Hatano Y., Katsumura Y., Mozumder A. (Eds.) Charged Particle and Photon Interactions with Matter - Recent Advances, Applications, and Interfaces

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x Contents

Chapter 34 Radiation Chemistry in Nuclear Engineering.......................................................... 959

Junichi Takagi, Bruce J. Mincher, Makoto Yamaguchi,

andYosukeKatsumura

Index............................................................................................................................................ 1025

Preface

The editors of Charged Particle and Photon Interactions with Matter: Chemical, Physicochemical,

and Biological Consequences with Applications, eds., A. Mozumder and Y. Hatano, Marcel

Dekker, New York (2004), received, soon after its publication, highly supportive comments from

international communities of radiation research distributed widely into physics, chemistry, biology,

medicine, and technology, and also from other broad areas of science and technology, concerned, in

part, with the common phenomena of ionization and excitation of matter. These comments strongly

motivated the editors to bring forth a new book that includes more detailed scientic contents, such

as recent advances, future perspectives, and information on applications, than those only briey

summarized in the rst book. There have been recently two kinds of applications: one is the rela-

tively direct application used mainly by those in radiation research elds, and the other is the inter-

face between radiation research and other elds. Thus, the subtitle of this book is Recent Advances,

Applications, and Interfaces.

The rst book was published in 2004, and each chapter had referred to papers published before

2000. For this book, a further analysis of recent advances in these respective research elds has

been strongly requested. A detailed survey of the applications in these elds, which were introduced

only briey in the rst book (in supplementary Chapters 20 through 26, as discussed in Chapter 1,

Introduction, in this book) has also been strongly suggested, since the applications have progressed

much in recent years. Active interfaces with different research elds have been in evidence. Here,

there are two important points of caution in further activating the applications and interfaces in

radiation research elds. One is that the applications and interfaces are produced not only in tech-

nology but also in basic science. The other is that these applications and interfaces certainly activate

the traditionally important core part of radiation research elds, so that the real activation of the

core

part is essential for the newer applications and interface production in future.

With

this scope and focus, we began our editorial work for this book. To select the chapters

and their authorship, we planned an international symposium on the topics we had in mind.

Thus, the symposium on Charged Particle and Photon Interactions with Matter was held as the

7thInternational Symposium on Advanced Science Research

(ASR2007) at the Advanced Science

Research Center of the Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Japan, November 6–9, 2007, hosted

by Y. Katsumura. We wish to record our appreciation to the Japan Atomic Energy Agency and

to the Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science for their generous nancial and organiza-

tional support (see the special issue for this symposium published in Radiat. Phys. Chem., 77,

1119–1339,2008).

Our plans, together with a list of the candidates for the chapter titles and their authors, were

reviewed by scientists and by the editors at Taylor & Francis. These were then modied in accor-

dance

with their comments and suggestions.

the preparatory stage of our editorial work, we decided that the chapters should be written

with the following necessary conditions. We asked the contributors not to overlap with any scien-

tic contents addressed in the previous book. We also requested them to be careful for referring to

chapters

in the earlier book and to other chapters in that book by other authors.

also asked them to avoid using jargon or special technical terms in their own research elds,

since, as clearly shown in the table of contents in this book, the topics and research elds are dis-

tributed across a wide variety of scientic and technological elds. If any specialized terminology

used at all, it should be briey explained in plain terms.

xii Preface

In Chapter 1, we have incorporated the introduction from the 2004 book and the scientic back-

ground that brought it to publication. We also discuss the relation between the scientic contents of

the

rst book and the present one, as well as the internal relation among the chapters in this book.

We,

the editors, acknowledge the cooperative work of senior chemistry editor, Barbara Glunn,

editorial assistant, Jennifer Derima, and project coordinator, David Fausel, during the initial stages

of production. We would also like to thank project editor, Richard Tressider, and project manager,

Dr.

Sedumadhavan Vinithan, for reviewing the proofs comprehensively just before printing.

are greatly indebted to all the contributors for their scientically excellent contributions to

this

book and for their cooperation during the editorial work.

Finally,

we hope that this book, as well as the rst one, will contribute much to the advancement

of the research elds that address charged particle and photon interactions with matter, and also,

generally, to great progress in science and technology.

Yoshihiko Hatano

Japan Atomic Energy Agency

Tokai, Japan

Yosuke Katsumura

The University of Tokyo

Tokyo, Japan

Asokendu Mozumder

University of Notre Dame

Notre Dame, Indiana

xiii

Editors

Yoshihiko Hatano, director general, Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy

Agency (JAEA), Tokai, and professor emeritus, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan, received his

PhD in chemistry from Tokyo Institute of Technology in 1968. Since then he has worked in different

capacities in the Department of Chemistry at Tokyo Institute of Technology, as follows: associate

professor, 1970–1984; professor, 1984–2000; and dean of the Faculty of Science, 1997–1999. After

retiring from Tokyo Institute of Technology in 2000, he worked as a professor in the Department

of Molecular and Material Sciences at Kyushu University, Kasuga, Japan, from 2000 to 2003 and

as distinguished professor at the Synchrotron Radiation Research Center at Saga University, Saga,

Japan, from 2004 to 2009. Since 2005, he has served as the director general of the Advanced

Science

Research Center, JAEA until his retirement from it at the end of March 2010.

Dr.

Hatano has been a visiting scientist/professor at many institutions, including the University

of Notre Dame, Indiana; the University of Kaiserslautern, Germany; the University of California,

Berkeley; the University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei; International Atomic

Energy Agency (IAEA); and High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) at Photon

Factory. He has also served in other scientic capacities: chairperson of the Japanese Society of

Radiation Chemistry and the Society for Atomic Collision Research; advisory editor of Chemical

Physics Letters; coeditor of Charged Particle and Photon Interactions with Matter: Chemical,

Physicochemical, and Biological Consequences with Applications,MarcelDekker, New York(2004);

councilor of the International Association for Radiation Research, the Chemical Society of Japan,

and the Japanese Society of Synchrotron Radiation Research; and chair/cochair of the International

Symposium on Chemical Applications of Synchrotron Radiation, the International Symposium on

Electron-Molecule Collisions and Swarms, the International Conference on Photonic, Electronic,

and Atomic Collisions; and the International Symposium on Advanced Science Research.

His research interests include (1) primary and fundamental processes in charged particle and

photon interactions with matter, (2) spectroscopy and dynamics of molecular superexcited states in

the dissociative excitation of molecules in photonic or electronic collisions with molecules, (3)electron

attachment and recombination, and (4) collisional de-excitation of excited rare gas atoms. He is the

author or coauthor of more than 280 refereed journal articles, scientic papers, and books.

Yosuke Katsumura, professor, received his PhD from the Department of Nuclear Engineering

and Management, School of Engineering, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, in 1981. He is also a

group leader of Basic Radiation Research, Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic

Energy Agency. He has previously worked as a research associate, Nuclear Engineering Research

Laboratory, 1972–1984; as an associate professor, Department of Nuclear Engineering, 1984–

1994; as a professor, Department of Quantum Engineering and Systems Sciences, 1994–1996;

Nuclear Engineering Research Laboratory, 1996–2004; Department of Nuclear Engineering and

Management,

the University of Tokyo, 2005–present.

Dr.

Katsumura has been a visiting professor/fellow at many universities and institutions worldwide,

including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH, Zürich), Switzerland; the University of

Science and Technology of China; the University of Sherbrooke, Canada; and the University of Paris-

Sud, Orsay, France. He was the president of the Japan Society of Radiation Chemistry in 2007 and 2008,

and is the division head of the Water Chemistry Division, Atomic Energy Society of Japan, since 2009.

He received an award from the Japan Society of Radiation Chemistry in 2005. He has published more

than 220 articles in peer-reviewed journals and books. He has also organized several international

symposia of radiation chemistry and edited special issues of Radiation Physics and Chemistry.

xiv Editors

Dr. Katsumura has been working on subjects related to nuclear engineering such as radioly-

sis of high-temperature water, radiation effects in spent fuel reprocessing, and radiation effects in

high-level waste repository. His recent interests include radiolysis of supercritical water, ultrafast

pulse

radiolysis, and heavy ion beam radiolysis of water.

Asokendu Mozumder,

research professor emeritus, Radiation Laboratory and Department of

Chemistry, University of Notre Dame, received his PhD in theoretical physics from the Indian

Institute of Technology (IIT), Kharagpur, India, in 1961. Since then he has worked as a lecturer

in physics at IIT, 1961–1962; as a postdoctoral research associate at the Radiation Laboratory,

University of Notre Dame, 1962–1965; as a scientist, 1965–1969; as an associate faculty fellow

and research associate professor, Radiation Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, University

of Notre Dame, 1969–1986; and as a research professor, 1986–1996, when he retired from active

employment.

He has been a visiting professor/fellow at many universities and institutions worldwide, including

the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, India; Kyoto University, Japan; Waseda University,

Tokyo, Japan; Japan Atomic Energy Agency; University of Paris-Sud; and Oxford University, the

United

Kingdom (Harwell Fellow at Wolfson College and the Department of Physical Chemistry).

has been chairperson/principal speaker at several international conferences, including Gordon

conferences in radiation chemistry; Tihany symposium on radiation chemistry; and the recently held

ASR 2007 conference on charged particle and photon interactions with matter, Tokai, Japan. He is a

coeditor of Charged Particle and Photon Interactions with Matter: Chemical, Physicochemical,

and Biological Consequences with Applications, Marcel Dekker, New York (2004).

His research interests include (1) theoretical aspects of radiation chemistry, (2) early stages of

radiolysis, (3) theories of electron localization and trapping, and (4) free-ion yield and mobility

in liquid hydrocarbons. He is the author or coauthor of nearly 125 articles in refereed journals;

acomprehensive book, Fundamentals of Radiation Chemistry (Academic Press, 1999); an article

Encyclopedia Britannica; and several chapters in other books.

Contributors

Amitava Adhikary

Department

of Chemistry

Oakland University

Rochester,

Michigan

Joseph M. Ajello

Jet

Propulsion Laboratory

California Institute of Technology

Pasadena,

California

Gérard Baldacchino

Institut

Rayonnement Matière Saclay

Commissariat à I’ Énergie Atomique et aux

Énergies

Alternatives

Saclay, France

and

Laboratoire

Claude Fréjacques

Centre

National de la Recherche Scientique

Gif-sur-Yvette, France

David Becker

Department

of Chemistry

Oakland

University

Rochester, Michigan

Ortwin Brede

Faculty

of Chemistry and Mineralogy

University

of Leipzig

Leipzig, Germany

Vincent De Waele

Laboratoire

de Chimie Physique

Centre

National de la Recherche Scientique

Université Paris-Sud

Orsay,

France

Kentaro Fujii

Advanced

Science Research Center

Japan Atomic Energy Agency

Tokai,

Japan

Khashayar Ghandi

Department

of Chemistry

Mount Allison University

Sackville,

New Brunswick, Canada

Gregory A. Grieves

School

of Chemistry and Biochemistry

Georgia Institute of Technology

Atlanta, Georgia

Akira Harata

Faculty of Engineering Sciences

Kyushu

University

Kasuga, Japan

Yoshihiro Hase

Quantum Beam Science Directorate

Japan

Atomic Energy Agency

Takasaki, Japan

Yoshihiko Hatano

Advanced Science Research Center

Japan Atomic Energy Agency

Tokai,

Japan

Hisashi Hayashi

Department

of Chemical and Biological Sciences

Japan

Woman’s University

Tokyo,

Japan

Tetsuya Hirade

Nuclear Science and Engineering Directorate

Japan Atomic Energy Agency

Tokai, Japan

and

Institute of Applied Beam Science

Ibaraki

University

Mito, Japan

xvi Contributors

Kenzo Hiraoka

Clean

Energy Research Center

University of Yamanashi

Kofu,

Japan

Koichi Hirota

Quantum Beam Science Directorate

Japan Atomic Energy Agency

Takasaki,

Japan

Akira Hitachi

Molecular

Biophysics

Kochi

Medical School

Nankoku, Japan

Gordon L. Hug

Radiation Laboratory

University

of Notre Dame

Notre Dame, Indiana

and

Faculty

of Chemistry

Adam

Mickiewicz University

Poznan, Poland

Toshio Ishioka

Faculty of Engineering Sciences

Kyushu

University

Kasuga,

Japan

Yukikazu Itikawa

Department

of Basic Space Science

Institute

of Space and Astronautical Science

Sagamihara,

Japan

Jun-Ichi Iwata

Center

for Computational Sciences

andInstitute

of Physics

University of Tsukuba

Tsukuba,

Japan

Jean-Paul Jay-Gerin

Département

de Médecine Nucléaire

etdeRadiobiologie

Université

de Sherbrooke

Sherbrooke,

Québec, Canada

Tadashi Kamada

Research

Center for Charged Particle Therapy

National

Institute of Radiological Sciences

Chiba, Japan

Yosuke Katsumura

Department

of Nuclear Engineering

andManagement

The

University of Tokyo

Tokyo, Japan

and

Advanced

Science Research Center

Nuclear

Science Research Institute

Japan Atomic Energy Agency

Tokai,

Japan

Yosuke Kawashita

Graduate

School of Pure and

AppliedSciences

University

of Tsukuba

Tsukuba,

Japan

Yugo Kimoto

Aerospace

Research and Development

Directorate

Japan

Aerospace Exploration Agency

Tsukuba,

Japan

Kazuo Kobayashi

The

Institute of Scientic and Industrial

Research

Osaka

University

Osaka,

Japan

Noriyuki Kouchi

Department

of Chemistry

Tokyo

Institute of Technology

Tokyo, Japan

Takahiro Kozawa

The

Institute of Scientic and Industrial

Research

Osaka

University

Osaka, Japan

Isabelle Lampre

Laboratoire

de Chimie Physique

Centre National de la Recherche Scientique

Université

Paris-Sud

Orsay, France

Contributors xvii

Jay A. LaVerne

Radiation

Laboratory

and

Department

of Physics

University of Notre Dame

Notre

Dame, Indiana

Mingzhang Lin

Advanced

Science Research Center

Japan

Atomic Energy Agency

Tokai,

Japan

Yasunari Maekawa

Quantum

Beam Science Directorate

Japan Atomic Energy Agency

Takasaki,

Japan

Rao S. Mangina

Jet Propulsion Laboratory

California

Institute of Technology

Pasadena, California

Jason L. McLain

School

of Chemistry and Biochemistry

Georgia Institute of Technology

Atlanta,

Georgia

Jintana Meesungnoen

Département

de Médecine Nucléaire

etdeRadiobiologie

Université

de Sherbrooke

Sherbrooke,

Québec, Canada

Robert R. Meier

Department

of Physics and Astronomy

George Mason University

Fairfax, Virginia

Bruce J. Mincher

Aqueous

Separations and Radiochemistry

Department

Idaho

National Laboratory

Idaho Falls, Idaho

Yasuhiro Miyake

Japan

Proton Accelerator Complex

High

Energy Accelerator Research Organization

Tokai,

Japan

Mehran Mostafavi

Laboratoire de Chimie Physique

Centre National de la Recherche Scientique

Université

Paris-Sud

Orsay, France

Asokendu Mozumder

Radiation

Laboratory

University

of Notre Dame

Notre Dame, Indiana

Takashi Nakatsukasa

RIKEN Nishina Center

Wako,

Japan

Sergej Naumov

Department

of Chemistry

Leibniz Institute of Surface Modication

Leipzig,

Germany

Koji Noda

Research Center for Charged

ParticleTherapy

National

Institute of Radiological Sciences

Chiba,

Japan

Takeshi Odagiri

Department of Chemistry

Tokyo Institute of Technology

Tokyo,

Japan

Takeshi Ohshima

Quantum Beam Science Directorate

Japan

Atomic Energy Agency

Takasaki, Japan

Shinobu Onoda

Quantum Beam Science Directorate

Japan

Atomic Energy Agency

Takasaki, Japan

Thomas M. Orlando

School

of Chemistry and Biochemistry

and

School

of Physics

Georgia

Institute of Technology

Atlanta, Georgia

xviii Contributors

Kevin M. Prise

Centre

for Cancer Research and

CellBiology

Queen’s

University Belfast

Belfast, United Kingdom

K. Indira Priyadarsini

Radiation and Photochemistry Division

Bhabha

Atomic Research Centre

Mumbai,

India

Akinori Saeki

The Institute of Scientic and Industrial

Research

Osaka

University

Osaka, Japan

Kimiaki Saito

Quantum Beam Science Directorate

Japan

Atomic Energy Agency

Tokai,

Japan

Miki Sato

Faculty of Engineering Sciences

Kyushu University

Kasuga,

Japan

Giuseppe Schettino

Centre for Cancer Research and

CellBiology

Queen’s University Belfast

Belfast,

United Kingdom

Shu Seki

Division

of Applied Chemistry

Osaka University

Osaka,

Japan

Michael D. Sevilla

Department of Chemistry

Oakland

University

Rochester, Michigan

Naoya Shikazono

Advanced

Science Research Center

Japan Atomic Energy Agency

Tokai,

Japan

Isao H. Suzuki

Photon

Factory

High

Energy Accelerator Research Organization

Tsukuba,

Japan

and

National

Metrology Institute of Japan

National Institute of Advanced Industrial

Science

and Technology

Tsukuba, Japan

Satoshi Suzuki

Advanced Research Institute for Science

andEngineering

Waseda University

Tokyo,

Japan

Seiichi Tagawa

The Institute of Scientic and Industrial

Research

Osaka

University

Osaka,

Japan

Mitsumasa Taguchi

Quantum

Beam Science Directorate

Japan Atomic Energy Agency

Takasaki,

Japan

Junichi Takagi

Chemical System Design and Engineering

Department

Toshiba

Corporation

Yokohama, Japan

Kenji Takahashi

Department

of Chemistry and Chemical

Engineering

Kanazawa

University

Kanazawa,

Japan

Masao Tamada

Quantum

Beam Science Directorate

Japan Atomic Energy Agency

Takasaki,

Japan

Atsushi Tanaka

Quantum

Beam Science Directorate

Japan Atomic Energy Agency

Takasaki,

Japan

Contributors xix

Hiroshi Tanaka

Department

of Physics

Sophia University

Tokyo,

Japan

Yasuo Udagawa

Institute

of Multidisciplinary Research

forAdvanced

Materials

Tohoku

University

Sendai, Japan

Masatoshi Ukai

Department

of Applied Physics

Tokyo

University of Agriculture

andTechnology

Tokyo, Japan

James F. Wishart

Chemistry

Department

Brookhaven National Laboratory

Upton,

New York

Kazuhiro Yabana

Center

for Computational Sciences

andInstitute

of Physics

University

of Tsukuba

Tsukuba, Japan

Makoto Yamaguchi

Geological

Isolation Research

andDevelopment

Directorate

Japan Atomic Energy Agency

Tokai,

Japan

Shinichi Yamashita

Advanced

Science Research Center

Japan Atomic Energy Agency

Tokai,

Japan

Akinari Yokoya

Advanced

Science Research Center

Japan Atomic Energy Agency

Tokai,

Japan