Hatano Y., Katsumura Y., Mozumder A. (Eds.) Charged Particle and Photon Interactions with Matter - Recent Advances, Applications, and Interfaces

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1040 Index

excitons, 437

gamma

ray radiolysis, 434

, 433

production, 436–437

, zero water fraction, 435

narrow

band gap energy response, 436

water–oxide phase, 434

aqueous suspensions

electron pulse radiolysis techniques, 432

and H

, 430–431

methanol,

433

molecular

hydrogen, 432

SiO

suspension, 431–432

TiO

suspension, 431

water–oxide

interface, 432

conned

water

diffusion-controlled

reactions, 437

electron

paramagnetic resonance techniques,

437–438

excitons,

438

production, 438

radical scavenger, 439

silica–water

interface, 439

zeolites,

438

Ramsauer–Townsend

effect, 228

Rare gas atoms, photon W-values

and Xe, 129–131

Kr,

122–125

using

multielectrode ion chamber, 121–122

Rare

gas liquid (RGL) applications

accelerator

physics

ATLAS LAr calorimeter, 894–896

ionization

calorimeter, 891–892

LXe

scintillation calorimeter, 896–898

NA48

LKr calorimeter, 892–894

detector

media

absorption

coefcients, 890–891

charge

collection, 886–887

charge

yield (Q

), 886

condensed

Ar, 880–881

dipole–dipole

mechanism, 888

electron

attachment rate constant, 889–890

electron

drift velocity, 880–881

energy

balance equation, 883–884

energy

resolution, 885–886

high-excitation-density

region, 888

ionization

and scintillation, 883

Landou–Vavilov

distribution, 891

LAr and LXe properties, 880, 882

LET,

885

Mozumder

model, 882

Penning

ionization, 884

PMT,

885

Poisson

statistics, 885

quenching

mechanism, 888

Rayleigh

scattering, 889

scintillation

decay curve, 884–885

scintillation

yields, 887–888

thermalization time, 882

Thomas

model, 882–883

LAr

detector, 880

neutrino

physics, 880

non-accelerator

physics

Coma

cluster, 905

dark

matter search detector, 908–911

LAr TPC (see Liquid argon time projection

chamber)

slow ion interaction, 906–908

WIMPs,

905

XMASS

project, 902–905

particle

detection technique, 880

PET,

medical imaging

ray emission, 911

liquid

xenon compton, 911–913

TOF-PET (see Positron emission tomography (PET))

properties, 879

Xe–Xe collisions, 880

γ-ray

angular correlation (ACAR), 147

Reactive

oxygen species (ROS)

antioxidants,

599

cyclic

nitroxides, 611–612

generation,

radiolysis, 599–600

, 338

intracellular

generation and reactions, 595–597

redox

reactions, 598

Reactor

pressure vessel (RPV), 975

Recombination,

see Electron-ion recombination

Redox

recycling process, 605

Relative

biological effectiveness (RBE)

aqueous

radiation chemistry, 356

biological-dose

distribution, 655

ion

beams, biological effects, 946

OER, biology, 329–330

radiation

weighting factors, 625

tumor

control probability, 653

REMPI,

see Resonance-enhanced

multiphotonionization

Resist

materials and process

chemical amplication concept, 712

electron migration and multispur effect

absorption

spectra, PHS lms, 719

acid generator concentration, 718–720

parameter, 720–722

proton adducts, 719–720

ion pairs, 723–724

kinetic

traces, THF, 720

probability distribution, 723

single-spur

model, 722

THF-solvated electrons, 721

energy

consumption, 713

energy deposition

absorption

coefcient, 715

accumulated energy proles, 714

lithography, 714

inelastic scattering, 713

Monte

Carlo simulation, 715

photoelectrons, 715

point

spread functions, conventional resists, 714–715

EUV

lithography,

712–713

resist,

711–712

latent

image, 713

pattern

formation efciency, 713

PHS

radical cation

deprotonation, 725–726

onium

salts, 723

phenoxy radicals, 724–725

transient

absorption spectra, 724–725

Index 1041

PMMA

acid

generation, G-value, 729–730

deprotonation efciency, 730

high

resolution, 729

ionization process, 728

main-chain

scission, 729

proton generation, 729

PMS

radical cation

deprotonation, 728

methoxybenzene,

726–727

TEA, 727

transient

absorption spectra, 726

spur thermalization and conguration

ejected

electrons, 716

exponential distribution, 717

initial distribution, 716

ionized

molecules, 717–718

ion pairs generation, 717–718

mean

free path, 716

Onsager length, 717

Resonance-enhanced

multiphoton ionization (REMPI),

479–480

RGL

applications, see Rare gas liquid applications

Rhodamine 6G chloride (R6G), 454–455

RIKEN

Muon Facility of Rutherford Appleton Laboratory

(RIKEN-RAL),

198–199

RIKEN

RI Beam Factory (RIBF), 944–945

ROS, see Reactive oxygen species

RPV, see Reactor pressure vessel

Rydberg

states, 5

SAFs, see Specic absorption fractions

Scaling

localization theory, 216–218

SCFs,

see Supercritical uids

SCWR,

see Supercritical water-cooled reactor

SDCS,

see Singly differential cross section

Secondary

electrons

behavior

of, 28

characteristics

of, 29

classication

of, 4

Second

harmonic generation spectroscopy, 464

SEEs, see Single-event effects

Selenium,

613

Semiconductors

and polymers, radiation effects

charge

generation and ion track

crystal

atoms, 854–855

deposited

energy, 855

kinetic

energy, 854

LET,

denition, 855

MBU

cluster, DRAM, 856–857

radial

track structure, low and high-energy ions,

855–856

two-dimensional

numerical codes, 856

polymers

aromatic polyimides, 865

chemical

structures vs. residual elongation, 867–868

combined

space effects test facility, specications,

868–869

degradation

vs. dose, 863

degrading

factors, 863

electron

and proton radiation, 873

growth of damage vs. dose, 863

HST,

872–873

LDEF,

871

material

properties, 863

mechanical

properties, 868

MISSE,

871–872

PEEK,

865

photodiode/quartz

crystal microbalance, 868

radiation

resistance classication, 863–864

radiation resistance vs. chemical structure,

aromatic polymers, 865–866

SEMIRAMIS

facility, 868–870

spacecraft,

structure and thermal control, 863

space

own materials, 870

stress–strain

curves, 865

thermoplastics,

863–864

vacuum

ultraviolet beam, 868

Van

de Graaff accelerator, 869

protons

and heavy ions, 842

SEEs, 842, 853–854

space solar cells

amorphous Si, 846–847

BSR

layer, 847

carrier

concentration, 846

CIGS,

843, 845

damage-equivalent

uence method, 851

diffusion

length (lifetime), 844

displacement

damage effects, 842

electron/proton irradiation, 842–843

III-V compounds, 848

InGaP/GaAs/Ge, 848, 850

InP,

847

InP

reformation of defects, 847–848

degradation, 851–853

MDS-1,

843, 845

minority

carrier injection effect, 853

Monte

Carlo code, 849

NIEL,

851

quantum

efciency, 848–849

radiation

hardness, 851

relative

damage coefcient, 849–850

second

irradiation effect, 844, 846

SEEs,

842

semi-empirical equation, 844

space

triple-junction solar cells, 843–844

temperature

annealing effect, 853

total

ionizing dose effects, 842

vacuum

chamber, 843

degradation, 851–852

space

station project, 841

transient

currents, ion track generation

AVF

cyclotron, 857–858

bulk

n-MOSFETs, 859, 861

collimated

beam, 857

drift

and diffusion process, 857

DSO,

858

reverse bias, 859–860

pin photodiodes, 858–859

TCAD, 859

TRIBIC,

857

TTL

signal, 858

transient voltage pulse model, logic circuit

CMOS

logic very-large-scale-integrations, 859

combinational

and sequential logic element, 860–861

vs. drain voltage, 860, 862

1042 Index

look up table technique, 860

n-MOSFET,

860, 862–863

TCAD,

862

SHE,

see Standard hydrogen electrode

Single-event

effects (SEEs), 853–854

Single-strand

breaks (SSBs)

biological

relevance, 551–554

DNA

damage, 495–497

enzymatic

repair, 547–550

nucleobase

lesions, 544–547

oxygen K-ionization, 563

postirradiation

gel electrophoresis, 480

theory

and experimental measurements, 494–495

Singlet

positronium, 139

Singly

differential cross section (SDCS)

denition

of, 29

for

electron collision, 31

Singly

occupied molecular orbital (SOMO), 527–528

Slow

muon beam production techniques

low

energy muons generation

charged particle interactions, 196–198

experimental

technique and features of, 196

yield

of, 196

ultraslow

muons generation

features

of pulsed, 201–204

resonant

ionization, 198–201

Slow

strain rate test (SSRT), 983–984

Soft

collision, 29

Solid-phase

reactions

DNC

and DCN

bond energy, 834

radical, 835

D-atom

abstraction reaction, 834

FT-IR

spectrum, 832–833

gas-phase

nitrogen chemistry, 832

high

electron afnity, 833–834

HNC/HCN

ratio, 832

matrix, 834–835

electron spin resonance spectra, 836

exothermic

reaction, 835

gas-phase

synthesis, 836–837

H-atom

abstraction reaction, 835–836

heat

transfer, 836

N-atom

abstraction reaction, 835

rate

constants, 837

Solute

molecule ionization

acid–base

equilibrium constant

aminopyrene,

466

pH dependence, 466

photoionization

signal, 467

1-pyrenebutyric

acid, 466–467

two-photon

photoionization measurement, 465

air–water

interface, 446

detection

limit, photoionization measurements,

464–465

interface-selective

spectroscopic methods, 448–449

Langmuir–Blodgett

technique, 446

laser

multiphoton ionization current, water surface,

451–452

laser

second harmonic generation, 452–453

liquid

interfaces, 446

photoionization,

water surface

1-aminopyrene,

photocurrent spectra, 453–454

current spectra measurement, 451

ionization

transition, 454

Langmuir adsorption isotherm, 450

m-photon process, 450

multiphoton ionization process, 450

pyrenebutyric

and pyrenehexadecanoic acid, 454

R6G,

454–455

rhodamine

B, self-assembled layer, 457–458

surface-active

molecules, 451

threshold

determination, 455–457

total

current yield detection method, 449

vacuum ultraviolet light, 450

solute–solute interaction, 446

surface density and incident light polarization effect

concentration-dependent

orientation, 462

effective

adsorption equilibrium constants, 463–464

rhodamine

dyes, water surface, 458–460, 464

ultraviolet-visible

absorption spectra, 460–462

thermodynamic

theory

concentration

vs. surface density, 448

density

distribution, 446–447

Langmuir

isotherm, 447–448

surface tension measurement, 447, 452–453

volatile molecules spread monitoring, 467–468

Solvated electrons

concentrated

aqueous inert salts, 408

density,

absorption spectra, 407–408

electron

photodetachment, 269–270

photoexcitation

of, 273–275

polyalcohols,

409–410

pure

water, 406–407

reactivity of, 269

Simple alcohols, 408–409

SOMO, see Singly occupied molecular orbital

Space

telescope imaging spectrograph (STIS), 763, 766

Specic

absorption fractions (SAFs), 634–637

Spencer–Fano

theory, 4

Spin

conversion, 160–161

Spin

resonance (SR), muon interactions

avoided

level crossing, 176–178

radio frequency (RF), 176

schematic

setup of, 170–171

transverse eld (TF), 171, 176

Spur

reaction, 143, 158

Spur/track

expansion, 370, 388

SR,

see Synchrotron radiation

SSBs,

see Single-strand breaks

Standard hydrogen electrode (SHE), 976, 979

Stimulated

dissociation and desorption

anions

DEA process, 484–485

DEA

resonance, 485–486

Feshbach

(Type-I) resonance, 484

kinetic

energy, 485

TNI

resonance, 484–485

cations,

486–489

neutral fragments and products, 489–491

porosity

effect, O

and H

release, 491

Supercritical

uids (SCFs)

denition

of, 181

diamagnetic fractions

pure C

, 182

pure H

O and CO

, 184

missing

fractions

Index 1043

in pure C

, 183

pure H

O and CO

, 185

muonium

fractions

pure C

, 183

pure H

O and CO

, 184

properties

of, 181–182

Supercritical water-cooled reactor (SCWR), 402–403

Superexcited states, 5

autoionization mechanism of, 15–16

concept of, 13

dissociation of, 5

ionization continuum, 14–15

in radiolysis, 4

singly inner-valence excited and multiply excited

states,

17–18

Superoxide-assisted Fenton reaction, 382

Surface muons, 195

Survival rate, 653

Synchrotron radiation, 4, 5, 18, 106

Takasaki Ion Accelerator Advanced Radiation Application

(TIARA),

944

TBAs,

see Tight-binding approximations

TCS,

see Total scattering cross section

TDDFT,

see Time-dependent density-functional theory

Technology

computer aided design (TCAD), 859

Tetrahydrofuran

(THF), 310–312

N,N,N′,N′-Tetramethyl-p-phenylene-diamine

(TMPD), 682

TF-μSR,

see Transverse eld muon spin resonance

Thermal

desorption spectrometry (TDS), 807–808

Thermal muons

pulsed

ultraslow muons generation

beam

size and energy resolution, 201

charged

particle interactions of, 202–204

polarization

of, 201

pulse

width, 201

yield

of, 201–202

resonant

ionization, 198–201

Thermionic

emission, 204

Thermoluminescence

dosimeters (TLDs), 641

THF, see Tetrahydrofuran

Thiyl

peroxyl radicals, 612

Thomas–Fermi

model, 880, 906

Thomas–Kuhn–Reiche

sum rule, 12

Thomas–Reiche–Kuhn

(TRK) sum rule, 68

TIBIC

system, see Transient ion beam induced current

system

Tight-binding

approximations (TBAs), 212

Time-dependent

density-functional

theory (TDDFT), 527; see also

Oscillator

strength distribution

applications

chiral

molecules, 84

dielectric

functions of bulk materials, 84

nonlinear

polarizabilities, 84

exchange-correlation

potential, 71–72

for

polarizability, 69–71

Time-dependent

G-value

•

atom, 314–315

•

radical

formate/

hexacyanoferrate ions, 312

halide

−

anions, 313

M ionic-strength conditions, 314

NaCl

and HCl aqueous solution, 313–314

scavenging

reaction vs. scavenging power, 313

solvated

electron

−

concentrated solution, 307–308

dispersive

dynamics, 310

hydrated electrons, 308

isotopic effect, 308

laser-plasma acceleration technique, 309

LWA, 309–310

Monte Carlo calculations, 308–309

time-dependent escape probability, 307

solvent effect

femtosecond laser photolysis, 312

G-values, alcohols, water and THF, 312

scavenging method vs. direct

measurement,311–312

solvated

electrons decay, 310–311

THF, 310

Time-dependent Kohn–Sham (TDKS) equation, 69–71

Time-of-ight-positron emission tomography (TOF-PET),

914–916

Time-resolved

ion beam induced current (TRIBIC), 857

Time-resolved microwave conductivity (TRMC)

AC mobilities, charge carriers, 690

anisotropic conductivity, single-crystal rubrene, 694

carrier density, 693

charge carrier dynamics, organic semiconductors, 690

conductivity measurement, 692–693

direct-current (DC) technique, 689

exciton–exciton annihilation, 692–693

gas phase investigation, 689

kinetic traces, transient PA, 692

liquid phase, PR-TRMC, 689–690

microwave absorption technique, 689

mobility and polarity, charge carrier, 689

nanoscale charge carrier mobility, 693

rubrene, 691

transient photoabsorption (PA) spectrum, 691–692

α-Tocopheroxyl radicals, 604

Total scattering cross section (TCS)

denition of, 31

electron-beam attenuation method, 35–37

TMPD, see N,N,N′,N′-Tetramethyl-p-phenylene-diamine

TPI, see Two-photon photoionization

Track structure product

, 338–339

hydrated

electron (e

−

), 335–336

hydrogen

molecule (H

), 339–340

intra-spur

and intra-track reactions, 334

•

OH, 336–338

spur

and track, denition, 334

Transient

absorbance, 269, 274–275

Transient

ion beam induced current (TIBIC) system, 857

Transient

negative ion (TNI), 476

Transistor–transistor

logic (TTL) signal, 858

Transuranic

extraction (TRUEX) process, 996

Transverse

eld muon spin resonance (TF-μSR), 171, 176

Trapped

electron density, 157–158

Trapped

electrons, 154–158

Tributyl phosphate (TBP) radiolysis

PUREX

process radiation chemistry

acidic

radiolysis products, 991

carbon-centered

radical, 992

1044 Index

hydrogen, methane and dibutylphosphoricacid

(HDBP),

991

intramolecular

hydrogen bonding, 993

solvent

extraction process, 992

radiation-induced

processes, spent nuclear fuel

reprocessing,

987

Tridentate

amide N,N,N′,N′-tetraoctyl-3-diglycolamide

(TODGA),

334

Triplet

positronium, 139

Trityl-hetero-substituted

aromatics, 251–253

Trolox C, 605

Trolox

equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), 605

TRMC,

see Time-resolved microwave conductivity

Tunneling

reaction, 811, 815

Two-photon

photoionization (TPI)

effective

adsorption equilibrium constants, 463

effective

transition moment, 461

molecule

detection limit, 464–465

RhB

and R6G, 459

Two-state

mobility model, 230–231

Ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) system, 476–478

Ultraslow

muons generation

features of pulsed, 201–204

resonant ionization, 198–201

Ultraviolet imaging spectrograph (UVIS), 764

Ultraviolet (UV) spectrum, H

adiabatic energy level diagram, 773

Born

model, 775

emission

cross sections, 772

high-resolution

EUV emission spectra, 774

Lyman

and Werner band systems, 774

rovibronic states, 775

Rydberg

and valence states, 773

spectrum

model, 772

star

formation, 772

synthetic

spectral models, 773

Uranium adsorbent fabrics, 748–749

U.S.

Department of Energy, 426

UVIS,

see Ultraviolet imaging spectrograph

molecular spectroscopy

apparatus

and experimental methods

crossed

electron beam-molecular-beam apparatus,

767,

769

electron-excited

molecule model, 769

electronic-band

cross sections and emission yields,

770–771

emission

cross section measuring instrument, 767

emission

cross sections, planetary gases, 767

ground-state

molecules, 769

Jet

Propulsion Laboratory instrumentation,

767–768

rovibronic

excitation cross sections, 770

thermally

averaged excitation cross section, 770

volumetric excitation rate, 770

wavelength

calibration methodology, 771

CO,

792–793

dayglow

and auroral spectra, 762

electron

collision processes, 761

EUV

auroral spectra, 762

faint

object spectrograph, 763

HST, 762

–UV, 772–776

–VOIR, 776–780

EUV (see Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) auroral

spectra,

)

FUV

(see Far ultraviolet (FUV) spectrum, N

)

outer

planets, 762–763

planetary

atmospheres

characteristic energy, 765

electron

transport models, 764

FUV

spectrum, 764

Jovian

aurora, 763

Jupiter

STIS image, 766

Lyman

band spectrum, 766

magnetosphere–ionosphere

coupling model, 763

UVIS,

764

volume emission rate, 764

atomic and molecular data, 793

electron-impact-induced

uorescence spectrum,

794–795

global

excitation, 796

HST/GHRS

spectrum, 796

Jovian

system, 796

multispectral

image, 795

STIS,

763, 766

Vacuum ultraviolet light, 9–10

Vacuum

ultraviolet photon-stimulated sputtering, 490

Vibrationally

excited molecules, 52–55

Visible-optical-infrared

(VOIR) spectra, H

electron-energy-loss experimental techniques, 779

emission

cross section values, 776

excitation

function measurement, 779

Fulcher-α

band system, 779

a-b continuum, 777–778

optical

excitation functions, 779

pulsed

gun technique, 777

pulsed spectroscopic technique, 776

resonance transition intensity, 777

Rydberg series, 776

triplet-state emission, 779

Vitamin

B9, see Folic acid

Volatile

organic compounds (VOC)

exhaust

gases

aerosols,

934

carbon mass balance, xylene irradiation, 933

manganese

dioxide, 935

organic

and inorganic chlorine, 934

VOC-treatment

method, 931

xylene

mixture decomposition efciencies,

932

OECD

legislation, 924

VUV

absorption spectra, 90–92

Wakasa Wan Energy Research Center Multi-purpose

Accelerator

with Synchrotron and Tandem

(W-MAST),

944–945

Waste form dissolution effect

HLW

glass dissolution, 1010–1011

Index 1045

nuclear fuel dissolution

alpha

emitter discs, 1009

dissolution

rate equation, 1010

dissolved

hydrogen effect, 1010

helium

ion beam irradiation, 1009

reaction, 1009

noble

metals, 1010

one-dimensional

reaction-diffusion model

calculation,

1009

p-type

semiconducting material, 1008

Σ-particles,

1010

dissolution, 1009

uranium

dioxide surface, radiation-induced

processes,

1007–1008

x-ray

photoelectron spectra, 1008

Water

decomposition products

G(e

−

)

plots, 411–412

extrapolated

absorption coefcient, 412

gas

product analysis, 412–413

methanol,

411–412

methyl

viologen and tert-butanol, 411

time

resolution, 413

G(OH)

estimation, 414–415

G(H)

measurement, 415

scavenging

system, G(e

−

) + G(OH) + G(H),

413–414

Water

radical kinetics

glycylglycine,

346

hydrated

electron (e

−

), 346–347

hydroxyl

radical (

•

OH), 347–348

superoxide

radicals (HO

•

•−

), 348–349

Weakly

interacting massive particles (WIMPs),

905, 907

W-value

characteristics of, 107

denition

of, 106

energy

dependence of, 107–108

in low-energy electrons, 108–111

Monte

Carlo simulation technique, 107–108

XANES spectra, see X-ray absorption near edge structure

spectra

XMASS

project

atmospheric

pressure ionization, 904

dark

matter detection, 904

double-beta

decay, 903

Kr radioactive nucleus, 903

liquid

neon, 905

spin-dependent

interaction, 904–905

127

Xe and

131

Xe, 902

X-ray

absorption near edge structure

(XANES)spectra

Auger

transition, 569

GMP,

568–569

liquid

water beam, 567

pre-edge

peak, 568

temperature

dependence, 567

Young-age broadening effects, 153–154