlj_[ghklb d khojZg_gbx

h[jZaZ kZfh]h k_[y q_fm kihkh[kl\mxl ikboheh]bq_kdb_ ijhy\e_gby k dhlhjufb

[hevghc g_ \ khklhygbb kijZ\blvky khagZl_evgufb mkbebyfb <wlhf kemqZ_ h[fZg

y\ey_lkyljZgab_glghcih^^_j`b\Zxs_cw]haZsblhc

>Zggu_ bkke_^h\Zgbc ihke_^gbo e_l ihdZau\Zxl qlh ijb bkdmkkl\_ggh

^_fhgkljbjm_fuo jZkkljhckl\Zo ikbohlbq_kdb_ kbfilhfu ^_fhgkljbjmxlky [he__

qZklh q_f kqblZeb jZgvr_ Kbfmeypby ikbohlbq_kdbo ijhy\e_gbc gZ[ex^Z_lky ijb

jZkkljhckl\ZohlebqZxsbokyhl^Zggh]hgZijbf_jijbZnn_dlb\guojZkkljhckl\Zob

\p_ehfy\ey_lkyijh]ghklbq_kdb[he__g_[eZ]hijbylguf

Dh]^Z m [hevguo k ikbohlbq_kdbfb jZkkljhckl\Zfb lZd`_ h[gZjm`b\Zxlky

hij_^_e_ggu_ bkdmkkl\_ggh ^_fhgkljbjm_fu_ ikboheh]bq_kdb_ kbfilhfu l_

iheghklvx kbfmeylb\gu_ ikbohlbq_kdb_ ijhy\e_gby h[uqgh bf__lky ^hihegbl_evgh

ih]jZgbqgh_jZkkljhckl\hebqghklb<wlbokemqZyo bkoh^om`_q_fijbfZgbZdZevguo

bebrbahZnn_dlb\guojZkkljhckl\Zo

;hevgu_ fh]ml `Zeh\Zlvky qlh m gbo  ^_ij_kkby \ dZq_kl\_ ijbqbgu dhlhjhc

jZkkdZau\Zxl\u^mfZggmxbklhjbxg_^Z\g_ckf_jlb[ebadh]h^jm]Zbebjh^kl\_ggbdZ

We_f_glZfb bklhjbb ijb\h^bfhc dZd ihl_jy [ebadh]h q_eh\_dZ bgh]^Z [u\Zxl

djh\Z\Zy kf_jlv ijbq_f ]h\hjyl qlh mf_j j_[_ghd beb fheh^hc q_eh\_d < ^jm]bo

kemqZyo jZkkdZau\Zxl h^\mo ihl_jyo ² g_^Z\g_c b hl^Ze_gghc beb `_ h

]ZeexpbgZpbyodZdkemoh\uolZdb ajbl_evguo

>jm]bfb kbfilhfZfb dhlhju_ lZd`_ bf_xl f_klh bijb nbabq_kdhf lbi_

y\ey_lky nZglZklbq_kdZy ik_\^heh]by \ dhlhjhc [hevghc bgh]^Z b]jZ_l jhev

kZfha\ZgpZ Ijb nZglZklbq_kdhc ik_\^heh]bb g_[hevrhc nZdlbq_kdbc fZl_jbZe

i_j_f_rZg k h[rbjgufb nZglZabyfb Bgl_j_k kh klhjhgu kemrZl_ey m^h\e_l\hjy_l

[hevgh]h b lZdbf h[jZahf ih^dj_iey_l kbfilhf GbdZdbo ]jZgbp ^ey bkdZ`_gby

ijZ\^uh^gZdhijbbaeh`_gbb[he_agbg_llZdb_[hevgu_qZklhmdZau\Zxleh`gu_b

ijhlb\hj_qb\u_k\_^_gbyh ^jm]boh[eZklyok\h_c`bagbgZijbf_j[hevghc]h\hjblh

kf_jlb jh^bl_ey qlh[u \ua\Zlv khqm\kl\b_ hdjm`Zxsbo QZklh \ hkgh\_ wlhc e`b

e_`bl`_eZgb_b]jZlvqm`mxjhevkZfha\Zgkl\hFgh]b_[hevgu_ijbgbfZxlgZk_[y

jhevij_klb`gh]hebpZFm`qbgu gZijbf_j jZkkdZau\Zxlh k\hbo[h_\uoih^\b]Zo

mdZau\ZygZke_^uobjmj]bq_kdbohi_jZpbcdZdgZjZguihemq_ggu_\h\j_fykjZ`_gbc

beb^jm]bo^jZfZlbq_kdbob hiZkguoh[klhyl_evkl\HgblZd`_fh]ml\u^Z\Zlvk_[yaZ

^jm]boba\_klguob ijhkeZ\e_gguoebp

BKDMKKL<?GGH>?FHGKLJBJM?FU?J:KKLJHCKL<:GB=>?;HE??G?

DE:KKBNBPBJM?FU?>JM=H?G:A<:GB?HLKMLKL<M?L>GH

Wlb jZkkljhckl\Z ij_^klZ\eyxl kh[hc khq_lZgb_ ijhy\e_gbc oZjZdl_jguo ^ey

dZ`^h]h ba hibkZgguo \ur_ jZkkljhckl\ Fgh]b_ kqblZxl qlh \ qbklhf \b^_

jZkkljhckl\h lhevdh k nbabq_kdbfb beb lhevdh k ikboheh]bq_kdbfb ijhy\e_gbyfb

\klj_qZ_lky agZqbl_evgh j_`_ q_f bo khq_lZgb_ Gb`_ ijb\_^_gu ^bZ]ghklbq_kdb_

djbl_jbb ^ey bkdmkk\_ggh ij_^ty\ey_fuo jZkkljhckl\ gb]^_ [he__ g_

deZkkbnbpbjm_fuo^jm]h_gZa\Zgb_hlkmlkl\m_l>GH

Bkdmkkl\_ggh ^_fhgkljbjm_fh_ jZkkljhckl\h dhlhjh_ g_ fh`_l [ulv

deZkkbnbpbjh\Zgh \ jZfdZo gb h^ghc ba ij_^u^msbo ki_pbnbq_kdbo dZl_]hjbc

gZijbf_jjZkkljhckl\hijb dhlhjhfbf__lf_klh dZdbkdmkkl\_ggh^_fhgkljbjm_fu_

nbabq_kdb_lZdb bkdmkkl\_ggh^_fhgkljbjm_fu_ikboheh]bq_kdb_kbfilhfu

L?Q?GB?B IJH=GHA

Bkdmkkl\_ggh ^_fhgkljbjm_fu_ jZkkljhckl\Z h[uqgh gZqbgZxlky \ jZgg_f

i_jbh^_ aj_ehklb \ fheh^hf \hajZkl_ ohly fh]ml \hagbdZlv b\ ^_lkl\_ b\

ih^jhkldh\hf\hajZkl_NZdlbq_kdh_gZqZehwlh]hjZkkljhckl\Zbebhl^_evguowibah^h\

`_eZgby e_qblvky fh]ml [ulv ihke_ j_Zevgh]h khfZlbq_kdh]h aZ[he_\Zgby mljZlu

jZaju\Z beb h^bghq_kl\Z H[uqgh \ ijhrehf \ ^_lkl\_ beb jZgg_f ih^jhkldh\hf

\hajZkl_ bf_eZkv ]hkiblZebaZpby ih ih\h^m bklbggh]h khfZlbq_kdh]h aZ[he_\Zgby

[hevgh]h beb _]h [ebadh]h jh^kl\_ggbdZ Ihke_ wlh]h ^ebl_evguc i_jbh^ mki_rghc

]hkiblZebaZpbb ijbhldju\Z_l iZll_jg jZkkljhckl\Z dhlhjh_ \gZqZe_ ih^djZ^u\Zehkv

ihkl_i_ggh <wlhf kemqZ_ gZqZeh bf__l f_klh agZqbl_evgh jZgvr_ q_f h[uqgh

kqblZ_lkyIhf_j_ijh]j_kkbjh\ZgbyaZ[he_\Zgby[hevghcmagZ_l\k_[hevr_b [hevr_

h f_^bpbg_bh[hevgbpZo

Bkdmkkl\_ggh ^_fhgkljbjm_fh_ jZkkljhckl\h kbevgh f_rZ_l ljm^hkihkh[ghklb

[hevgh]h qZklh \uau\Zy ly`_eu_ ljZ\fu beb g_`_eZl_evgu_ j_Zdpbb \ hlghr_gbb

e_q_gby DZd fh`gh hlq_leb\h \b^_lv i_jbh^ ^ebl_evghc ]hkiblZebaZpbb gbdZd g_

kihkh[kl\m_l`_eZl_evghfmhl^uomb memqr_gbxf_`ebqghklguohlghr_gbcIjh]gha

\ [hevrbgkl\_ kemqZ_\ iehohc G_dhlhju_ ba wlbo [hevguo bgh]^Z hdZau\Zxlky \

lxjvf_h[uqghaZf_edb_ij_klmie_gbylZdb_dZddjZ`b[jh^y`gbq_kl\hb gZjmr_gb_

h[s_kl\_ggh]hihjy^dZI_jbh^bq_kdblZdb_ebqghklbij_[u\Zxl\ [hevgbp_

Ohly ^hklh\_jgu_ ^Zggu_ hlhf qlh ihlhf kemqZ_lky k wlbfb [hevgufb

hlkmlkl\mxl\hafh`ghqlhqZklvbagbomfbjZ_lhlg_gm`gh]he_q_gbyhi_jZlb\guo

\f_rZl_evkl\^bZ]ghklbq_kdboijhp_^mjKhihklZ\b\bkdmkgmxkbfmeypbx[hevguob

jbkd dhlhjhfm hgb ih^\_j]Zxlky fh`gh ij_^iheh`blv qlh g_dhlhju_ mfbjZxl hl

ih^haj_\Z_fuo nbabq_kdbo jZkkljhckl\ dhlhjuo m gbo  gZ kZfhf ^_e_ g_l

Hkh[_gghklyfb dhlhju_ fh]ml mdZau\Zlv gZ [eZ]hijbylguc ijh]gha y\eyxlky 

gZebqb_ ^_ij_kkb\ghfZahobklkdh]h oZjZdl_jZ  ij_[u\Zgb_ gZ ih]jZgbqghf Zg_

ihklhygghfikbohlbq_kdhfmjh\g_b  gZebqb_ebrvhq_gvg_fgh]boZglbkhpbZevguo

ebqghklguomklZgh\hd;hevgu_m dhlhjuo\uy\ey_lkyhlghkbl_evghklZlbqguciZll_jg

ih kjZ\g_gbx k lZdh\uf ijb [jh^y`gbq_kl\_ mdZau\Zxl gZ f_g__ ly`_eh_ l_q_gb_

aZ[he_\Zgby

BKKE?>H<:GB?IKBOBQ?KDH=HKL:LMK:

Ijb bkke_^h\Zgbb ikbobq_kdh]h klZlmkZ gZ^h ih^q_jdgmlv g_h[oh^bfhklv

ihemq_gby bgnhjfZpbb hl \k_o dlh fh`_l qlhlh kdZaZlv h [hevghf ^jma_c

jh^kl\_ggbdh\ ebp dhlhju_ fh]ml ^Zlv h[t_dlb\gu_ k\_^_gby qlh qZklh iha\hey_l

\kdjulv eh`gmx ijbjh^m [he_agb Ohly wlh lj_[m_l fgh]h \j_f_gb b mlhfbl_evgh

\Z`ghkhihklZ\eylv\k_nZdlubaeh`_ggu_[hevgufdZkZxsb_ky_]hij_^r_kl\mxsbo

]hkiblZebaZpbcb e_q_gby

Hp_gdZ ikbobq_kdh]h khklhygby ijhbkoh^bl ihke_ ZgZebaZ ijb[ebabl_evgh 

wlbo kemqZ_\ _keb ih^haj_\Z_lky kbfmeylb\gh_ aZ[he_\Zgb_ IkbobZljZ qZklh ijhkyl

hl\_lblv gZ \hijhk h gZebqbb bkdmkkl\_ggh ^_fhgkljbjm_fh]h jZkkljhckl\Z <wlbo

kemqZyo gZ^h ^_ckl\h\Zlv hklhjh`gh lZd dZd [hevghc fh`_l ijhy\blv ]jm[hklv

ijb[_]gmlv d meh\dZf beb m[_`Zlv ba [hevgbpu Bf__lky lZd`_ hiZkghklv

kijh\hpbjh\Zlv bklbgguc ikboha lZd dZd \ g_dhlhjuo kemqZyo eh`gh_ aZ[he_\Zgb_

\uihegy_lZ^Zilb\gmxnmgdpbxb]jZyjhevhlqZygghcihiuldbba[_`Zlvihke_^mxs_c

jZajmrbl_evghc[he_agb

>BNN?J?GPB:EVGUC>B:=GHA

Ijb ^bnn_j_gpbZevghf ^bZ]gha_ ke_^m_l ijbgylv \h \gbfZgb_ dZ`^h_

jZkkljhckl\h kh fgh`_kl\_ggufb nbabq_kdbfb `Zeh[Zfb b \k_]^Z gZ^h bkke_^h\Zlv

\hafh`ghklvgZebqbyih^ebggh]hbebkhijh\h`^Zxs_]hkhfZlbq_kdh]haZ[he_\Zgby

KHF:LHNHJFGU?J:KKLJHCKL<:

Bkdmkkl\_ggh ^_fhgkljbjm_fu_jZkkljhckl\Z^bnn_j_gpbjmxlkyhljZkkljhckl\

\\b^_ khfZlbaZpbb kbg^jhf ;jbd_ gZ hkgh\_ ijhba\hevgh]h ij_^ty\e_gby eh`guo

`Zeh[ [hevrh]h dhebq_kl\Z ^ebl_evguo ]hkiblZebaZpbc by\gh]h `_eZgby [hevgh]h

ih^\_j]gmlvkyfgh]bfijhp_^mjZfh[ke_^h\Zgbyb e_q_gby;hevgu_dhlhjufklZ\blky

^bZ]gha dhg\_jkb\gh]h jZkkljhckl\Z g_ ijhy\eyxl h[rbjguo agZgbc \ h[eZklb

f_^bpbgkdhc l_jfbgheh]bb b ij _[u\Zgby \ [hevgbp_ bbo kbfilhfu gZoh^ylky \

ijyfhc k\yab beb kbf\hebq_kdb khhlghkylky kh ki_pbnbq_kdbfb wfhpbhgZevgufb

dhgnebdlZfb

Bihohg^jbdb hlebqZxlky hl [hevguo k bkdmkkl\_ggh ^_fhgkljbjm_fufb

jZkkljhckl\Zfbl_fqlh[hevghcbihohg^jb_cg_gZjhqgh\ukdZau\Z_lk\hb`Zeh[ub

m bihohg^jbdh\ aZ[he_\Zgb_ h[uqgh gZqbgZ_lky \ [he__ iha^g_f \hajZkl_ DZd b\

kemqZ_jZkkljhckl\Z\\b^_khfZlbaZpbb[hevgu_bihohg^jb_cg_hohlghih^\_j]Zxlky

jbkdh\Zggufijhp_^mjZfihl_gpbZevghm]jh`Zxsbfa^hjh\vx

EBQGHKLGU?J:KKLJHCKL<:

BaaZ k\h_c iZlheh]bq_kdhc e`b\hklb hlkmlkl\by [ebadbo h lghr_gbc k

hdjm`Zxsbfb \jZ`^_[ghklb b l_g^_gpbb fZgbimebjh\Zlv hdjm`Zxsbfb [hevgu_ k

bkdmkkl\_ggh^_fhgkljbjm_fufbjZkkljhckl\ZfbqZklh jZkp_gb\ZxlkydZd ebqghklbk

ZglbkhpbZevguf ih\_^_gb_f h^gZdh ZglbkhpbZevgu_ ebqghklb h[uqgh g_ y\eyxlky

^h[jh\hevpZfb ^ey bg\Zab\guo ijhp_^mj bg_ \_^ml h[jZaZ `bagb \Z`g_cr_c

hkh[_gghklvxdhlhjh]hy\eyxlkyqZklu_]hkiblZebaZpbb

BaaZ`_eZgbyijb\e_qvd k_[_\gbfZgb_bex[\bdh\k_fm^jZfZlbq_kdhfmwlbf

[hevgufqZklhklZ\blky^bZ]ghabkl_jbq_kdh]hjZkkljhckl\Zebqghklb Gh

g_ \k_ wlb [hevgu_ qm\kl\mxl bgl_j_k dh \k_fm ^jZfZlbq_kdhfm fgh]b_ ba gbo

aZfdgmlu_bebevklb\u_

OZhlbq_kdbc h[jZa `bagb [hevguo gZebqb_ \ ijhrehf gZjmr_gby

f_`ebqghklguok\ya_cdjbabku\ kZfhhsms_gbbaehmihlj_[e_gb_gZjdhlbdZfbZdlu

kZfhih\j_`^_gby Z lZd`_ klj_fe_gb_ ijbf_gblv lZdlbdm fZgbimebjh\Zgby

hdjm`Zxsbfbk\b^_l_evkl\mxl\ ihevam^bZ]ghaZih]jZgbqguojZkkljhckl\ebqghklb

RBAHNJ?GBQ?KDB?J:KKLJHCKL<:

>bZ]gha rbahnj_gbb qZklh hkgh\u\Z_lky gZ ijbqm^eb\hklb h[jZaZ `bagb

[hevgh]hghwlb[hevgu_g_\k_]^Zhl\_qZxldjbl_jbyfrbahnj_gbb_keblhevdhm gbo

g_lnbdkbjh\Zggh]h[j_^Zhlhfqlhhgb^_ckl\bl_evgh[hevgubhgbgZklZb\ZxlgZ

]hkiblZebaZpbb\k\yabkwlbfWlbebpZh[uqghg_h[gZjm`b\ZxlwdkljZ\Z]Zglghklb\

h^_`^_ fure_gbb beb h[s_gbb dhlhju_ h[uqgh oZjZdl_jgu ^ey rbahlbiZevgh]h

jZkkljhckl\Zebqghklb

KBFMEYPBY

Bkdmkkl\_ggh ^_fhgkljbjm_fu_ jZkkljhckl\Z gZ^h ^bnn_j_gpbjh\Zlv hl

kbfmeypbb Kbfmeyglu bf_xl y\gmx jZkihagZ\Z_fmx p_ev dh]^Z \ukdZau\Zxl k\hb

`Zeh[u Hgb fh]ml bkdZlv ]hkiblZebaZpbb \k\yab k `_eZgb_f ihemqblv ^_g_`gmx

dhfi_gkZpbx ba[_`Zlv ihebpbb jZ[hlu beb ijhklh ihemqblv k\h[h^gmx dhcdm b