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1025

AAc-grafted polyethylene, 749

Absorption

band

broadening,

408

polyalcohols,

409–410

•

OH radical, 410

ACAR,

see γ-ray angular correlation

Actinide

oxidation states

actinide reactions, free radicals, 999–1000

244

Cm irradiation, 999

colorimetric

reagent sulfanilamide, 998

hydrogen

peroxide reaction, 998

neptunium(V),

997

nitrous

acid yield, 999

•

and

•

radical, 927

Pu and Np extraction, 927

Adsorption–desorption

dynamics, 467

Age–momentum

correlation (AMOC), 146–147

ALC-μSR,

see Avoided level crossing muon spin

resonance

Alkanes

cation

reaction, scavenger, 240–242

nonpolar

system ionization, 238–240

Alkyl

chlorides, 240–242

Alpha radiolysis, 988, 999

Anderson

localization theory

connectivity,

211

coordination

number, 211

disorder-induced,

222–223

scaling

pocedures, 217–218

site

energy, 212

Antioxidants

biomolecules repairing, redox processes, 616

classication,

597–598

free radicals

chemical

reactions, inside cells, 596

intracellular

production, 596–597

nitric

oxide (NO

•

), 596

oxygen-derived

free radicals, 595

ROS (see Reactive oxygen species)

kinetic and thermodynamic properties, 615

non-phenolic antioxidants

β-carotene, 612–613

cyclic nitroxides, 611–612

melatonin, 609–610

sulfur and selenium antioxidants, 612–613

oxidative stress, 597

phenolic antioxidants

chemical

structures, 603

curcumin,

608–609

avonoids, 605–607

folic acid, 609

natural antioxidant compounds, 602

phenoxyl radical, 602

resveratrol, 608

vitamin

C and vitamin E, 603–605

water-soluble analogues, vitamin E, 605

radiation chemistry

aromatic

amino acid radical, 601

DNA

radicals, 601

pulse radiolysis technique, 599

ROS,

599–600

water radiolysis, 599

redox

reactions, free radicals, 598

SOD mimics

catalytic

dismutation reaction, 614

pulse

radiolysis, 613–614

rate constants, 613

salt examination, 614

transition metal examination, 615

types, 614

Aqueous solution

1-aminopyrene,

453

rhodamine

B chloride, 452, 459

surface, Cu-mesh electrode, 451

Arachidic

acid, 457–458

Aromatic

hydrocarbon polymers

alicyclic

polyimide (A-PI) lm, 755

nylon-MXD6

lm, 755

poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK), 753–754

3S monomer, 754

Ascorbic acid, 597–598

chemical structure, 603

low

redox potential, 604

oxidation,

ascorbyl radical formation, 603

ATLAS

LAr calorimeter

components,

894–895

electromagnetic

module, 894–895

Large

Hadron Collider, 894

tungsten matrix, 896

Atmospheric ultraviolet radiance integrated code (AURIC)

model, 790–791

Atomic shell effect model

above

3d ionization threshold and below 3p

threshold,127

above

3d threshold, 126–127

above 3p ionization threshold and 3s threshold, 128

below 3d threshold, 125–126

Auger channel, 372

Avoided level crossing muon spin resonance

(ALC-μSR),

176–178

Back surface reector (BSR), 847

Balmer

uorescence, 20–24

Bar-ridge

lter, 658

Base-excision

repair (BER) protein

DNA

damage, 544–547

nucleobase

lesion detection, 548

SSBR

enzymes, 552

Index

1026 Index

Bayesian data analysis, 297

BED

model, see Binary-encounter-dipole model

BEf-scaled

Born method, 47

Benzophenone

ketyl radical (BPH), 281–283

Benzylsilanes,

249–251

Bethe

approximation, 359, 363

Bethe–Bloch

stopping-power formula, 175

Bethe

equations

energy

deposition, 328, 713–714

theory,

359

Bethe surface, 100–101

Bethe

theory, 4–5

Binary-encounter-dipole

(BED) model, 33

Biodegradable

plastics, 743–745

Biological

stage, 6

Biphasic

system

diluent

radiolysis, 987

mixed

phase, 990–991

nitrous

acid, 989

radical, 988–989

organic

phase, 990

scavenger reactions, 988

water radiolysis equation, 988

Birks model, 887

Blob

model of positronium formation, 152–153

Boiling

water reactors (BWR), 402–403, 961

Bond-breaking process, 51–52

Born–Bethe theory, 32

Born–Oppenheimer

approximation, 408

Born’s

equation, 457

BPH, see Benzophenone ketyl radical

Brominated single-component chemically amplied resist

(BSCAR),

675

BWR corrosion environment

corrosion potential, 965

crack initiation and crack propagation, 967

3-D ow distribution, 974–976

ECP modeling, 966, 973–974

IGSCC control, 965–967

mixed potential theory, 966

preventive maintenance, 964

preventive water chemistry, 966, 968

primary circuit, ECP evaluation, 974

radiolysis modelling

G-values, 970

H atom reactions, 969

primary circuit, radiolysis simulation, 972–973

reactions and reaction rate constants, 970–971

water radiolysis, 965, 968

Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)

chemical

structure, 739

gel fractions of cross-linked, 739–740

hydrogel and dry gel, 741

Carboxymethyl chitin (CMCht)

chemical structures of, 740

degradation, 742–743

metal adsorption of, 742

Carboxymethyl chitosan (CMChts)

chemical structures of, 740

degradation, 742–743

metal adsorption of, 742

Cation

radical excitation, 533–534

Centro

Nazionale di Adroterapia Oncologica (CNAO)

facility,

661

Ceramic

oxide interface

amorphous

ice, 429

applications,

426–427

DRIFT, 429

energy deposition, 427–428

hydrogen bonding, 430

nanoparticles,

426

group, 428

proton

NMR, 430

radiation-induced

water decomposition, 425

radiolysis

adsorbed water, 433–437

aqueous suspensions, 430–433

conned water, 437–439

stretching and bending modes, 430

UHV

chamber, 429

water

dissociation, 430

water–solid

interface, 425

Chain-breaking

antioxidants, 598

Charge-transfer

(CT) complexes, 674

Charge-transfer-to-solvent

(CTTS) absorption, 269

Chemical stage, 3, 6

Chitin and chitosan, 740

Chrysanthemum

mutation

rate, 948

mutation

spectrum, 949

collision, 29

CMC,

see Carboxymethyl cellulose

CMCht,

see Carboxymethyl chitin

CMChts,

see Carboxymethyl chitosan

CMPO,

see Octylphenyldiisobutylcarbamoylmeth

ylphosphine oxide

Collision dynamics, 55–57

Collision process

cross section and related quantities, 29–32

high-energy

particles with matter (or molecules), 4

ionization

cross section, 47–49

secondary

electrons, 29

theory

and its role, 32–33

vibrationally

excited molecules, 52–55

Computational

human phantoms

absorption fraction (AF)

calculations, MIRD phantoms, 635

internal exposure, 634–635

radionuclides,

634

SAF

vs. distance, 636–637

self-AFs,

six different organs, 635–636

animal

phantoms, 641–642

dosimetry

accidents, 640–641

DSBs,

626

effective dose, 625

organ dose, 624–625

radiation accidents, 624

recommended

radiation weighting factors, 625–626

tissue

weighting factor, 626

electron

effective doses, 634–635

energy

dependency curve, organ doses, 634–635

features,

energy deposition, 633

penetration, 634

Index 1027

elemental compositions and densities, 627

environmental

exposure, 637–639

external

exposure, 624

human

tissue composition, 627

ICRP

reference phantoms, 630

Monte

Carlo radiation transport

calculation,630–631

photon

dose

ratios, Japanese and Caucasian

phantoms,632–633

effective

dose variation, 632

irradiation

geometries, external

exposure,631

low-energy

photons, 631

thyroid

dose comparison, 632–633

variations,

organ doses, 632

proper

body structure, 624

radiation

therapy, 639–640

stylized

phantom, 627–628

S-value,

636–637

voxel phantom, 628–630

Coordination

number, 211

Corey–Pauling

model, 457

Coulomb

explosions

cage

effect, 379

cluster

ion desorption, 489

Coulomb-induced

reaction channels, 380

mechanism,

377

multi-ionized

water molecule, 378

proton

transfer reaction, 379

three-body dissociation channel, 380

triple

ionization, 378

water

dication fragmentation

channels,377–378

Coulombic

interactions, 266

Coulombic

screening effect, 278

Critical

pressure, 407

Critical

temperature, 407

Crossed-beam

methods, 38–39

Cryogenic radiometer, 132

Cu(In,Ga)Se

(CIGS), 843, 845

Dark matter search detector

large

electron multiplier, 908

liquid–gas

dual-phase detector, XMASS II, 909

particle

discrimination capability, 908–909

polytetrauoroethylene,

910

QUPID,

910–911

WArP

prototype detector, 908

XENON10

and XENON100, 910

ZEPLIN

III, 911

Davydov

splitting, 483

DCS, see Differential cross section

DDCS,

see Doubly differential cross section

DEA,

see Dissociative electron attachment

Debye

correction factor, 276

Debye–Smoluchowski

equation, 276, 416

Density-functional

theory (DFT), 66, 72

Deoxyguanosine

cation radical, 531

Deoxyribose

phosphate (dRib) backbone, 506–507

Deprotonation

reactions, 673

Diagonal

disorder, 212

Diatomic

and triatomic molecules, oscillator strength

distribution

, 78–79

O, 77–78

, 75–76

, 76–77

Dielectric

response function, 87–88

Dielectrons,

273

N,N-Di-(2-ethylhexyl)isobutyramide

(DEHiBA),994

Differential

cross section (DCS)

for

elastic electron scattering, 40

measurements

elastic electron scattering, 40

scattering

angles, 40–41

theoretical

form of, 30–31

Diffuse reection infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT),

429–430

Diffusion

coefcient, 276–278

Digimouse

phantom, 641

Digital

storage oscilloscope (DSO), 858

Diiodide

anion radicals, 275–279

N,N′-Dimethyl-N,N′-dioctyl-hexylethoxy-malonamide

(DMDOHEMA)

Direct

methanol type fuel cell (DMFC), 749–750

Direct excitation, 3

Direct

ionization, 3

Disordered

systems, 211–212

Disorder-induced

Anderson localization, 222–223

Disproportionation,

Dissociation

attachment method, 51–52

neutral

fragments, 49–50

Dissociative

electron attachment (DEA), 39, 51

adsorbed

water, radiolysis, 436

anions and resonance, LEE, 484–486

biomolecules

interaction, 505–506

direct-type

effects, 512–513

DNA

damage, 495

resists, 711–712

Distant

collision, 29

DMFC,

see Direct methanol type fuel cell

DNA-

and RNA-oligomers

DNA-dinucleoside

phosphates, 527–528

highly

polymerized DNA, 529–530

longer DNA-oligomers, 528–529

Donor

radical cations

intramolecular

transformations, 257–261

reaction

principles of, 257

steady

state irradiation experiments, 241–242

Doppler

broadening annihilation measurements, 146

Doppler

spectroscopy of hydrogen atoms, 5

Double

strand breaks (DSBs)

biological

relevance, 551–554

DNA damage, 480–481, 495

electron

energy function, 626

enzymatic

repair, 547–550

high

LET radiation, 951

hydration

level, 522

ion

beams, 946

non-DSB

damage, 544

nucleobase

lesions, 544–547

probabilities,

496–497

quantitative

analysis, 480

1028 Index

synchrotron soft x-rays, 554–558

theory

and experimental measurements, 494–495

threshold

energy, 496

water

molecules, 565

Doubly

differential cross section (DDCS), 29

DRIFT,

see Diffuse reection infrared

Fouriertransform

Dry

electrons

efciency

of, 272

with

scavengers, 272–273

solvation dynamics of, 270–272

DSBs,

see Double strand breaks

Dye-sensitized

solar cells (DSSCs), 275

Dynamic

random access memory (DRAM), 854, 857

Dynamic

structure factor, 92–93

EEDF, see Electron energy distribution function

EELS,

see Electron energy loss spectroscopy

Elastic-scattering

cross section, 31

Electric

dipole approximation, 10

Electric

eld effect, positron annihilation, 152–153

Electrochemical

corrosion potential (ECP) modeling, 966,

973–974

Electron

attachment, 3

Electron-beam

attenuation and transport method

swarm

method, 37–38

total scattering cross section, 35–37

Electron

energy distribution function (EEDF), 37

Electron

energy loss spectroscopy (EELS)

vs.

IXS, 99–100

oscillator

strength distribution, 98–99

Electronic

autoionization, 14

Electron-ion

recombination, 3

Electron

localization

Anderson

model

connectivity,

211

coordination number, 211

site

energy, 212

applications

to liquid hydrocarbons, 219–223

derivations

and methods, 213–216

liquid

alkanes, 211–213

scaling

theory, 216–218

and

trapping, 210–211

Electron

mobility

activation

energy, 227

empirical

relationships, 227–229

hopping models theory, 229–230

positron

methods, 149–150

two-state

models theory, 230–231

Electron–molecule

collisions, 28–29

Electron

momentum spectroscopy (EMS), 56–57

Electron

photodetachment, 269–270

Electron

spectrometer, 38–39

Electron

spectroscopy

energy-loss

spectra, 45–46

resonant vibrational excitation, 43–44

rotational

excitation cross section, 42–43

scaled

Born model applications, 46–47

Electron spin magnetic resonance (ESR) dosimetry,

640–641

Electron

stimulated desorption (ESD), 490

Electron

thermalization, 150–152

Electron

transfer process, see Free electron transfer

Electron trapping

features of, 223–224

and localization, 210–211

nonpolar media, 225–226

preexisting

trap models, 224–225

timescale

of, 226

Electron

W-value, 108–111

ELF,

see Energy loss function

ELYSE,

303–307

EMS,

see Electron momentum spectroscopy

Endocrine

disrupting chemicals (EDC), 926, 937

Energy deposition model, 57–58

Energy deposition spectra, 4

Energy-loss channels, 475–476

Energy

loss function (ELF), 96–98

Environmental

gamma rays, 638–639

ESD,

see Electron stimulated desorption

Ethane-1,2-diol

(12ED), 409–410

Excimer

formation, 3

Excited-state

radical reactions, 281–283

Extreme

ultraviolet (EUV) auroral spectra, N

energy level diagram, 781

medium-resolution

spectrum, 784–785

multiple

scattering model, 782

photodissociative

ionization, 782

predissociation

yield determination, 784

state cross sections, 782

state excitation, 780

Rydberg

and valence electronic band systems, 784

spectral

features, 784

Titan

airglow, 782

Titan

dayglow emission feature

identication,782–784

UVIS

disk-averaged dayglow spectrum, 782–783

Extreme

ultraviolet (EUV) resists, 674–675, 711–712

Faraday constant, 975

Far

ultraviolet (FUV) spectrum, N

airglow algorithms, 792

AS85

cross section, 787–788

a-state

emission cross section, 790

atomic oxygen, electron-impact excitation, 792

AURIC model, 790

cascade rates, 766, 791

continuous-slowing-down photoelectron model, 791

dayglow modeling, 788

g-factor, 789

LBH

cross section, 786, 788, 791

LBH

wavelength intervals, 786

MSX FUV auroral spectrum, 786–787

satellite database processing, 789

Fermi momentum transfer, 655

FET,

see Free electron transfer

Fibrous

metal-ion adsorbents

GMA, monomer, 747

uranium adsorbent fabrics, 748–749

First-principles

calculation, 72

Flash-photolysis

time-resolved microwave conductivity

(FP-TRMC),

690

Flash-photolysis transient absorption spectroscopy

(FP-TAS),

690

Index 1029

Flavonoids

basic

structure, 605–606

hydrogen

donors, 606

phenoxyl

radicals, 606

pulse

radiolysis, 606–607

quercetin,

607

redox

reactions, 606

Fluctuation-dissipation

theorem, 93

Fluoropolymers

DMFC, 749–750

partially uorinated-polymer substrates, 753

PEFC,

749–750

peruorinated-polymer

substrate, 751–752

radiation

grafting, 750–751

Folic

acid, 609

FP-TAS,

see Flash-photolysis transient absorption

spectroscopy

FP-TRMC,

see Flash-photolysis time-resolved microwave

conductivity

Free

electron transfer (FET)

characteristics of

benzylsilanes,

249–251

trityl-hetero-substituted

aromatics, 251–253

driving

force of, 253–255

vs.

electron transfer (ET) theories, 256–257

energetics

of, 247–249

molecule

dynamics, 246–247

phenomenon

of, 243–246

reaction

kinetics vs. molecule dynamics, 255–256

Freon

matrices

intramolecular transformations, 257–261

reaction

principles of, 257

steady

state irradiation experiments, 241–242

Fricke

dosimeter, 333

Frog

phantom, 641–642

Fuel

cell polymer electrolyte membranes

aromatic

hydrocarbon polymers

alicyclic

polyimide lm, 755

nylon-MXD6

lm, 755

PEEK, 753–754

monomer, 754

uoropolymers

DMFC, 749–750

partially

uorinated-polymer substrates, 753

PEFC,

749–750

peruorinated-polymer

substrate, 751–752

radiation

grafting, 750–751

Fuel

cycle, radiation chemistry

amide

and diamide radiolysis, 994–995

DIAMEX and TODGA process radiolysis, 995–996

TRUEX

process radiolysis, 996–997

Fulcher-α

band system, 779

Fullerene

, 83–84

Fundamental

process, 1–3

Future perspectives and problems, 6

Gamma radiation effect

clay

mineral effect, 1005–1006

stainless

steel, ECP, 983

waste

package, corrosion effect, 1006–1007

Geminate

ion recombination, 711–712

Generalized

oscillator strength (GOS)

EELS

vs. IXS, 99–100

inelastic electron scattering, 93

and IXS

double differential scattering cross section, 91–92

dynamic

structure factor, 92–93

energy

loss function, 93

uctuation-dissipation

theorem, 93

measurements

by, 94–96

Geosynchronous

transfer orbit (GTO), 843

Glutathione

(GSH), 612

Glutathione

peroxidase (GPx), 613

GMA,

monomer, 747

Goddard high resolution spectrometer (GHRS) spectrum,

796–797

GOS, see Generalized oscillator strength

Green

uorescent proteins (GFP), 583

Guanine

radical cation (G

+•

), 684

Guanosine

5′ -monophosphate (GMP), 568–569

G-value,

333, 342

Haber–Weiss reaction, 382

Hall

mobility, 226

Halogenated

polystyrene-related resists (HPRR), 675

and D atoms

solid

, C

and C

, 808–815

abstraction

reaction, 811

association

reaction, 814

6-n

formation, temperature dependence,

811–813

Comet

C/1996 01 Hale–Bopp, 808

D-atom

spray time, 812–813

electron

spin resonance, 810

FT-IR

spectra, 808–809

gas-phase

ion–molecule reaction, 808

H-atom

desorption, 814

rate

constants, 814–815

rate

controlling process, 810, 813

reaction

products, temperature dependence,

810–811

solar

system, 808

sticking

probability, 812

solid

formaldehyde and methanol

initio calculation, 818

branching

ratio, 825–826

chemical

reactions, 818, 821

molecules, 817

reaction, 824–825

dust grain, 827

FT-IR

spectra, 818–820

H-atom

abstraction reaction, 825

kinetic

energy, 820

molecular

fragmentation channel, 819

paraformaldehyde

powder, 818

PICC,

823–824

polymerization

reaction, 821

recombination process, 821

TDS

spectra, 820, 822–823

temperature dependence, 820, 824

thermal

decomposition, 824

photon ux and cosmic-ray ux, 826–827

Hard

collision, 29

H-atom

spray system, 807