Heinrich J.G., Aldinger F. (Eds.) Ceramic Materials and Components for Engines
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Table
1:
Thermal properties of the Yb-Si-Al-0-N glass
101
100.8
ap
-
100.6
E
o,
100.4
h
i!?
100.2
100
99.8
650
850
1050 1250
Temperature
("C)
Table
2:
Mechanical glass and glass-ceramic properties
Fig.
2:
DTA of the glass under air at 10"C/min
In
table
2
the mechanical glass-ceramic
properties are compared to the corresponding glass
properties. No changes in density during transformation
from the glass to the glass-ceramic are observed. An
increase of Young's modulus and fracture toughness with
crystallisation is achieved while retaining a good
hardness value.
In
figure
1
the resulting glass-ceramic structure
after crystallisation at
1200°C
is presented. A fine
grained, multiphase microstructure
is
obtained. The
main phase at this temperature, identified by
XRD,
is
Yb3Al5OI2 (YbAG,
JCPDS 23-1476)
accompanied by
p-
Yb2Si207
(JCPDS 37-0458),
X2-Yb2Si207
(JCPDS 36-
1476)
and a small amount of Yb-B-phase (Yb2SiAI05N).
Fig.
1
:
SEM image of the glass-ceramic
Figure
2
shows the DTA/TGA traces
of
the
oxidised glass. The glass starts to oxidise at
1090°C
with
the oxidation product P-Yb2Si207 appearing. The
maximum of the crystallisation peak is observed at
1127°C.
A second phase crystallises at around
1200"C,
which was identified as YbAG.
15
10
c;;
5
0
-5
Figure
3
shows the DTA/TGA traces for the
glass-ceramic oxidised under air and under water vapour.
The DTA curve for the experiment run under air
+
water
vapour presents a lower signal to background ratio due to
the sudden release of the air bubbles through the water.
The glass-ceramic is almost fully crystallised
after heat-treatment at
1200"C,
as
no
further glass
transition is visible in the DTA traces (fig.
3).
In
both
experiments (air and water vapour) only a small weight
gain is observed (fig.
3),
which is consistent with the
presence of only a small white oxidation layer, as
observed at the surface of the samples (fig.
4).
A hold
of
16
hours at
1200°C
did not result in additional oxidation
(fig.
3).
f
-10
97
!
!
-15
0
250
500
750
1000 1250
Temperature
("C)
Fig.
3:
DTA of the glass-ceramic under air and water
vapour at
1
O"C/min
662
Fig. 7: TEM image
of
the oxidised surface layer
CONCLUSION
Fig. 4: Image of oxidised sample
Different types of crystals are observed in the
samples:
(1) large, elongated (fig.
5
and
6)
and
(2) small rounded (fig. 7).
(1) elongated (fig.
5),
which appear during heating and
(2) curved (fig.
6),
due to stress relaxation between
No cracks are observed between the small
Two types
of
cracks are observed:
two neighboured grains.
rounded crystals (fig. 7).
Fig.
5:
TEM image of the oxidised surface layer
Fig.
6:
TEM image of the oxidised surface layer
Oxidation experiments under a flowing air
atmosphere have been carried out for the glass and for
glass-ceramic materials prepared at 1200°C. Up to 900°C
no
weight changes were observed for both samples. For
the glass, a weight gain of 1% was observed on heating
under air during heating to 1200°C. Assuming that all
nitrogen is replaced by oxygen during the experiment
(weight gain of
2%),
this value lies well within
experimental error. For the glass-ceramic, no weight
changes are observed up to 1200°C. Due to its good
mechanical properties and its stability under air, this
glass-ceramic would thus appear to have useful potential
as a grain-boundary phase in silicon nitride based
materials.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This project was funded by the EU as part of a
TMR network Project (Contract No. FMRX-CT96-
0038). We are grateful to our colleagues Prof.
D.P.Thompson, University of Newcastle upon
Tyne, Prof. P. Goursat, University of Limoges, Dr.
L. Falk, Chalmers University of Technology,
Gothenburg, Prof. J.-L. Besson ENSCI, Limoges,
Prof. R. Harris, University of Durham, Prof. J.P.
Descamps Ecole Polytechnique de Mons and Dr.
F.
Cambier, Belgium Ceramic Research Centre,
,
University
of
Limoges for useful discussions.
REFERENCES
[l]
S.
Hampshire, “Nitride Ceramics”, pp 119-171 in
Materials Science and Technology, ed. R.W. Cahn,
P.
Haasen, E.J. Kramer, Structure and Properties of
Ceramics, Weinheim, Germany, 1994
[2]
S.
Hampshire, K.H. Jack, ‘“The Kinetics of
Densification and Phase Transformation of Nitrogen
Ceramics”, Special Ceramics 7, eds. D.E. Taylor
&
P.
Popper, Brit. Ceram. Proc., 31,37-49, 1981
663
[3]
D.R. Clarke D.R., Thomas G., “Microstructure
of
Y2O3 Fluxed Hot Pressed Silicon Nitride”, J.
Am.
Ceram.
Soc.,
61[3-41, 114-118, 1978
[4]
C.C. Ahn,
G.
Thomas, “Microstructure and Grain
Boundary Chemistry
of
Hot Pressed Silicon Nitride
with Yttria and Alumina”, J.
Am.
Ceram.
SOC.,
66
[5]
M. Cinibulk, G. Thomas and
S.
Johnson, “Grain-
Boundary
’
Crystallisation and Strength of Silicon
Nitride Sintered with Y-Sialon Glass’’,
J.
Am.
Ceram. SOC.,
61 [6], 1606-1612, 1990
[6]
F.F. Lange, “Phase Relations in the System Si3N4-
Si02-MgO and their Interrelation with Strength and
Oxidation”,
J.
Am.
Ceram. SOC.,
61 [l-21, 53-56,
1978
[7]
G.E.
Gazza, “Effect
of
Yttria Additions on Hot
Pressed Si3Ni’.
Am.
Ceram. SOC. Bul.,
54 [9}, 778-
781,1975
[8]
D.R. Clarke, F.F. Lange and G.D. Schnittgrund,
“Strengthening
of
Sintered Silicon Nitride
by
Post
Fabrication Heat Treatment”, J.
Am.
Ceram.
SOC.,
65
[9]
A.W.J.M. Rae, D.P. Thompson and
K.H.
Jack, “The
Structure
of
Yttrium Silicon Oxynitride and its Role
in the Hot Pressing of Silicon Nitride with Yttria
Additions”, Special Ceramics
6,
ed. P. Popper,
British Ceramic Society, Stoke en Trent,
UK,
347-
360,1975
[
101
M. Chadwick, R.S. Jupp, D.S. Wilkinson, “Creep
behaviour
of
a sintered Silicon Nitride”,
J.
Am.
Ceram.
SOC.,
76 [2], 385-396, 1993
[
1 11
R. Ramesh, E. Nestor, M.J. Pomeroy,
S.
Hampshire,
“Classical and Differential Thermal Analysis Studies
of
the Glass-Ceramic Transformation in a Y-Sialon
Glass”, J.
Am.
Ceram. SOC.,
81 141, 1-13, 1998
[
121
Standard practice for measuring ultrasonic velocity
in materials,
E494-92 (1992) 177-187
[l], 14-19, 1983
[4],
C51-C54,
1982
664
Index
abrasive wear 161
accuracy 119
acoustic sensor 182
additives 425,435,571
adherence 74
adhesion 57,61
aerospace components 464
affordable materials 3,6
alloying additions 61 1
alumina 73, 163,239,247,279, 347,405,
483,587
-gels 637
aluminium nitride 347,571,593
aluminium oxide 37 1
aluminium hydroxide gel 36.5
anode 8,33,51ff
aqueous tape casting
5.5
articulated configuration 223
articulating fixtures 223ff, 228
aspect ratio 123
autoclave 15
automotive application 383, 393
-parts
387
batteries 33
battery safety 34, 36
bending strength 391
bending tests 197
bimodal microstructure 577
binder 86, 88
biological
505
blade design 3
I
1
blank 399
bondcoat roughness 309
boron nitride 70
brake disks 569
brake technology 13
Brazilian disc test 211, 215
brazing 347
-technology 347
burnerrig 156
-tests 154
C/C-Sic 64
-
composites 63,67
calcination 34
carbon fibers 477
carbon fibre-reinforced plastics 4
carbothermal reduction 577
casting 365
cathode
8,51
-materials 33
cell technology 7
ceramic nozzles 97
ceramic-to-metal joining 350
cermets 85, 88
characteristic strengths 225
chemical stability 21f
clay bonded 74,77
-
silicon carbide 77
--filter 74f
CMC 581,627,641
-brakes 63
coal fired power stations 255
coarse foamstructures 537
coating 477
coefficient of friction 63,65f, 67
coefficient of thermal expansion
64
cofiring 51ff
co-generation technology 45,49
combuster liners 266
combustion 31, 199,203
combustor 47
complex machining processes 410
complex shapes 353,359
composite 431,611
-
component structure 46
-
component technology 46
-materials 3
compositions 61
1
compounding 63
1
compressive residual stress 157ff, 161
compressive stress 167,21lff, 239
computer aided design 255
computer simulations 267
conduction mechanism 495
consistency 119
contact 193
-fatigue 193
-
pressure 205ff
core-rim 85f
-
structure 86, 89
corrosion 69,153f, 156,199f, 205
-resistance 13, 17,260
cost 6,549
-
effective 14f
-
-
manufacturing 4,383
-
-
material 397
- -
production 399
-efficient 65
- -
manufacturing 67
-savings
10
crack aspect ratio 123ff
crack free joints 391
crack geometry 122, 127
crack growth 109ff, 122, 124f, 129ff,
139, 143f, 151, 169ff, 175ff, 179,309,
319
crack initiation 169ff, 174
crack interlinking 163f, 167
crack propagation 175,233,523
-model 305
crack shape 121ff
cracking 193, 197
cracks 17.5
creep 109ff, 139
-
deformation 221
-models 297
-resistance 74f, 77,217,221f
-rupture 109, 11
1,
113
-strain 297
-testing 291
critical stress 174
cross-peripheral grinding 4 17
crystallization 439, 657
-velocity 61
curing 653
cutting edge 377,411
cutting methods 627
cutting tools 21, 26,411
CVD
process 9 1,93
cyclic contact loading 161
cyclic fatigue 279
-test 182
damage mechanism 285,319
damage mode 193, 197
damping 217,219ff, 222
-peak 221
density 4
design methodology 543
design standards 273
devitrification 661
dielectric ceramics 229
dielectric strength 230
diesel particulate filter 27
665
diesel version 35
diffusion barrier 41
disc radius 213f
dispersion stability 605
dome 267
dood linearity 72
durability 69ff
dynamic fatigue 99f, 109, 139ff
-tests 141
EB-PVD
process 517
elastic 217,222
electric 35
-vehicles 33
electrical measurements 175
electrical properties 175
electro-ceramic 212,214
-
components 325
electrode material 33
electrolyte 8, 33ff, 51ff
-material 33
-
vapor deposition 8
electromotive force 69
electron beam 285
emission control 39
engine blocks 199
-
materials 199
engine valves 181, 399
environment 27, 199
equilibrium thickness model 453
erosion resistance 70
evaporator 53 1
excellent 69
exhaust gas 27f, 31f, 41
exhaust pollution 27
external conductive path 8
extrusion 637
failure mechanisms 305
failure mode 21 1
fatigue 193
-
behaviour 247
-crack 233
-
damage 289,621
-design 247
-
lifetimes 279
-limit 283
fiber filter 28
fiber-reinforced ceramic composite
5,
fibres 653
fibrous preform 15
filter 79, 83f
-ceramic 80
-
elements 73,76
-materials 73
-
membranes 83f
filtration 79ff
-
efficiency 74
-temperatures 73
fine finishing process 375
finite element method 21 lf, 305, 31 1,
53
1
finite Element System (FE) 339
fixing 8
26 1
flexural strength 115, l69,223,227f,
flexural test 174
flow pattern 267
flow properties 63 1
fracture 24,34, 193
-mechanics l09f, 117
-
mechanism 113,543
-mode 167
-resistance 126
-toughness 70, 103ff, 117, 121f, 139ff,
149ff, 217,222
friction 104, 169ff, 187f, l91,199f, 202f,
205ff
fuel cell 605
fuel consumption 39
function 208
-groups 40
functional cavities 537
283,627
gas pressure sintering .85,90. 97
gas sensing device 9
1
gas sensitivity 92
gas sensor 91f
gas tight joining 61
gas tightness 58,60
gas tight seal 8
gas turbine 45,48f, 97, 100,261,311,
-
combustor 53 1
gelatin casting 587
gelcasting 463
geometry factor 121ff, 124f
glass 661
-
ceramic sealants 57
-ceramics 57
glass phase 147
glass sealants 57
glass types 57,61
grain boundary l43,163ff, 167,439,453
-chemistry 139
-composition 139, 142, 155
-phase 142f, 154, 165, 167, 179,663
grain pull out 167, 193, 197
grain size 495
green density 52,54f
green machining 37 1
grinding kinematics 42 1
grinding parameters 393
grinding process 399,411
G-value 182
319
hard turning 4 11
hardness 199ff, 205
heat exchanger 255,571
heat treated 91
heat treatment 92
highcreep 4
high-speed precision turning 410
high-temperature oxidation 139
Hi-NicalonTM fibers 233
honeycomb structures 537
hot gas filter element 76
hot gas filtration 75,79
hot gas test 153
hot hardness 21
hot press techniques 67
hot pressing 85,641
hot-pressed silicon nitride 291
hybrid electric vehicles 33
hybrid gas turbines 49
hybridtype 47
hybrid vehicles 33
hydrolysis assisted solidification 365
impact damage 3 11
impedance spectroscopy 175ff
impregnation 14
impulse excitation 222
-
technique 217
-test 217
impurities 447
in situ synthesis 483
inclusions 553
indentation crack 121ff
indentation fracture toughness 147
indentation load 12 1 ff
indentation strength 121ff
indentation-quench 127f, 131ff, 147, 151
infiltration 14
injection moulding 631
inserts 21,26
insulating atmospheres 641
interacting mechanisms 108
interconnection 8
intergranular 147
-
glass phase 147f
-phase 167,22lf, 456
interlayer mechanisms 617
internal friction 217ff, 222
Japanese Industrial Standard 278
joining 617,627
-
mechanism 387
-technology 347
kinetic damage 289
La,O, 593
lambda sensors 39
laminated ceramics 27
laminating seats 27
lamination
5
1,55
laser welding 387
laser-assisted turning 377
layer 79
layer structure ceramics 71
layered materials 559
lean bum 39,41ff
-engines 44
lifetime 109ff, 157, 161, 175, 182, 193,
41 1
-model 305
-
prediction 285,319,325
light metal components 383
lightweight 63
-brake systems 67
-design
4
-
engineering 4
limit 621
666
linearity 69
liquid phase 85f,
88
-
sintering 453, 593
load 187ff
loading analysis 325
long-term reliability 487
low-cost cell production 11
low-cost process technology 543
lubrication 199,205
machanical properties anisotropic
electrical conductivity 559
machine system 399
machining 25, 181f, 193,417
-
behaviour 371
-damage 193
-techniques 377
manufacturing 15
-technologies 6
martensitic transformation 222
material removal 417
materials 23, 108, 153,212,537
-design 431
mathematical model of microhardness
matrix composite 13,63,233
mechanical behaviour 103, 199,553
mechanical failure 325
mechanical properties lSff, 74, 85, 88ff,
115,201,471,647
mechanical resistance 40
mechanical stability 40
mechanical strength 70
mechanisms 487
melt spinning 653
melting behavior 58ff
melting point 69ff
membrane 79ff
mercury porosimetry 599
metalbased 85
metal-ceramic composites 85
metal cutting 21
metal forming 133, 137
metal-glass composite 513
metal joints 333
metal machining 85, 89
metal matrix composites 347,383
metallic binders 89
metallic phases (i.e. binder)
85
MgO-ZrO, 239
micro gas turbine 359
microcrack initiation 167
microcracking 193, 195ff
microfracture 163,208,210
microgeometrical wear mechanisms 416
microhardness 299
micro-plastic deformation 157, 161
microstructural assessment 115
microstructural design 103, 108
microstructural parameters 105
microstructural stability 153, 156
microstructure 53, 85, 97ff, 104, 106,
299
118,
148, 154, 159, 163, 165, 189, 193,
201,206,439,443,457,593,605
microwave 457
miniaturization 359
mm-wave 457
modified compounding techniques 15
Mold Shape Deposition manufacturing
monolithic 71
mullite 483
multiaxial strength 239
multiaxial stress 291
multilayer 79,81,92f
-
filter ceramic
81
-structure 84
359
nanoceramics 459
nano-composites 657
near net shape 13,393
near-surface characteristics 157
net 76
nitridation 447
non-destructive 217
-
evaluation 182
nonoxides 153, 156
novel concept
15
NOx emission 45,47,49
nozzles 97
numerical field simulations 175
optical properties 57
1
overcharge protection 34
overdischarge protection 34
oxid based candles 77
oxidation 153ff, 187,205,227
-resistance 77,661
oxidative crack healing 227f
oxide 469
-
based filter elements 75
-
concentration 639
oxygen partial pressure 42
oxygen sensors 39ff
oxynitride 657
particle removal 77
paste flow 267
pastes 353
performance 67
-
applications 6
phase formation 593
phase transformation 175ff, 193,435
phonon scattering 496
physical properties 457
piezo-active structures 6
planar solid oxide fuel cells 57
planar technology 40
plasma spraying 187,305
plasma-sprayed Cr,O, coating 299
plasma-sprayed stripe
8
plastic deformation 193, 196f, 208,210
polycarbosilazanes 653
polycrystalline aumina 163, 167
polymer processing techniques 58 1
polymerisation 477
polysilazanes 581
porous 383,537,587
-preform 15
-
silicon carbide 531
powder characteristics 425
power modules 499
power time dependence 333
preceramic polymer 617,627
precision 70f
-
machining 405
precursor 477,653
preparation 47 1
pressed-mould 267
pressure forming process 15
pressureless sintering 657
prevent gas leakage
8
prevention 70
process chain 399
process design 399
processing 61
1
propagation 167
-
of a crack 176
prototype 353, 377
-testing 255
pseudoplastic rheological behavior 52
PTC-switching device 325
purpose-designed 115
pyrolysis 477,653
rapid prototyping 363,463
rareearth 435
rare-earth additive 499
RBAO (Reaction Bonding
of
Aluminium
Oxide) 549
R-curve 121ff
reaction 505
-bonded silicon nitride 393
-bonding 13ff, 75,565
-
sintered silicon nitride 70
reactive metal penetration
483
recleaning 79ff, 84
reliability 6,273,621
reproducibility 119
residual crack length 283
residual stress 132, 157ff, 161, 163, 165,
199ff, 416
-factor 130
-parameter 121
residual tensile stress 97,
100
resin transfer moulding 15
resistive sensors 42
resonance vibrations 3 1
1
response 69ff
rheological behaviour 356
rig test 153
rotor 359
roughing process 375
round robin 223,227f
RSiC candles 77
RSiC-filter elements 75
safety concept 247
scratch 193
-damage 193, 195ff
-testing 193, 195
sealed structure 70
secondaq phase 97ff, 577
selectivity 93
self bonding 75
667
selfmated 187
self-mated plasmasprayed 19 1
semiconducting metal oxides 39
semiconducting oxides 39
sensitivity 91ff
-analysis 175, 178
sensor 69,72
shaping process 631
sheathed thermocouple 69
Sheet Moulding Compound (SMC)
short circuit 34
shrinkage 54f
shrinkage rate 54
Si,N,/(fi-SiAION+TiN) composites 559
Si,NJSiC nano/micro Composite 553
sialon 147, 151,435,447
Sic composite 233
SiC/SiC, composites 617
SiC,N,-BN comosite 647
Si-C-N precursors 581
Sic-SiO, composite 453
silicon 109
-carbide 73, 139,347,453,493,505,
- -
filter elements 74
-
gas infiltration
505
-nitride 70ff, 109, 112, 114, 122, 181,
193,205ff, 2 10,2 17,2 1 9ff, 223,228,
247,261,311,359,359,365,377,425,
435,439,447,463,487,495,499,577,
621,641
Technology 16
617,641,657
--blades 265
-
-
nozzles 100
-
-
nozzles 97,265
sintered silicon carbide 76
sintering 53ff, 70, Slf, 84f, 443,457,
517,
SiSiC components 260
sliding speed 187ff, 205f, 208ff
sliding velocities 187
slip casting
15,
599, 605
slurry forming 365
SMC
(Sheet Moulding Compound) 17,
SOFC
51,55
Solar Centaur-5OS engine 261
solid electrolyte 605
solid oxide fuel cell 7,5 1
spallation 523
specimen-loading configurations 297
spray-dryed 34
stable crack 122, 126
starch consolidation 587
static fatigue 109, 11 1,279
stereolithography 353
stiffness 217,220f
stiffness 222
storage of electricity 33
strength 22,24,26,77, 103, 115, 139ff,
stress intensity factor
K
121
stress pattern 132
stresses 164
stress-free elastic supporting structure 46
565
193, 195, 197,20lf, 205,225,621
stress-free independent supporting
stress-lifetime curves 279
structural design 273
structural reliability 109
structure
85
sub-surface characteristics 421
surface finishing 229
surface flaws 229
surface properties 425
surface quality 421
surface tension 61
suspension 353,365
-
impregnation 641
system 133, 135
structure 46
tangential traction 171, 173f
tape casting 40,51ff
technologies 3
TEM 439,443
temperature 199ff, 203, 217ff
-
fracture strength 469
-resistant 45
-
quenching 151
tensile creep 3 19,487
tensile strain 523
tensile strength 21 If, 239
tensile stress 21 Iff
test method 116
testing 217
testing procedures 115
thermal barrier coating 285,305,513,
thermal conductivity 495,499
thermal efficiency 27,29,32,45
thermal expansion 57f,
58,
167
-
coefficient 8,22,46,57,59,61,70,
-
mismatch 166
- -
stresses 167
thermal properties 83
thermal shock 22,24,26,48,69,71, 119.
-
behaviour 147
-
properties 147, 151
-resistance 40,63,70,85, 127ff, 132,
thermal spraying 187f, 199,299
thermal stability 40,63
thermal
stress
27, 127ff
thermally grown oxide 305
thermally sprayed 199,201
-
coating 199,203
thermally stable
13
thermo-compression
5
1,55
thermocouple 69ff
thermoelectro motive force 72
-response 70
thermomechanical behavior 14
thermomechanical properties 97
thermophysical material 201
thermophysical properties 17, 199f, 203,
thick film 43
-sensor 43
517,523
165
127ff, 147f, 187,191,199,260
147, 150f
649
thin film 93
-
gas sensing 91
-
gas sensor 91
titania ceramics 229
tool 133, 135, 137
-ceramics 405
-life 133, 137
-wear 133,375
toughness 22,26,85, 115, 193
transformation toughening 469
transportation 6
transverse thermal conductivity 65, 67
tribological 64, 103, 157, 199ff, 210
-
applications 63
-behaviour 65,67, 104, 136
-characteristics 107, 133,206
-
conditions 133
-performance 103,106,108
-
properties 187,205
-system 133,135, 137, 157
-tests 65f
turbine blade cooling technologies 45
turbine components 3
I
1
turbine inlet temperature 45
turbine nozzle 48
turbine rotors 3 1 1
turbo compound engine 29ff
turning 25
TZP
175, 178,180
ultrasonic analysis 182
ultrasonic assisted face grinding
4 17
ultrasonic welding process 333
universal oxygen sensor 41
valve 181ff, 247
varistor 325
viscosity 57, 59, 61,477, 600
voltage screening 229
wear 21ff, 103ff, 119, 133ff, 157ff, 163f,
167,169, 171, 173f, 187ff, 193,197,
199f, 202f, 205ff
-damage 193
-mechanism 163,417
-
properties 193
-rates 63
-resistance 22,26,63,64, 159, 163, 167
-stability 67
Weibull characteristic strengths 225f
Weibull function 339
Weibull modulus 24,53,224ff
Weibull statistics 223,228, 319, 333, 339
wetting angle 58ff
Y,O, 499,593
Yb-sialon 661
Y-Si-A1-0-N glass 657
Y-TZP 621
zirconia 193, 217, 517,523
ZrO,
planar technology 39,44
-SOIS
637
668