Каплан Г.И. Клиническая психиатрия

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.

^he`guijbfbjblvkykwlbfIZjudhlhju_ijbfbjbebkvkl_fqlhj_[_gdZg_[m^_l

bgh]^Z \gh\v h[j_lZxl ex[h\v ij_^Zgghklv bmdj_ieyxl k\hc khxa >jm]bf fh`_l

ihlj_[h\Zlvky ihfhsv \ e_q_gbb kmijm]Z ^hghjkdhf hieh^hl\hj_gbb eZ[hjZlhjghc

bfieZglZpbbbebmkugh\e_gbb

KL?JBEBA:PBY

Kl_jbebaZpby² ijhp_^mjZdhlhjZy^_eZ_lfm`qbgmbeb`_gsbgmg_kihkh[gufb

^Z\Zlv ihlhfkl\h M `_gsbgu wlh h[uqgh [u\Z_l ijhp_^mjZ kZevibg]hwdlhfbb beb

i_j_\yadb nZeehib_\uo ljm[ WlZ hi_jZpby ijhba\h^blky \ [hevgbp_ hgZ g_ hq_gv

[he_ag_ggZ b j_^dh \uau\Z_l e_lZevguc bkoh^ Kl_jbebaZpby fm`qbgu h[uqgh

\dexqZ_l \Zawdlhfbx i_j_\yadm k_fy\ughkys_]h ijhlhdZ Wlh [he__ ijhklZy

ijhp_^mjZq_fkZevibg]hwdlhfbyb \uihegy_lkyZf[meZlhjgh\jZqhf

M g_[hevrhc qZklb [hevguo ihke_ kl_jbebaZpbb gZ[ex^Z_lky g_\jhlbq_kdbc

ihklkl_jbebaZpbhgguc kbg^jhf Hg fh`_l ijhy\eylvky q_j_a bihohg^jbx [hev

^_ij_kkbx mljZlm eb[b^h kgb`_gb_ k_dkmZevguo j_Zdpbc b hah[hq_gghklv k\h_c

`_gkl\_gghklvx beb fm`_kl\_gghklvx ?keb hg ihy\ey_lky h[uqgh m^Z_lky \uy\blv

ij_fhj[b^gh_ikbohiZlheh]bq_kdh_khklhygb_

Kl_jbebaZpbx ijboh^blky ^_eZlv qlh[u g_ [ueh ^_l_c mebp dhlhju_ fh]ml

i_j_^Zlv ih gZke_^kl\m g_dhlhju_ ]_g_lbq_kdb_ aZ[he_\Zgby Bf__lky jZaj_r_gb_

ijhba\h^blv kl_jbebaZpbx ijhlb\ \heb gZke_^kl\_gguf ij_klmigbdZf ebpZf k

k_dkmZevgufb ba\jZs_gbyfb kbnbeblbdZf mfkl\_ggh hlklZeuf b [hevguf

wibe_ikb_cK_cqZkg_dhlhju_bawlbokhklhygbcjZkkfZljb\ZxlkydZdijhlb\hj_qZsb_

dhgklblmpbb

=eZ\Z

KHGB G:JMR?GBYKG:



GHJF:EVGUCKHG

Khgfh`ghhij_^_eblvdZdj_]meyjghih\lhjyxs__kye_]dhh[jZlbfh_khklhygb_

hj]ZgbafZ dhlhjh_ oZjZdl_jbam_lky hlghkbl_evguf ihdh_f Z lZd`_ agZqbl_evguf

ih\ur_gb_f ihjh]Z j_Zdpbc gZ \g_rgb_ klbfmeu ih kjZ\g_gbx k khklhygb_f

[h^jkl\h\Zgby @Zeh[u gZ jZkkljhckl\h kgZ khklZ\eyxl hkgh\gmx qZklv \k_o `Zeh[

Dhgljhev aZ khklhygb_f kgZ b]jZ_l \Z`gmx jhev \ debgbq_kdhc ijZdlbd_ ihkdhevdm

gZjmr_gbykgZy\eyxlkyjZggbfijbagZdhfgZqbgZxs_]hkyikbobq_kdh]haZ[he_\Zgby

G_^Z\ghijh\_^_ggu_bkke_^h\Zgby\ h[eZklbkgZihdZaZebqlhg_dhlhju_ikbobq_kdb_

jZkkljhckl\Z k\yaZgu k oZjZdl_jgufb baf_g_gbyfb nbabheh]bb kgZ Wlb baf_g_gby

iha\heyxlihgylvikbohnbabheh]bq_kdb_hkh[_gghklbe_`Zsb_\ hkgh\_ikbobq_kdbo

jZkkljhckl\ Z lZd`_ ihklZ\blv ^bZ]gha gZ hkgh\Zgbb dhfie_dkZ debgbq_kdbo

ijhy\e_gbc

I:LL?JGUGHJF:EVGH=HKG:

Ijb aZkuiZgbb k fha]h\ufb \hegZfb ijhbkoh^yl hij_^_e_ggu_ baf_g_gby

dhlhju_ deZkkbnbpbjmxlky dZd klZ^bb    b  jbk  WW= \ khklhygbb

[h^jkl\h\Zgby oZjZdl_jbam_lky D\hegZfb k qZklhlhc hl  ^h  dhe_[Zgbc \  kb

gbadhZfieblm^ghc Zdlb\ghklvx kf_rZgghc qZklhlu Dh]^Z [hevghc aZkuiZ_l D

Zdlb\ghklvgZqbgZ_l bkq_aZlvKlZ^by  kqblZxsZykyklZ^b_cgZb[he__ih\_joghklgh]h

kgZ oZjZdl_jbam_lky gZebqb_f gbadhZfieblm^ghc j_]meyjghc Zdlb\ghklb k qZklhlhc

² dhe_[Zgbc\  kQ_j_ag_kdhevdhk_dmg^bebfbgmlwlZklZ^bykf_gy_lkyklZ^b_c 

\ l_q_gb_dhlhjhcgZ[ex^Zxlky\_j_l_ghh[jZagu_\heguk qZklhlhc ² dhe_[Zgbc\

 k khggu_\_j_l_gZb f_^e_gguflj_onZaguf\hegh\ufdhfie_dkhfgZau\Z_fufD

dhfie_dkhf<kdhj_ihke_wlh]hi hy\eyxlkyG\hegu\ukhdhZfieblm^gZyZdlb\ghklvk

qZklhlhc ² dhe_[Zgbc\  kaZgbfZxsb_f_g__  djb\hcklZ^by  < dhgp_

dhgph\gZ klZ^bb  G\hegZ khklZ\eyxl [he__  djb\hc H[uqgh xb x klZ^bb

kqblZxl^_evlZkghfbebnZahcf_^e_ggh]hkgZNFK\k\yabkbooZjZdl_jgufbWW=

hkh[_gghklyfb

>:GGU?IHEBKHFGH=J:FFUN;K

GN;Kijhoh^blhlc^hc klZ^bcIhkjZ\g_gbxk khklhygb_f[h^jkl\h\Zgby

[hevrbgkl\h nbabheh]bq_kdbo nmgdpbc agZqbl_evgh kgb`_gu \ l_q_gb_ GN;K NZaZ

[ukljh]h kgZ N;K y\ey_lky dZq_kl\_ggh ^jm]bf \b^hf kgZ oZjZdl_jbamxsbfky

\ukhdhcZdlb\ghklvxfha]Zb \ukhdbfmjh\g_fnbabheh]bq_kdhcZdlb\ghklb[ebadbfd

[h^jkl\h\ZgbxIjbf_jgh\ l_q_gb_ fbgihke_gZqZeZkgZGN;KkhklZ\ey_li_j\uc

wibah^N;Kghqgh]hkgZI_jbh^\  fbgy\ey_lkykhklZ\eyxs_c©eZl_glghklvNK;ªb

ij_^klZ\ey_l mklhcqb\mx \_ebqbgm ^ey \ajhkeuo ex^_c \ ghjf_ Mf_gvr_gb_

eZl_glghklb N;K qZklh gZ[ex^Z_lky ijb lZdbo aZ[he_\Zgbyo dZd ^_ij_kkby b

gZjdhe_ikby GZ WW= aZibku\Zxlky [uklju_ dhgtx]Zlgu_ ^\b`_gby ]eZa dhlhju_

hij_^_ebebwlmklZ^bxkgZ\h\j_fy g__[uklju_^\b`_gby]eZaihqlbhlkmlkl\mxl

iZll_jg WW= khklhbl ba gbadhZfieblm^ghc kemqZcghc Zdlb\ghklb k \hegZfb \\b^_

am[v_\ ibeu we_dljhfbh]jZn WF= \uy\ey_l \ujZ`_ggmx j_^mdpbx fur_qgh]h

lhgmkZ

M ghjfZevguo ex^_c GN;K ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc [he__ \ujZ`_ggh_ khklhygb_

ihdhyq_f[h^jkl\h\Zgb_Imevkh[uqghaZf_^e_ggZ ² m^Zjh\gb`_lh]hmjh\gy

dhlhjuc bf__l f_klh \ khklhygbb ihdhy ij b [h^jkl\h\Zgbb b hq_gv j_]meyjguc

IZll_jg^uoZgbyZgZeh]bq_g>Z\e_gb_djh\bh[uqgh[u\Z_lkgb`_ggufk g_dhlhjufb

i_j_iZ^Zfb\ l_q_gb_g_kdhevdbofbgmlFur_qgucihl_gpbZeihdhyfmkdmeZlmjul_eZ

gb`_ \ l_q_gb_ N;K q_f \ khklhygbb [h^jkl\h\Zgby <h \j_fy GN;K gZ[ex^Zxlky

wibah^bq_kdb_ g_ijhba\hevgu_ ^\b`_gby l_eZ Bgh]^Z \hagbdZxl [uklju_ ^ \b`_gby

]eZa;>=\ g_[hevrhfdhebq_kl\_bebhgb\hh[s_hlkmlkl\mx lb baj_^dZhlf_qZ_lky

wj_dpby i_gbkZ Ihlhd djh\b ijhoh^ysbc q_j_a [hevrbgkl\h ldZg_c \dexqZy

p_j_[jZevgucdjh\hlhdke_]dZmf_gvr_g

GZb[he__ ]em[hdb_khklZ\eyxsb_ GN;K²klZ^bb  b ² bgh]^Z k\yaZgu k

g_h[uqgufb oZjZdl_jbklbdZfb j_Zdpbb Zdlb\Zpbb ?keb q_eh\_dZ jZa[m^blv q_j_a

iheqZkZ beb qZk ihke_ gZqZeZ kgZ²h[uqgh \ klZ^bb NFK²m g_]h hlf_qZxlky

^_ahjb_glZpby b ^_ahj]ZgbaZpby fure_gby Dhjhldb_ i_jbh^u Zdlb\Zpbb ba NFK

lZd`_ khijh\h`^Zxlky Zfg_ab_c gZ kh[ulby f_klh \h \j_fy Zdlb\Zpbb M g_dhlhjuo

ebp ^_ahj]ZgbaZpby gZ[ex^ZxsZyky \h \j_fy Zdlb\Zpbb ijb i_j_oh^_ hl klZ^bb  d

klZ^bb \uau\Z_lhij_^_e_ggu_gZjmr_gbygZijbf_jwgmj_aZgZklZ^bb²ghqgu_

dhrfZjub m`Zku

Ijb iheb]jZnbq_kdbo bkke_^h\Zgbyo \h \j_fy N;K h[gZjm`b\Zxlky

g_j_]meyjgu_ iZll_jgu bgh]^Z [ebadb_ d iZll_jgZf Zdlb\Zpbb gZ[ex^Zxsbfky \

khklhygbb [h^jkl\h\Zgby>_ckl\bl_evgh _kebg_ agZlv \ dZdhf khklhygbb gZoh^blky

km[t_dlb aZibkZlvjy^nbabheh]bq_kdboihdZaZl_e_cfh`gh[_akhfg_gbyaZdexqblv

qlhwlhlkm[t_dlbeb^Zggh_`b\hlgh_gZoh^ylky\ khklhygbbZdlb\gh]h[h^jkl\h\Zgby

Bf_ggh ihwlhfm N;K gZau\Z_lky lZd`_ ©iZjZ^hdkZevguf kghfª QZklhlZ ^uoZgby b

Zjl_jbZevgh_ ^Z\e_gb_ mex^_c \k_]^Z \ukhdb \h \j_fy N;K²fgh]h \ur_ q_f \h

\j_fy GN;K b qZklh \ur_ q_f \ khklhygbb [h^jkl\h\Zgby ?s_ [he__ m^b\bl_evghc

y\ey_lky \ZjbZ[_evghklv qZklhlu imevkZ hl fbgmlu d fbgml_ Ihlj_[e_gb_ fha]hf

dbkehjh^Z \hajZklZ_l \h \j_fy N;K J_Zdpby gZkus_gby djh\b dbkehjh^hf ijb

ih\ur_gbbmjh\gyKH



ih^Z\e_gZ\h \j_fy N;K lZd qlh m\_ebq_gb_ h[t_fZ ijblhdZ

dbkehjh^Z ih f_j_ ih\ur_gby JKH



hlkmlkl\m_l L_jfhj_]meypby \h \j_fy N;K

gZjmr_gZ< ijhlb\hiheh`ghklv]hf_hl_jfbq_kdbfmkeh\byfj_]meypbbl_fi_jZlmju

dhlhjh_ hlf_qZ_lky \ khklhygbb [h^jkl\h\Zgby beb \h \j_fy GN;K kgZ ijb N;K

gZ[ex^Z_lky ihcdbehl_jfbq_kdh_ khklhygb_ khklhygb_ ijb dhlhjhf l_fi_jZlmjZ

`b\uo kms_kl\ f_gy_lky ijb baf_g_gbb hdjm`Zxs_c kj_^u < j_amevlZl_

ihcdbehl_jfbb dhlhjZy oZjZdl_jgZ ^ey j_ilbebc hgb g_ kihkh[gu hl\_qZlv gZ

baf_g_gby hdjm`Zxs_c kj_^u ^jh`Zgb_f beb ihl_gb_f _keb dZdhceb[h ba wlbo

n_ghf_gh\ lj_[m_lky ^ey ih^^_j`Zgbyl_fi_jZlmju l_eZ Ihqlb dZ`^uc i_jbh^ N;K

khijh\h`^Z_lky qZklbqghc beb iheghc wj_dpb_c i_gbkZ Wlhl nZdl hdZaZeky hq_gv

\Z`guf k debgbq_kdhc lhqdb aj_gby ^ey mklZgh\e_gby ijbqbgu bfihl_gpbb

Bkke_^h\Zgb_ ghdlmjZevguo baf_g_gbc i_gbkZ y\ey_lky h^gbf ba gZb[he__ qZkluo

eZ[hjZlhjguo f_lh^h\ >jm]Zy nbabheh]bq_kdZy hkh[_gghklv dhlhjZy gZ[ex^Z_lky \h

\j_fyN;K[ebadZd h[s_fmiZjZebqmkd_e_lghcihklmjZevghcfmkdmeZlmju>\b`_gby

l_eZ\h\j_fyN;Khlkmlkl\mx lEx^bjZa[m`_ggu_\h\j_fyN;KqZklh\ ²

kemqZ_\]h\hjylqlhhgb\b^_ebkgu

Pbdebq_kdbcoZjZdl_jkgZhq_gvj_]meyj_gb mklhcqb\i_jbh^N;KaZgbfZ_lhl

 ^h  fbgghqgh]h\j_f_gbjbk  I_j\uci_jbh^N;K[u\Z_lkZfufdhjhldbf

h[uqgh^eblkyf_g__ fbg[he__ih a^gbci_jbh^N;Kihy\ey_lky\ ihke_^gxx







ghqblh]^ZdZd[hevrZyqZklvc klZ^bbgZ[ex^Z_lky\i_j\mx







ghqb

GN;K fh`_l [ulv q_ldh hj]Zgbah\Zgghcih ]em[bg_H[ wlhf fh`gh km^blvih

ihdZaZl_eyf ihjh]Z Zdlb\Zpbb bWW=Zdlb\ghklb klZ^by  y\ey_lky gZb[he__ e_]dhc

klZ^b_c Z klZ^by ²gZb[he__ ]em[hdhc N;K h^gZdh g_ mdeZ^u\Z_lky \ wlhl

dhglbgmmfIhjh]Zdlb\Zpbb^eyN;Kkoh^_gk ihjh]hf^eyc klZ^bbkgZ

IZll_jgukgZjZaebqgu\ jZagu_i_jbh^u`bagb< i_jbh^gh\hjh`^_gghklbN;K

khklZ\ey_l [he__ q_f  \k_]h \j_f_gb kgZ < \hajZkl_  f_k iZll_jg kgZ f_gy_lky

lZdbfh[jZahfqlhijhp_glkgb`_gbyN;K\p_ehfmf_gvrZ_lky^hagZq_gbcf_g__q_f

 b\ gZqZe_ kgZ gZ[ex^Z_lky bgbpbZevguc i_jbh^ M fheh^uo \ajhkeuo

jZkij_^_e_gb_kgZlZdh\h

WlhjZkij_^_e_gb_hklZ_lkyhlghkbl_evghihklhyggufb\ih`behf\hajZkl_ohly

j_^mdpbygZ[ex^Z_lkydZd\ hlghr_gbbNFKlZdb\hlghr_gbbN;K

J?=MEYPBYKG:

< gZklhys__ \j_fy kqblZxl qlh ijhklh]h p_gljZ dhgljhebjmxs_]h khg g_l Z

bf__lky g_[hevrh_ qbkeh \aZbfhk\yaZgguo kbkl_f beb p_gljh\ dhlhju_ \ hkgh\ghf

ehdZebah\Zgu\kl\he_fha]Z b hdZau\Zxl ^jm]gZ^jm]Z\aZbfgh_ \ebygb_ Zdlb\bjmy

beb lhjfhay ^jm] ^jm]Z Fgh]b_ bkke_^h\Zgby mdZau\Zxl gZ jhev k_jhlhgbgZ \

j_]meypbbkgZIj_^mij_`^_gb_kbgl_aZk_jhlhgbgZbebjZajmr_gb_y^jZ^hjkZevgh]h

r\Zfha]Zdhlhjuckh^_j`blde_lhqgh_l_ehihqlb\k_ok_jhlhgbg_j]bq_kdbog_cjhgh\

fha]Z kgb`Z_l khg gZ agZqbl_evguc i_jbh^  \j_f_gb GZ kbgl_a b \uk\h[h`^_gb_

k_jhlhgbgZ k_jhlhgbg_j]bq_kdbfb g_cjhgZfb hdZau\Z_l \ebygb_ gZebqb_

ij_^r_kl\_ggbdh\lZdbodZd /zèqilhnZg<\_^_gb_[hevrh]hdhebq_kl\Z /zèqwzv{jtj

hl  ^h  ]\uau\Z_l kgb`_gb_ eZl_glghklb kgZ b ghqguo ijh[m`^_gbc GZijhlb\

^_nbpbl /zèqwzv{jtj k\yaZg k mdhjhq_gb_f i_jbh^ZN;K LZdbf h[jZahf ih\ur_gb_

k_jhlhgbg_j]bq_kdhcg_cjhljZgkfbkkbbfh`_lku]jZlviheh`bl_evgmxjhev\ e_q_gbb

jZkkljhckl\kgZ

M gh\hjh`^_ggh]h^h[Z\e_gb_ /zèqwzv{jtj d nhjfme_mkdhjy_lgZqZehdZdN;K

lZdb GN;K

GhjZ^j_gZebgkh^_j`Zsb_ g_cjhgu k de_lhqgufb l_eZfb ehdZebah\Zggufb \

ORFXV FHUXOHXV kbg_f iylg_ b]jZxl \Z`gmx jhev \ j_]meypbb ghjfZevgh]h kgZ

<_s_kl\Z b \ha^_ckl\by dhlhju_ m\_ebqb\Zxl jZajy^u wlbo ghjZ^j_g_j]bq_kdbo

g_cjhgh\ \uau\Zxl aZf_lgmx j_^mdpbx N;K ©5(0RIIª g_cjhgu b ih\ur_gb_

[h^jkl\h\Zgby We_dljbq_kdZy klbfmeypby kbg_]h iylgZ m q_eh\_dZ k ojhgbq_kdb

\`b\e_ggufb we_dljh^Zfb ^ey mijZ\e_gby km^hjh]Zfb iheghklvx gZjmrZ_l \k_

iZjZf_ljukgZ

:p_lbeohebg fha]Z lZd`_ mqZkl\m_l \ ijhp_kk_ kgZ hkh[_ggh \ \hagbdgh\_gbb

N;K < bkke_^h\Zgbyo gZ `b\hlguo \\_^_gb_ ohebg_j]bq_kdbo fmkdZjbgh\uo

Z]hgbklh\ \ g_cjhgu j_lbdmeyjghc nhjfZpbb kl\heZ ©5(0RIIª g_cjhgu \uau\Zeh

baf_g_gb_ khklhygby hl [h^jkl\h\Zgby ^h N;K GZjmr_gby \ p_gljZevghc

ohebg_j]bq_kdhc Zdlb\ghklb k\yaZgu k baf_g_gbyfb kgZ gZ[ex^Zxsbfbky ij b

ly`_ehc ^_ij_kkbb Ih kjZ\g_gbx kh a^hjh\ufb b dhgljhevgufb km[t_dlZfb g_

kljZ^Zxsbfb ^_ij_kkb_c m [hevguo ^_ij_kkb_c hlf_qZ_lky agZqbl_evgh_ gZjmr_gb_

iZll_jgh\ N;K D gbf hlghkylky mdhjhq_gb_ eZl_glghklb N;K gZ  fbg iha`_

[hevrbc ijhp_gl N;K k^\b] jZkij_^_e_gby N;K k ihke_^g_c iheh\bgu ghqb gZ

i_j\mx <\_^_gb_ fmkdZjbgh\uo Z]hgbklh\ gZijbf_j Zj_dhebgZ ^_ij_kkb\guf

[hevguf\h\j_fyi_j\h]hbeb\lhjh]hGN;Ki_jbh^h\\uau\Z_l[ukljh_gZqZehN;K

K^_eZghaZdexq_gb_qlh^_ij_kkbyk\yaZgZk ]bi_jqm\kl\bl_evghklvxd Zp_lbeohebgm

>jm]bfbgl_j_kgufgZ[ex^_gb_fy\ey_lkyhij_^_e_gb_a\_gZf_`^mZp_lbeohebghfb

^_ij_kkb_c E_dZjkl\Z dhlhju_ kgb`Zxl N;K gZijbf_j Zglb^_ij_kkZglu ^Zxl

ohjhrbc wnn_dl ijb ^_ij_kkbb >_ckl\bl_evgh hdheh iheh\bgu [hevguo kly`_ehc

^_ij_kkb_c bkiulu\Zxl \j_f_ggh_ h[e_]q_gb_ ijb ebr_gbb beb h]jZgbq_gbb kgZ

GZijhlb\j_a_jibgdhlhjucy\ey_lkyh^gbfbag_fgh]boe_dZjkl\dhlhju_ih\urZxl

N;K \uau\Z_l ^_ij_kkbx GZjdhe_ikby oZjZdl_jbamxsZyky iZlheh]bq_kdbfb

ijhy\e_gbyfb N;K mkbeb\Z_lky \_s_kl\Zfb dhlhju_ mkbeb\Zxl beb ^_ckl\mxl

ih^h[ghohebg_j]bq_kdhcZdlb\ghklb

;hevgu_[he_agvx:evp]_cf_jZh[gZjm`b\ZxljZkkljhckl\ZoZjZdl_jbamxsb_ky

kgb`_ggufN;KbNFK:ljhnbyohebg_j]bq_kdbog_cjhgh\\ EDVDOIRUHEUDLQ kqblZ_lky

ijbqbghc wlbo baf_g_gbc K_dj_pby f_eZlhgbgZ barbrdh\b^ghc `_e_au lhjfhablky

yjdbf k\_lhf lZd qlh gZb[he__ gbadZy dhgp_gljZpby f_eZlhgbgZ \ ku\hjhld_

gZ[ex^Z_lky ^g_f KmijZobZafZevgh_ y^jh ]bihlZeZfmkZ kqblZ_lky ZgZlhfbq_kdhc

ehdZebaZpb_c ©pbjdZ^gh]h i_ckf_d_jZª dhlhjuc j_]mebjm_l k_dj_pbx f_eZlhgbgZ Z

lZd`_gZkljhcdmfha]ZgZqZkh\hcpbde©khg ²[h^jkl\h\Zgb_ª

NZdlu mdZau\Zxlqlh ^hnZfbg hdZau\Z_l Zdlb\bjmxs__ \ebygb_ <_s_kl\Z dhlhju_

m\_ebqb\Zxldhebq_kl\h^hnZfbgZ

\uau\Zxl Zdlb\Zpbx b [h^jkl\h\Zgb_ GZijhlb\ [ehdZlhju ^hnZfbgZ gZijbf_j

ibfhab^b n_ghfbZabguh[gZjm`b\Zxll_g^_gpbxd m\_ebq_gbx\j_f_gbkgZ

NMGDPBBKG:

Nmgdpbb kgZ bkke_^mxlky jZaebqgufb kihkh[Zfb [hevrbgkl\h bkke_^h\Zl_e_c

kqblZxlqlhkhgj_]mebjm_l\hkklZgh\bl_evgu_nmgdpbb

>_ijb\ZpbykgZ

>ebl_evgu_ i_jbh^u ^_ijb\Zpbb bgh]^Z ijb\h^yl d ^_ahj]ZgbaZpbb ©w]hª

]ZeexpbgZpbyf b [j_^m ;hevgu_ ebr_ggu_ N;K h[uqgh bkiulu\Zxl

jZa^jZ`bl_evghklvb khgeb\hklv

Ihlj_[ghklv\kg_

>eyg_dhlhjuokm[t_dlh\_`_^g_\gucdjZldh\j_f_gguckhgf_g__  qy\ey_lky

ghjfZevgufb gbdZdb_nmgdpbbm gbog_gZjmr_guKm[t_dlZfdhlhju_kiyl ^he]h

^eyghjfZevghc`bag_^_yl_evghklblj_[m_lky[hevr_  q\kmldbM lZdboebp[hevr_

i_jbh^h\ N;K b[he__ qZklu_ ^\b`_gby ]eZa \ l_q_gb_ dZ`^h]h i_jbh^Z iehlghklv

N;K q_f mebp dhlhju_ kiyl fZeh Wlb ^\b`_gby bgh]^Z jZkkfZljb\Zxlky dZd

ihdZaZl_eb bgl_gkb\ghklb N;K b k\yaZgu k yjdhklvx kgh\b^_gbc EbpZ

oZjZdl_jbamxsb_ky djZldh\j_f_gguf kghf h[uqgh ^_yl_evgu q_klhex[b\u

khpbZevgh Z^Zilbjh\Zgu b ^h\hevgu `bagvx L_ dlh ^he]h kibl h[uqgh ke_]dZ

^_ij_kkb\gu lj_\h`gu b aZfdgmlu Ih\ur_ggZy ihlj_[ghklv \kg_ ihy\ey_lky ijb

nbabq_kdhc jZ[hl_ aZgylbyo kihjlhf [he_agyo [_j_f_gghklb h[s_f mfkl\_gghf

klj_kk_bebih\ur_gghcikbobq_kdhcZdlb\ghklbI_jbh^uN;Km\_ebqb\Zxlkyih ke_

kbevguo ikboheh]bq_kdbo \ha^_ckl\bc gZijbf_j ljm^ghklb \ mq_[_ klj_kk bihke_

mihlj_[e_gby obfbq_kdbo \_s_kl\ beb ij_iZjZlh\ dhlhju_ kgb`Zxl mjh\_gv

dZl_oheZfbgh\fha]Z

PBDEKHG

;H>JKL<H<:GB?

GZkhghdZau\Zxl\ebygb_[bheh]bq_kdb_jblfu< l_q_gb_  q \ajhkeu_ex^b

kiyl h^bg jZa bgh]^Z ^\Z Kwlbf jblfhf ex^b g_ jh`^Zxlky gh hg jZa\b\Z_lky \

l_q_gb_i_j\uo^\moe_l`bagb

M g_dhlhjuo`_gsbgiZll_jgukgZf _gyxlky\h\j_fyjZaguonZaf_gkljmZevgh]h

pbdeZ;uehlZd`_ihdZaZghqlhdhjhldb_i_jbh^u^g_\gh]hkgZ\ jZagh_\j_fykbevgh

jZaebqZxlkyihkh^_j`ZgbxN;Kb GN;K?kebq_eh\_dkiblghqvx\ h[uqgh_\j_fy

i_jbh^ ^g_\gh]h kgZ mljhf beb \ ihe^_gv kh^_j`bl [hevrh_ qbkeh N;K lh]^Z dZd

ihke_ihem^gybeb\ gZqZe_\_q_jZ^g_\ghckhgkh^_j`blboagZqbl_evghf_gvr_Y\gh

\ujZ`_gZl_g^_gpbypbjdZ^gh]hjblfZhdZau\Zlv\ebygb_gZN;K

IZll_jgukgZnbabheh]bq_kdbhlebqZxlky\ kblmZpbyodh]^Zq_eh\_dkibl^g_f

beb \ i_jbh^ \j_f_gb dh]^Z km[t_dl ijb\ud gZoh^blvky \ khklhygbb [h^jkl\h\Zgby

ikboheh]bq_kdb_ b ih\_^_gq_kdb_ wnn_dlu kgZ lZd`_ jZaebqgu <fbj_

ijhfure_gghklbb dhffmgbdZpbc]^_^_yl_evghklvqZklhijh^he`Z_lky\ l_q_gb_\k_o

 qwlbhkh[_gghklbijbh[j_lZxlhkh[mxagZqbfhklv

>Z`_ml_oebpdhlhju_g_jZ[hlZxlihghqZfbgl_jn_j_gpbyf_`^mjZaebqgufb

jblfZfbfh`_l\ua\Zlvhkeh`g_gbyGZb[he__ba\_klgufijbf_jhfy\ey_lkyihe_lgZ

kZfhe_l_dh]^Zihke_i_j_e_lZk \hklhdZgZaZiZ^q_eh\_diulZ_lkym[_^blvk\h_l_eh

aZkgmlv\lh\j_fydh]^Zhghg_kh\iZ^Z_lk ijb\uqghc_fmnZahckgZ< [hevrbgkl\_

kemqZ_\ hj]Zgbaf Z^Zilbjm_lky \ l_q_gb_ g_kdhevdbo ^g_c gh bgh]^Z lj_[m_lky b

[hevr_ \j_f_gb Wlb kblmZpbb lj_[mxl k_jv_agh]h \gbfZgby b hq_\b^gh \dexqZxl

^he]h\j_f_ggucjZajmrbl_evgucb bgl_jn_jbjmxsbcpbde



J:KKLJHCKL<:KG:

JZkkljhckl\Z kgZ ij_^klZ\eyxl kh[hc h^gh ba gZb[he__ qZklh \klj_qZxsboky \

ikbobZljbq_kdhc debgbd_ gZjmr_gbc GZijbf_j \ l_q_gb_ ]h^Z ^h  gZk_e_gby

kljZ^Zxl[_kkhggbp_cbbsmlihfhsbhlg__Ijbfgh]bogZjmr_gbyokgZlsZl_evgh_

^bZ]ghklbq_kdh_ h[ke_^h\Zgb_^Z_l\hafh`ghklv h[gZjm`blv ki_pbnbq_kdmxijbqbgm

[_kkhggbpub ijbf_gblvp_e_gZijZ\e_ggmxl_jZibx

< '60,,,5 ghaheh]by jZkkljhckl\ kgZ qZklbqgh \u\h^blky ba ghaheh]bb

:kkhpbZlb\gh]h p_gljZ jZkkljhckl\ kgZ :PJK < '60,,,5 bf__lky ^\_ hkgh\guo

dZl_]hjbb jZkkljhckl\ kgZ ^bkkhfgbb b iZjZkhfgbb D ^bkkhfgbb hlghkylky

[_kkhggbpZaZljm^g_ggh_

aZkuiZgb_]bi_jkhfgby ² ba[ulhqguckhgbeb`Zeh[ugZkbevgmxkhgeb\hklv^g_f

jZkkljhckl\ZpbdeZkhg ² [h^jkl\h\Zgb_ IZjZkhfgby y\ey_lky]_l_jh]_gghc ]jmiihc

i_jbh^bq_kdboghqguon_ghf_gh\dhlhju_ihy\eyxlky\h\j_fykgZbeb\ khklhygbb

ijhf_`mlhqghff_`^m[h^jkl\h\Zgb_fbkghf

< wlhfjZa^_e_ijb\h^blkydeZkkbnbdZpby '60,,,5 ghqblZl_ev^he`_gihfgblvqlh

bf__lky [he__ ih^jh[gZy deZkkbnbdZpby :PJK dhlhjmx ij_^ihqblZxl [hevrbgkl\h

bkke_^h\Zl_e_caZgbfZxsbokykghfGb`_ijb\h^blky^bZ]ghklbq_kdZydeZkkbnbdZpby

jZkkljhckl\kgZb j_ZdpbbZdlb\Zpbb

:JAIKJZkkljhckl\ZaZkuiZgbyb ih^^_j`ZgbykgZ[_kkhggbpZ

 Ikbohnbabheh]bq_kdb_

ZdjZldh\j_f_ggu_b kblmZpbhggu_

[mklhcqb\u_

 K\yaZggu_k ikbobq_kdbfbjZkkljhckl\Zfb

Zkbfilhfb jZkkljhckl\hebqghklb

[Znn_dlb\gu_jZkkljhckl\Z\^jm]b_nmgdpbhgZevgu_ikbohau

 K\yaZggu_k ijbf_g_gb_fe_dZjkl\b Zedh]hey

Zlhe_jZglghklvbebZ[klbg_gpbyijbhlf_g_\_s_kl\ih^Z\eyxsboPGK

[j_]meyjgh_ijbf_g_gb_klbfmeylhjh\PGK

\j_]meyjgh_ijbf_g_gb_bebZ[klbg_gpbyijbhlf_g_^jm]boij_iZjZlh\

]ojhgbq_kdbcZedh]hebaf

 K\yaZggu_k ^uoZl_evgufbgZjmr_gbyfb\hagbdZxsbfb\hkg_

ZZighwhklZgh\dZ^uoZgby\hkg_ijbkbg^jhf_JAIK

[Zev\_heyjgZy]bih\_glbeypbyijbkbg^jhf_JAIK

 K\yaZggu_ k ihy\eyxsbfbky \h kg_ ghqguf ghdlmjZevguf fbhdehgmkhf b

©[_kihdhckl\hfgh]ª

Zihy\eyxsbcky\hkg_ghdlmjZevgucfbhdehgmkkbg^jhfZJAIK

[©[_kihdhckl\hgh]ªijbkbg^jhf_JAIK

 K\yaZggu_ k ^jm]bfb nbabq_kdbfb lhdkbq_kdbfb b ih\_^_gq_kdbfb

khklhygbyfb

 Kbg^jhfJAIKgZqbgZxsbcky\ ^_lkl\_

 K\yaZggu_k ^jm]bfbkhklhygbyfbh[mkeh\e_ggufbkbg^jhfhfJAIK

Zj_]meyjgu_gZjmr_gbyN;K

[Zlbibqgu_ihebkhfgh]jZnbq_kdb_hkh[_gghklb<

gb]^_[he__g_deZkkbnbpbjm_fu_^jm]h_gZa\Zgb_hlkmlkl\m_l>GK

 Hlkmlkl\b_jZkkljhckl\lbiZkbg^jhfZJAIKZdjZldh\j_f_gguckhg

[km[t_dlb\gu_`Zeh[ugZijhy\e_gbyoZjZdl_jgu_^ey

kbg^jhfZJAIK[_ah[t_dlb\gh]hih^l\_j`^_gby

\gb]^_[he__g_deZkkbnbpbjm_fu_^jm]h_gZa\Zgb_hlkmlkl\ m_l>GH

;J<IKJZkkljhckl\Z\\b^_ih\ur_gghckhgeb\hklb

 Ikbohnbabheh]bq_kdb_

ZdjZldh\j_f_ggu_b kblmZpbhggu_

[mklhcqb\u_

 K\yaZggu_ k ikbobq_kdbfb jZkkljhckl\Zfb Z Znn_dlb\gu_ jZkkljhckl\Z [

^jm]b_nmgdpbhgZevgu_jZkkljhckl\Z

 K\yaZggu_k ijbf_g_gb_fe_dZjkl\b Zedh]hey

Zlhe_jZglghklvbebZ[klbg_gpbyihke_hlf_guklbfmeylhjh\PGK

[j_]meyjgh_ijbf_g_gb_\_s_kl\m]g_lZxsboPGK

 K\yaZggu_k ^uoZl_evgufbgZjmr_gbyfb\hagbdZxsbfb\hkg_

ZZighw\h\j_fykgZijbJ<IK

[Zev\_heyjgZy]bih\_glbeypbyijbJ<IK

 K\yaZggu_ k ihy\eyxsbfky \h kg_ ghdlmjZevguf fbhdehgmkhf b

©[_kihdhckl\hfgh]ª

Zk\yaZgguckhkghfghdlmjZevgucfbhdehgmkijbJ<IK

[©[_kihdhckl\hgh]ªijbJ<IK

 GZjdhe_ikby

 B^bhiZlbq_kdZy]bi_jkhfghe_glghklvPGK

 K\yaZggu_ k ^jm]bfb nbabq_kdbfb b lhdkbq_kdbfb khklhygbyfb Z lZd`_

khklhygbyfbh[mkeh\e_ggufb\ebygbyfbhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^u

 K\yaZggu_k ^jm]bfbJ<IK>jm]b_khklhygbygZ[ex^Zxsb_kyijbJ<IK

Zi_jbh^bq_kdbgZ[ex^Zxsb_kyJ<IK

 kbg^jhfDeygc_²E_\bgZ

 kbg^jhfk\yaZgguck f_gkljmZpbyfb

[g_^hklZlhqguckhg

\khggh_hivyg_gb_

] gb]^_ [he__ g_ deZkkbnbpbjm_fh_ jZkkljhckl\h ^jm]h_ gZa\Zgb_ hlkmlkl\m_l

>GH

 Hlkmlkl\b_J<IKZ^ebl_evguckhg

[km[t_dlb\gu_`Zeh[ugZJ<IK[_ah[t_dlb\guoijbagZdh\

\ gb]^_ [he__ g_ deZkkbnbpbjm_fu_ jZkkljhckl\Z ^jm]h_ gZa\Zgb_ hlkmlkl\m_l

>GH

<JZkkljhckl\ZpbdeZkhg²[h^jkl\h\Zgb_ DjZldh\j_f_ggu_

Zkbg^jhf[ukljh]hbaf_g_gby\j_f_gb©ihe_lgZkZfhe_l_ª

[©jZ[hqbck^\b]ª ² baf_g_gb_\ ijb\uqghfpbde_khg

[h^jkl\h\Zgb_

 Mklhcqb\u_

ZqZklZykf_gZpbdeZkhg²[h^jkl\h\Zgb_

[kbg^jhfaZ^_j`ZgghcnZaukgZ

\kbg^jhfmkdhj_gghcnZaukgZ

]kbg^jhfg_qZkh\h]hpbdeZ©khg²[h^jkl\h\Zgb_ª

^g_j_]meyjghklviZll_jgZ©khg²[h^jkl\h\Zgb_ª

_gb]^_[he__g_deZkkbnbpbjm_fh_jZkkljhckl\h^jm]h_

gZa\Zgb_hlkmlkl\m_l>GH

= >bknmgdpbb k\yaZggu_ kh kghf klZ^byfb kgZ beb qZklbqgufb j_Zdpbyfb

Zdlb\ZpbbiZjZkhfgbb

 Kghoh`^_gb_khfgZf[mebaf

 Ghqgu_m`Zku 3DYRU1RFWXUQXVLQFXEXV

 Wgmj_a\h\j_fyghqgh]hkgZ

 >jm]b_^bknmgdpbb

Zijbklmiulj_\h`ghklb\hkg_ghqgu_dhrfZju

[wibe_ilbq_kdb_ijbiZ^dbgZ[ex^Zxsb_ky\hkg_

\[jmdkbafgZ[ex^Zxsbcky\hkg_

]dZqZgb_]heh\u\hkg_

^gZke_^kl\_gghh[mkeh\e_gguciZjZebq\h\j_fykgZ

_gZjmr_gb_j_ZdpbbhimoZgbyiheh\h]hqe_gZ\h\j_fy kgZ

`[he_ag_ggu_wj_dpbbiheh\h]hqe_gZ\h\j_fykgZ

a k\yaZggu_ kh kghf mihjgu_ ]heh\gu_ [heb b ojhgbq_kdZy iZjhdkbafZevgZy

]_fbdjZgby

bgZjmr_gby]ehlZgby\hkg_

dZklfZ\h\j_fykgZ

ek\yaZggu_khkghfk_j^_qghkhkm^bklu_kbfilhfu

fijhy\eyxsbcky\h\j_fykgZ]ZkljhwahnZjbg]_Zevguc j_nexdk

g]_fheba\h\j_fykgZiZjhdkbafZevgZyghdlmjZevgZy ]_fh]eh[bgmjby

hZkbfilhfZlbq_kdb_ihebkhfgh]jZnbq_kdb_y\e_gby

i gb]^_ [he__ g_ deZkkbnbpbjm_fu_ jZkkljhckl\Z ^jm]h_ gZa\Zgb_ hlkmlkl\m_l

>GH

>BKKHFGBB

;_kkhggbpZ

;_kkhggbpZ y\ey_lky jZkkljhckl\hf \\b^_ gZjmr_gby aZkuiZgby beb

ih^^_j`Zgby kgZ JAIK HgZ fh`_l [ulv djZldh\j_f_gghc beb mklhcqb\hc <

ihke_^g_fkemqZ_kh]eZkgh '60,,,5jZkkljhckl\hihy\ey_lkyihf_gvr_cf_j_  jZaZ

\ g_^_ex b^eblky ih f_gvr_c f_j_  f_k \ j_amevlZl_ _]h hlf_qZ_lky agZqbl_evgZy

mklZehklv \ l_q_gb_ ^gy beb gZjmr_gb_ nmgdpbhgZevghc beb ijhn_kkbhgZevghc

^_yl_evghklb>bZ]ghklbq_kdbfbdjbl_jbyfb[_kkhggbpuy\eyxlky

: Hkgh\ghc `Zeh[hc y\ey_lky aZljm^g_ggh_ aZkuiZgb_ beb ljm^ghklv

ih^^_j`Zgby kgZ Z lZd`_ hlkmlkl\ b_ \hkklZgh\e_gby kbe ihke_ kgZ khg dhlhjuc

ijh^he`Z_lky ^hklZlhqgh_ \j_fy gh g_ \uau\Z_l m q_eh\_dZ hsm s_gby qlh hg

hl^hogme

;

GZjmr_gb_ \: ihy\ey_lky ih f_gvr_c f_j_  jZaZ \ g_^_ex gZ i_jbh^ g_

f_gvr_  f_kb y\ey_lky^hklZlhqghly`_euflZdqlh\ j_amevlZl__]hm km[t_dlZeb[h

hlf_qZ_lkykbevgZymlhfey_fhklv\ ^g_\gh_\j_fyeb[h^jm]b_aZf_qZxlmg_]hdZdb_

eb[h ijbagZdb dhlhju_ fh`gh hlg_klb aZ kq_l gZjmr_gbc kgZ gZijbf_j

jZa^jZ`bl_evghklvbebkgb`_gb_kihkh[ghklbd \uiheg_gbxdZdbolh^_ckl\bc

<

Ihy\e_gb_ ^Zggh]h jZkkljhckl\Z beb iZjZkhfgbb g_ lhevdh \ l_q_gb_ pbdeZ

khg²[h^jkl\h\Zgb_

DjZldh\j_f_ggZy[_kkhggbpZgZb[he__qZklhk\yaZgZk lj_\h`ghklvxeb[h dZd k

ihke_^kl\b_f lj_\h`guo i_j_`b\Zgbc eb[h dZd k ij_^\b^_gb_f lj_\h`guo kh[ulbc

gZijbf_jij_^klhys__h[ke_^h\Zgb_bebijb[eb`Zxs__ky\uklmie_gb_gZjZ[hl_M

g_dhlhjuoebp djZldh\j_f_ggZy [_kkhggbpZlZdh]h lbiZ fh`_l [ulv k\yaZgZ k ]hj_f

j_Zdpb_cgZihl_jxbebihqlbgZdZ`^mxi_j_f_gm\ `bagbWlhgZjmr_gb_g_y\ey_lky

ly`_euf ohlygZ^h ih fgblv qlh ikbohlbq_kdbc wibah^beb ly`_eZy ^_ij_kkby fh]ml

bgh]^Z gZqbgZlvky k hkljhc [_kkhggbpu < kemqZyo dh]^Z j_dhf_g^m_lky e_q_gb_

kghl\hjgufb ij_iZjZlZfb dZd \jZq lZd b [hevghc ^he`gu agZlv qlh dmjk [m^_l

g_ijh^he`bl_evguf b dh]^Z hg aZdhgqblky fh`gh [m^_l h`b^Zlv \hah[gh\e_gby

[_kkhggbpu

Mklhcqb\Zy [_kkhggbpZ y\ey_lky ^h\hevgh lbibqguf kbfilhfhf wlZ dZl_]hjby

\k__s_g_^hklZlhqghykgZHgZ hlghkblkyd ]jmii_khklhygbc ijb dhlhjuogZb[he__

ljm^gufy\ey_lkyaZkuiZgb_ Zg_ih^^_j`Zgb_khklhygbykgZb \dexqZ_l^\_bgh]^Z

jZa^_ebfu_ gh qZklh k^\h_ggu_ ijh[e_fu khfZlbq_kdh_ gZijy`_gb_ b lj_\h]Z Z

lZd`_ mkeh\gu_ ZkkhpbZlb\gu_ hl\_lu M [hevguo qZklh hlkmlkl\mxl dZdb_eb[h

`Zeh[u djhf_ [_kkhggbpu QZklh hgb g_ bkiulu\Zxl lj_\h]b dZd lZdh\hc gh hgZ

ijhy\ey_lky m gbo q_j_a nbabheh]bq_kdb_ dZgZeu Hgb qZklh `Zemxlky gZ iehob_

ij_^qm\kl\by beb gZ lh qlh ghqgu_ jZa^mfvyg_ ^Zxlbf kiZlv DZd ijZ\beh hgb g_

hlghkylkyd l_f[hevgufdhlhju_bkiulu\Zxlki_pbnbq_kdbckljZobebm`Zk\ fhf_gl

aZkuiZgbyBgh]^Zghg_\k_]^Z[hevghchlf_qZ_lmom^r_gb_ijbgZebqbbklj_kkZgZ

jZ[hl_beb^hfZb memqr_gb_\h\j_fyhlimkdZ

E_q_gb_wlh]h khklhygby y\ey_lkygZb[he__keh`ghcijh[e_fhcihkjZ\g_gbx k

e_q_gb_f^jm]bojZkkljhckl\kgZ< qbkluokemqZyo]^_hlq_leb\h\uklmiZ_lmkeh\guc

dhfihg_gl fh`_l hdZaZlvky ihe_aghc f_lh^bdZ ^_ah[mkeh\eb\Zgby ;hevguf

ij_^eZ]Zxl bkihevah\Zlvdjh\Zlvlhevdh^eykgZ?kebhgbg_aZkuiZxl\ l_q_gb_  fbg

\ djh\Zlbboijhkyl\klZlvb ijhklhaZgylvkyq_fgb[m^v^jm]bfBgh]^Zkf_gZdjh\Zlb

beb kiZevgb fh`_l hdZaZlvky ihe_aghc < g_dhlhjuo kemqZyo dh]^Z hlf_qZ_lky

nbabq_kdh_ beb fur_qgh_ gZijy`_gb_ j_dhf_g^m_lky ijbf_gylv jZkkeZ[eyxs__

ihklmdb\Zgb_ ljZgkp_^_glZevgmx f_^blZpbx beb \ua\Zlv j_Zdpbx j_eZdkZpbb b

[bhih^dj_ie_gb_ Ikbohl_jZiby hdZau\Z_l g_ hq_gv ohjhr__ \ebygb_ gZ wlhl \b^

[_kkhggbpu

;_kkhggbpZ k\yaZggZy k ^jm]bfb ikbobq_kdbfb jZkkljhckl\Zfb

g_hj]Zgbq_kdbfb

Kx^Z hlghkblky [_kkhggbpZ dhlhjZy hlq_leb\h k\yaZgZ k ikboheh]bq_kdbfb b

ih\_^_gq_kdbfb kbfilhfZfb ohjhrh ba\_klguo ikbobq_kdbo jZkkljhckl\ Gb`_

ijb\h^ylky^bZ]ghklbq_kdb_djbl_jbb[_kkhggbpuk\yaZgghck ^jm]bfbikbobq_kdbfb

jZkkljhckl\Zfb g_hj]Zgbq_kdbfb jZkkljhckl\Z \\b^_ [_kkhggbpu hij_^_e_ggu_

djbl_jbyfb : ; < kf >bZ]ghklbq_kdb_ djbl_jbb jZkkljhckl\ \\b^_ [_kkhggbpu

dhlhju_ k\yaZgu k ^jm]bfb jZkkljhckl\Zfb Hkb , beb Hkb ,, ^ey ikbobq_kdbo

jZkkljhckl\ gZijbf_j ly`_ehc ^_ij_kkb_c jZkkljhckl\hf \\b^_ ]_g_jZebah\Zgghc

lj_\h`ghklb gZjmr_gb_f Z^ZilZpbb k lj_\h`guf gZkljh_gb_f beb h[k_kkb\gh

dhfimevkb\gufb jZkkljhckl\Zfb ebqghklb WlZ dZl_]hjby g_ ijbf_gy_lky _keb

jZkkljhckl\h \\b^_ [_kkhggbpu k\yaZgh k jZkkljhckl\hf Hkb  \dexqZxsbf

ba\_klguc hj]Zgbq_kdbc nZdlhj lZdhc dZd aehmihlj_[e_gb_ ikbohZdlb\gufb

\_s_kl\ZfbgZijbf_jaZ\bkbfhklvd n_gZfbgm

LZdbfh[jZahfwlZdZl_]hjbykhklhblba]_l_jh]_gghc]jmiiukhklhygbc< wlbo

kemqZyo ijh[e_fZ kgZ h[uqgh gh g_ \k_]^Z aZdexqZ_lky \ ljm^ghf aZkuiZgbb b

y\ey_lky \lhjbqghc ih hlghr_gbx d lj_\h]_ gZ[ex^Zxs_cky ijb ex[hf ba\_klghf

ikbobq_kdhfaZ[he_\Zgbbb khklhygbbG_hj]Zgbq_kdZy[_kkhggbpZqZs_gZ[ex^Z_lkym

`_gsbg q_f mfm`qbg < ykguo kemqZyo ]^_ lj_\h]Z bf__l ikboheh]bq_kdb_ dhjgb

ikbobZljbq_kdh_ e_q_gb_ ijbqbgu lj_\h]b gZijbf_j bg^b\b^mZevgZy ikbohl_jZiby

]jmiih\Zyikbohl_jZibybebk_f_cgZyikbohl_jZibyqZklhh[e_]qZ_l[_kkhggbpm

K\yaZggZy k ^_ij_kkb_c [_kkhggbpZ ohjhrh ba\_klgZ ikbobZljZf GZb[he__

qZklhc y\ey_lky ly`_eZy mgbiheyjgZy ^_ij_kkby ijb dhlhjhc bf__l f_klh ihqlb

ghjfZevgh_gZqZehkgZghih\lhjgu_ijh[m`^_gby\h\j_fy\lhjhciheh\bgughqbb

hq_gv jZgg__ ijhkuiZgb_ ih mljZf h[uqgh khijh\h`^Zxs__ky hq_gv iehobf

gZkljh_gb_fmljhfMljh²kZfh_om^r__\j_fy^eywlbo[hevguoIhebkhfgh]jZnby

h[gZjm`b\Z_lj_^mpbjh\Zgb_klZ^bb  b  kgZqZklhmdhjhq_ggmxeZl_glghklvN;Kb

^ebl_evguci_j\uci_jbh^N;K

;biheyjgZy^_ij_kkbylZd`_dZdly`_eZy^_ij_kkbyfh`_l\dexqZlvg_dhlhju_

ba ijhy\e_gbc [_kkhggbpu²aZljm^g_gb_ \ ih^^_j`Zgbb kgZ gh ijb g_c qZklh

gZ[ex^Z_lky lZd`_ ]bi_jkhfgby >_ij_kkby \lhjbqgZy ih hlghr_gbx d ^jm]bf

aZ[he_\Zgbyf qZklh khijh\h`^Z_lky [_kkhggbp_c \ \b^_ gZjmr_gby kihkh[ghklb

ih^^_j`b\Zlv khg [hevghc ijhkuiZ_lky \ l_q_gb_ ghqb gh g_ h[gZjm`b\Z_l

mdhjhq_gbyeZl_glghklbN;KFZgbZdZevgu_b ]bihfZgbZdZevgu_[hevgu_hlghkylkyd

fZehkiysbfkm[t_dlZfk djZcg_ckl_i_gvx\ujZ`_gghklbwlhchkh[_gghklbBgh]^Zm

gbogZ[ex^Zxlkyljm^ghklbaZkuiZgbyghihqlb\k_]^Zmgbohlkmlkl\mxl`Zeh[ugZ

jZkkljhckl\ZkgZHgbijhkuiZxlky[h^jufbihke_ ²qZkh\h]hkgZmgbohlf_qZ_lky

bklbggh_kgb`_gb_ihlj_[ghklb\kg_gZijhly`_gbbfZgbZdZevgh]hijbklmiZ

E_q_gbxih^e_`ZlfZgbyb ^_ij_kkbyZg_kZfbihk_[_jZkkljhckl\ZkgZ?keb

\hafh`gh wlbf [hevguf g_ ke_^m_l gZagZqZlv kghl\hjguo ^hihegbl_evgh d

Zglb^_ij_kkZglZf :glb^_ij_kkZgl gZijbf_j lZdhc dZd Zfbljbilbebg _keb _]h

ijbgbfZlv gZ ghqv qZklh \uau\Z_l memqr_gb_ kgZ ^Z`_ jZgvr_ q_f ihy\eyxlky

ijbagZdbkgb`_gby^_ij_kkbb

;_kkhggbpZk\yaZggZyk ba\_klgufhj]Zgbq_kdbfnZdlhjhf

Kms_kl\_gghchkh[_gghklvxwlhcijb\h^bfhcgb`_deZkkbnbdZpbby\ey_lkylh

qlh [_kkhggbpZ k\yaZgZ k ba\_klguf nbabq_kdbf khklhygb_f \ha^_ckl\b_f e_dZjkl\Z

bebdZdh]heb[h\_s_kl\Z

JZkkljhckl\Z \\b^_ [_kkhggbpu hij_^_e_ggu_ djbl_jbyfb

: ;b <

kf

>bZ]ghklbq_kdb_djbl_jbb^eyjZkkljhckl\\\b^_[_kkhggbpuk\yaZggu_k ba\_klguf

hj]Zgbq_kdbf nZdlhjhf lZdbf dZd nbabq_kdh_ jZkkljhckl\h gZijbf_j Zighw kgZ

aZ\bkbfhklv d n_gZfbgm beb f_^bdZf_glhagh_ e_q_gb_ gZijbf_j ^ebl_evgh_

bkihevah\Zgb_kj_^kl\ijhlb\aZklhydjh\b

Ba\_klguchj]Zgbq_kdbcnZdlhj^he`_g[ulvhlf_q_gihHkb,,, _kebnbabq_kdh_

jZkkljhckl\hbebijbf_g_gb_e_dZjkl\Zg_hl\_qZ_ldjbl_jbyfjZkkljhckl\k\yaZgguok

mihlj_[e_gb_fikbohZdlb\guo\_s_kl\bebihHkb , _kebbf__lf_klhjZkkljhckl\h

k\yaZggh_k mihlj_[e_gb_fikbohZdlb\guo\_s_kl\

Nbabq_kdh_khklhygb_

Ihqlbex[h_nbabq_kdh_khklhygb_k\yaZggh_k [hevxb

^bkdhfnhjlhfgZijbf_jZjljblZg]bgZfh]ml\uau\Zlv[_kkhggbpmJy^khklhygbc

PGKk\yaZgk [_kkhggbp_c^Z`__keb[hevb ^bkdhfnhjlhlkmlkl\mxlWlh[u\Z_lijb

himoheyo khkm^bkluo ih\j_`^_gbyo bgn_dpbyo b ^_]_g_jZlb\guo b ljZ\fZlbq_kdbo

khklhygbyo Koh^gh jy^ ^jm]bo khklhygbc hkh[_ggh ijb wg^hdjbgguo b

f_lZ[hebq_kdboaZ[he_\ZgbyqZklh\dexqZ_lgZjmr_gb_kgZ

?keb \jZq ihfgbl h \hafh`ghklb lZdbo khklhygbc b ohjhrh bamqZ_l bklhjbx

[he_agb wlh bgh]^Z ihfh]Z_l ihklZgh\d_ ijZ\bevgh]h ^bZ]ghaZ e_q_gb_ _keb lhevdh

\hafh`gh^he`gh[ulvgZijZ\e_ghgZhkgh\gh_aZ[he_\Zgb_

E_q_gb_

;_kkhggbpZk\yaZgZk lhe_jZglghklvxbebk j_Zdpb_chlf_gu\_s_kl\

ih^Z\eyxsbo PGK ^_ij_kkZglh\ Ijb ih klhygghf mihlj_[e_gbb wlbo \_s_kl\

dhlhju_ h[uqgh bkihevamxlky ^ey e_q_gby [_kkhggbpu h[mkeh\e_gghc jZaebqgufb

ijbqbgZfblhe_jZglghklvih\urZ_lkyb ^_ij_kkZglul_jyxlk\h_\ebygb_dZd\_s_kl\