Гусев А.Н. Дисперсионный анализ в экспериментальной психологии
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131
«ß ïðåâðàùåííîå», «ß âòîðÿùåå» (ß1, ß2, ß3 è ß4)
1
.
Êðîìå òîãî ó êàæäîãî èñïûòóåìîãî îöåíèâàëèñü 2 ïîêàçàòå-
ëÿ êîãíèòèâíîãî ñòèëÿ «êîíöåïòóàëüíàÿ äèôôåðåíöèàöèÿ»
(ÊÄ1 è ÊÄ2). Ïî ñòåïåíè îðèãèíàëüíîñòè ìûøëåíèÿ (êðåà-
òèâíîñòè) èñïûòóåìûå áûëè ðàçáèòû íà 2 ãðóïïû ñ âû-
ñîêèìè è áîëåå íèçêèìè ïîêàçàòåëÿìè îðèãèíàëüíîñòè (ìåæ-
ãðóïïîâîé ôàêòîð: 2 óðîâíÿ). Àâòîðîâ äàííîãî èññëåäîâàíèÿ
èíòåðåñîâàë âîïðîñ î ñâÿçè ïîêàçàòåëåé ñóáìîäàëüíîñòåé
ß è óêàçàííîãî âûøå êîãíèòèâíîãî ñòèëÿ ñ óðîâíåì îðèãè-
íàëüíîñòè (êðåàòèâíîñòè) èñïûòóåìûõ.
Îáðàáîòàéòå ïðèâåäåííûå íèæå â òàáëèöå äàííûå ìå-
òîäîì ìíîãîìåðíîãî ÄÀ â îäíîé èç ñòàòèñòè÷åñêèõ ñèñ-
òåì è îöåíèòå âëèÿíèå îðèãèíàëüíîñòè íà 6 óêàçàííûõ
âûøå çàâèñèìûõ ïåðåìåííûõ.
Åñòü ëè ðàçëè÷èå â îöåíêàõ ýôôåêòà ôàêòîðà «îðèãè-
íàëüíîñòü», ïðîâåäåííûõ ñ ïîìîùüþ ìíîãîìåðíûõ òåñ-
òîâ è F-êðèòåðèÿ?
1
×åòûðå ñóáìîäàëüíîñòè ß ðàññìàòðèâàþòñÿ àâòîðîì â ðàìêàõ åãî
ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêîé êîíöåïöèè ìåòàèíäèâèäóàëüíîãî ìèðà êàê íåêèå ñóùíîñòíûå
õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ß (ñì. Äîðôìàí Ë.ß., 19931998).
¹ èñï-ãî ß1 ß2 ß3 ß4 ÊÄ1 ÊÄ2 Îðèãèíàëüíîñòü
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
42
52
41
40
48
44
35
51
39
40
44
47
43
49
44
48
43
48
45
45
46
42
45
50
47
44
41
49
48
47
47
41
54
49
45
40
51
45
43
53
54
49
49
50
48
51
53
46
38
35
31
48
42
21
38
28
36
36
35
34
37
38
39
26
7
12
11
14
6
17
7
10
7
12
33
9
11
17
9
9
10
9
6
7
15
9
12
10
8
7
12
10
7
8
8
7
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
2
2
132
×èñëî
ñò. ñâ.
çíàìå-
íàòåëÿ
×èñëî ñòåïåíåé ñâîáîäû ÷èñëèòåëÿ
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1
161.4 199.5 215.8 224.8 230.0 233.8 236.5 238.6 240.1 242.1
2
18.51 19.00 19.16 19.25 19.30 19.33 19.35 19.37 19.38 19.40
3
10.13 9.55 9.28 9.12 9.01 8.94 8.89 8.85 8.81 8.79
4
7.71 6.94 6.59 6.39 6.26 6.16 6.09 6.04 6.00 5.96
5
6.61 5.79 5.41 5.19 5.05 4.95 4.88 4.82 4.77 4.74
6
5.99 5.14 4.76 4.53 4.39 4.28 4.21 4.15 4.10 4.06
7
5.59 4.74 4.35 4.12 3.97 3.87 3.79 3.73 3.68 3.64
8
5.32 4.46 4.07 3.84 3.69 3.58 3.50 3.44 3.39 3.35
9
5.12 4.26 3.86 3.63 3.48 3.37 3.29 3.23 3.18 3.14
10
4.96 4.10 3.71 3.48 3.33 3.22 3.14 3.07 3.02 2.98
11
4.84 3.98 3.59 3.36 3.20 3.09 3.01 2.95 2.90 2.85
12
4.75 3.89 3.49 3.26 3.11 3.00 2.91 2.85 2.80 2.75
13
4.67 3.81 3.41 3.18 3.03 2.92 2.83 2.77 2.71 2.67
14
4.60 3.74 3.34 3.11 2.96 2.85 2.76 2.70 2.65 2.60
15
4.54 3.68 3.29 3.06 2.90 2.79 2.71 2.64 2.59 2.54
16
4.49 3.63 3.24 3.01 2.85 2.74 2.66 2.59 2.54 2.49
17
4.45 3.59 3.20 2.96 2.81 2.70 2.61 2.55 2.49 2.45
18
4.41 3.55 3.16 2.93 2.77 2.66 2.58 2.51 2.46 2.41
19
4.38 3.52 3.13 2.90 2.74 2.63 2.54 2.48 2.42 2.38
20
4.35 3.49 3.10 2.87 2.71 2.60 2.51 2.45 2.39 2.35
22
4.30 3.44 3.05 2.82 2.66 2.55 2.46 2.40 2.34 2.30
24
4.26 3.40 3.01 2.78 2.62 2.51 2.42 2.36 2.30 2.25
26
4.23 3.37 2.98 2.74 2.59 2.47 2.39 2.32 2.27 2.22
28
4.20 3.34 2.95 2.71 2.56 2.45 2.36 2.29 2.24 2.19
30
4.17 3.32 2.92 2.69 2.53 2.42 2.33 2.27 2.21 2.16
40
4.08 3.23 2.84 2.61 2.45 2.34 2.25 2.18 2.12 2.08
50
4.03 3.18 2.79 2.56 2.40 2.22 2.20 2.13 2.07 2.03
60
4.00 3.15 2.76 2.53 2.37 2.25 2.17 2.10 2.04 1.99
120
3.92 3.07 2.68 2.45 2.29 2.18 2.09 2.02 1.96 1.91
200
3.89 3.04 2.65 2.42 2.26 2.14 2.06 1.98 1.93 1.88
500
3.86 3.01 2.62 2.39 2.23 2.12 2.03 1.96 1.90 1.85
1000
3.85 3.01 2.61 2.38 2.22 2.11 2.02 1.95 1.89 1.84
ÏÐÈËÎÆÅÍÈÅ
Êðèòè÷åñêèå çíà÷åíèÿ F-ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ äëÿ óðîâíÿ çíà÷èìîñòè p = 0.05
133
ÐÅÊÎÌÅÍÄÓÅÌÀß ËÈÒÅÐÀÒÓÐÀ
Àôèôè À., Ýéçåí Ñ. Ñòàòèñòè÷åñêèé àíàëèç. Ïîäõîä ñ èñïîëüçî-
âàíèåì ÝÂÌ. Ì.: Ìèð, 1982.
Ãëàññ Äæ., Ñòýíëè Äæ. Ñòàòèñòè÷åñêèå ìåòîäû â ïåäàãîãèêå è
ïñèõîëîãèè. Ì.: Ïðîãðåññ, 1976.
Ãîòòñäàíêåð Ð. Îñíîâû ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêîãî ýêñïåðèìåíòà. Ì.: Èçä-
âî Ìîñê. óí-òà, 1982.
Êèìáë Ã. Êàê ïðàâèëüíî ïîëüçîâàòüñÿ ñòàòèñòèêîé. Ì.: Ôèíàí-
ñû è ñòàòèñòèêà, 1982.
Êîðíèëîâà Ò.Â. Ââåäåíèå â ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêèé ýêñïåðèìåíò. Ì.:
Èçä-âî Ìîñê. óí-òà; ×åÐî, 1997.
Êóëàè÷åâ À.Ï. Ìåòîäû è ñðåäñòâà àíàëèçà äàííûõ â ñðåäå Windows.
Stadia 6.0. Ì.: Ðîññèéñêîå ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêîå îáùåñòâî, 1998.
Ëàêèí Ã.Ô. Áèîìåòðèÿ. Ì.: Âûñøàÿ øêîëà, 1980.
Íàëèìîâ Â.Â. Òåîðèÿ ýêñïåðèìåíòà. Ì.: Íàóêà, 1971.
Ðóêîâîäñòâî ïîëüçîâàòåëÿ. SPSS Base 8.0. Ì.: ÑÏÑÑ Ðóñü, 1998.
Ðóêîâîäñòâî ïî ïðèìåíåíèþ. SPSS Base 8.0. Ì.: ÑÏÑÑ Ðóñü, 1998.
Ñèäîðåíêî Å.Â. Ìåòîäû ìàòåìàòè÷åñêîé îáðàáîòêè â ïñèõîëî-
ãèè. ÑÏá.: Ñîöèàëüíî-ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð, 1996.
Ñóõîäîëüñêèé Ã.Â. Îñíîâû ìàòåìàòè÷åñêîé ñòàòèñòèêè äëÿ ïñè-
õîëîãîâ. 2-å èçä. ÑÏá.: Èçä-âî ÑÏá. óí-òà, 1998.
Òþðèí Þ.Í., Ìàêàðîâ À.À. Ñòàòèñòè÷åñêèé àíàëèç äàííûõ íà
êîìïüþòåðå. Ì.: Èíôðà-Ì, 1998.
Øàïêèí Ñ.À. Ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíîå èçó÷åíèå âîëåâûõ ïðîöåññîâ.
Ì.: Ñìûñë, 1997.
Øåôôå Ã. Äèñïåðñèîííûé àíàëèç. Ì.: Íàóêà, 1980.
Dancey C., Reidy J. Statistics Without Maths for Psychology. Usung
SPSS for Windows. Prentice Hall, 1999.
Howell D. Fundamental Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences (3rd
ed.). Belmont, CA: Duxbury Press, 1995.
Howell D. Statistical Methods for Psychology (4th ed.). Belmont,
CA: Duxbury Press, 1998.
Levine G. A Guide to SPSS for Analisis of Variance. Lawrence Erlbaum
Associates, Publishers. Hillsdale, 1991.
Kirk R. Experimental Design: Procedures for the Behavioral Sciences.
(3rd ed.) Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole, 1995.
Norusis M. SPSS Inc. SPSS for Windows: Advanced Statistics, Release
6.0. Chicago: SPSS Inc, 1993.
SPSS Advanced Statistics 7.5. Chicago: SPSS Inc, 1997.
134
Ñîäåðæàíèå
ÏÐÅÄÈÑËÎÂÈÅ ............................................................................ 3
ÃËÀÂÀ 1
ÑÓÙÍÎÑÒÜ È ËÎÃÈÊÀ ÄÈÑÏÅÐÑÈÎÍÍÎÃÎ ÀÍÀËÈÇÀ
1.1. ÎÑÍÎÂÍÛÅ ÏÎÍßÒÈß .................................................................... 7
1.2. Ë
ÈÍÅÉÍÀß ÌÎÄÅËÜ ÄÈÑÏÅÐÑÈÎÍÍÎÃÎ ÀÍÀËÈÇÀ ................................... 9
1.3. ÍÓËÅÂÀß ÃÈÏÎÒÅÇÀ Â ÄÀ ............................................................ 10
1.4. ÌÀÒÅÌÀÒÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÄÎÏÓÙÅÍÈß ÄÀ ................................................. 11
1.5. ÏÎÑËÅÄÑÒÂÈß ÍÀÐÓØÅÍÈß ÄÎÏÓÙÅÍÈÉ ÄÀ ..................................... 12
1.6. ÊÐÈÒÅÐÈÈ ÏÐÎÂÅÐÊÈ ÎÄÍÎÐÎÄÍÎÑÒÈ ÄÈÑÏÅÐÑÈÉ ............................. 13
1.7. ÎÁÙÀß ËÎÃÈÊÀ ÄÀ ................................................................... 13
ÃËÀÂÀ 2
ÎÄÍÎÔÀÊÒÎÐÍÛÉ ÄÈÑÏÅÐÑÈÎÍÍÛÉ ÀÍÀËÈÇ
2.1. ÏÐÎÖÅÄÓÐÀ ÎÖÅÍÊÈ .-ÎÒÍÎØÅÍÈß ............................................... 19
2.2. ÏÐÎÖÅÄÓÐÛ ÌÍÎÆÅÑÒÂÅÍÍÎÃÎ ÑÐÀÂÍÅÍÈß ÑÐÅÄÍÈÕ Â ÄÀ ................... 24
2.3. ÄÀ Ñ ÂÛÁÎÐÊÀÌÈ ÍÅÐÀÂÍÎÃÎ ÐÀÇÌÅÐÀ .......................................... 28
2.4. ÎÖÅÍÊÀ ÑÈËÛ ÔÀÊÒÎÐÍÎÃÎ ÝÔÔÅÊÒÀ ............................................. 29
2.5. Î ÄÂÓÕ ÌÎÄÅËßÕ ÄÈÑÏÅÐÑÈÎÍÍÎÃÎ ÀÍÀËÈÇÀ ................................... 31
ÊÎÍÒÐÎËÜÍÛÅ ÂÎÏÐÎÑÛ .......................................................... 31
2.6. ÐÀÁÎÒÀ Ñ ÎÄÍÎÔÀÊÒÎÐÍÛÌ ÄÈÑÏÅÐÑÈÎÍÍÛÌ ÀÍÀËÈÇÎÌ
Â
ÑÒÀÒÈÑÒÈ×ÅÑÊÎÉ ÑÈÑÒÅÌÅ STADIA 6.0 ................................... 32
2.7. ÐÀÁÎÒÀ Ñ ÎÄÍÎÔÀÊÒÎÐÍÛÌ ÄÈÑÏÅÐÑÈÎÍÍÛÌ ÀÍÀËÈÇÎÌ
Â
ÑÒÀÒÈÑÒÈ×ÅÑÊÎÉ ÑÈÑÒÅÌÅ SPSS 8.0.1 .................................... 36
ÇÀÄÀÍÈß ............................................................................. 41
ÃËÀÂÀ 3
ÄÂÓÕÔÀÊÒÎÐÍÛÉ ÄÈÑÏÅÐÑÈÎÍÍÛÉ ÀÍÀËÈÇ
3.1. ÎÑÎÁÅÍÍÎÑÒÈ ÄÂÓÕÔÀÊÒÎÐÍÎÃÎ ÄÀ .............................................. 43
3.2. ËÈÍÅÉÍÀß ÌÎÄÅËÜ ÄÂÓÕÔÀÊÒÎÐÍÎÃÎ ÄÀ ........................................ 45
3.3. ÏÐÎÁËÅÌÀ ÂÇÀÈÌÎÄÅÉÑÒÂÈß ÔÀÊÒÎÐÎÂ ......................................... 46
3.4. ÎÁÐÀÁÎÒÊÀ ÄÀÍÍÛÕ ÄÂÓÕÔÀÊÒÎÐÍÎÃÎ ÝÊÑÏÅÐÈÌÅÍÒÀ ........................ 49
3.5. ÌÍÎÆÅÑÒÂÅÍÍÛÅ ÑÐÀÂÍÅÍÈß ÑÐÅÄÍÈÕ
Â
ÄÂÓÕÔÀÊÒÎÐÍÎÌ ÄÀ ............................................................. 55
3.6. ÎÖÅÍÊÀ ÂÅËÈ×ÈÍÛ ÔÀÊÒÎÐÍÎÃÎ ÝÔÔÅÊÒÀ ....................................... 56
3.7. ÎÖÅÍÊÀ ÏÐÎÑÒÛÕ ÝÔÔÅÊÒÎÂ ........................................................ 57
3.8. ÄÂÓÕÔÀÊÒÎÐÍÛÉ ÄÀ Ñ ÂÛÁÎÐÊÀÌÈ ÍÅÐÀÂÍÎÃÎ ÐÀÇÌÅÐÀ ................... 61
3.9. ÑËÎÆÍÎÑÒÈ ÄÀ Ñ ÁÎËÜØÈÌ ÊÎËÈ×ÅÑÒÂÎÌ ÔÀÊÒÎÐΠ...................... 61
ÊÎÍÒÐÎËÜÍÛÅ ÂÎÏÐÎÑÛ ........................................................... 64
135
3.10. Ð
ÀÁÎÒÀ Ñ ÄÂÓÕÔÀÊÒÎÐÍÛÌ ÄÈÑÏÅÐÑÈÎÍÍÛÌ ÀÍÀËÈÇÎÌ
Â
ÑÒÀÒÈÑÒÈ×ÅÑÊÎÉ ÑÈÑÒÅÌÅ STADIA 6.0 ................................... 65
3.11. ÐÀÁÎÒÀ Ñ ÄÂÓÕÔÀÊÒÎÐÍÛÌ ÄÈÑÏÅÐÑÈÎÍÍÛÌ ÀÍÀËÈÇÎÌ
Â
ÑÒÀÒÈÑÒÈ×ÅÑÊÎÉ ÑÈÑÒÅÌÅ SPSS 8.0.1 .................................... 71
ÇÀÄÀÍÈß .............................................................................. 80
ÃËÀÂÀ 4
ÄÈÑÏÅÐÑÈÎÍÍÛÉ ÀÍÀËÈÇ ÄÀÍÍÛÕ Ñ ÏÎÂÒÎÐÍÛÌÈ ÈÇÌÅÐÅÍÈßÌÈ
4.1. ÎÑÎÁÅÍÍÎÑÒÈ ÄÀ Ñ ÏÎÂÒÎÐÍÛÌÈ ÈÇÌÅÐÅÍÈßÌÈ ............................ 84
4.2. ÑÒÐÓÊÒÓÐÍÀß ÌÎÄÅËÜ ÄÀ Ñ ÏÎÂÒÎÐÍÛÌÈ ÈÇÌÅÐÅÍÈßÌÈ ................... 86
4.3. ÑÒÀÒÈÑÒÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÊÐÈÒÅÐÈÈ È ÏÐÅÄÏÎËÎÆÅÍÈß, ÈÑÏÎËÜÇÓÅÌÛÅ
Â
ÄÀ Ñ ÏÎÂÒÎÐÍÛÌÈ ÈÇÌÅÐÅÍÈßÌÈ .......................................... 87
4.4. ÏÐÈÌÅÐ ÎÁÐÀÁÎÒÊÈ ÎÄÍÎÔÀÊÒÎÐÍÎÃÎ ÝÊÑÏÅÐÈÌÅÍÒÀ
Ñ
ÏÎÂÒÎÐÍÛÌÈ ÈÇÌÅÐÅÍÈßÌÈ ................................................... 89
4.5. ÄÂÓÕÔÀÊÒÎÐÍÛÉ ÄÀ Ñ ÂÍÓÒÐÈÃÐÓÏÏÎÂÛÌÈ
È
ÌÅÆÃÐÓÏÏÎÂÛÌÈ ÔÀÊÒÎÐÀÌÈ ................................................. 93
ÊÎÍÒÐÎËÜÍÛÅ ÂÎÏÐÎÑÛ ......................................................... 101
4.6. ÎÁÐÀÁÎÒÊÀ ÄÀÍÍÛÕ Ñ ÏÎÂÒÎÐÍÛÌÈ ÈÇÌÅÐÅÍÈßÌÈ
Â
ÑÒÀÒÈÑÒÈ×ÅÑÊÎÉ ÑÈÑÒÅÌÅ STADIA 6.0 ................................. 102
4.7. ÎÁÐÀÁÎÒÊÀ ÄÀÍÍÛÕ Ñ ÏÎÂÒÎÐÍÛÌÈ ÈÇÌÅÐÅÍÈßÌÈ
Â
ÑÒÀÒÈÑÒÈ×ÅÑÊÎÉ ÑÈÑÒÅÌÅ SPSS 8.01 ................................... 104
ÇÀÄÀÍÈß ............................................................................ 113
ÃËÀÂÀ 5
ÌÍÎÃÎÌÅÐÍÛÉ ÄÈÑÏÅÐÑÈÎÍÍÛÉ ÀÍÀËÈÇ MANOVA
5.1. ÑÏÅÖÈÔÈÊÀ ÌÍÎÃÎÌÅÐÍÎÃÎ ÄÀ ................................................ 116
5.2. ÄÎÏÓÙÅÍÈß ÌÍÎÃÎÌÅÐÍÎÃÎ ÄÀ ................................................. 118
5.3. ÌÍÎÃÎÌÅÐÍÛÅ ÊÐÈÒÅÐÈÈ ÄËß ÎÖÅÍÊÈ ÔÀÊÒÎÐÍÛÕ ÝÔÔÅÊÒÎÂ ............ 118
ÊÎÍÒÐÎËÜÍÛÅ ÂÎÏÐÎÑÛ ......................................................... 120
5.4. ÏÐÈÌÅÐ ÎÁÐÀÁÎÒÊÈ ÄÀÍÍÛÕ ÌÍÎÃÎÌÅÐÍÛÌ ÄÀ ............................. 120
ÇÀÄÀÍÈß ............................................................................ 129
ÏÐÈËÎÆÅÍÈÅ .......................................................................... 132
ÐÅÊÎÌÅÍÄÓÅÌÀß ËÈÒÅÐÀÒÓÐÀ ....................................................... 133
ÀËÅÊÑÅÉ ÍÈÊÎËÀÅÂÈ× ÃÓÑÅÂ
ÄÈÑÏÅÐÑÈÎÍÍÛÉ ÀÍÀËÈÇ Â ÝÊÑÏÅÐÈÌÅÍÒÀËÜÍÎÉ
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ÊÎÌÏÜÞÒÅÐÍÀß ÂÅÐÑÒÊÀ È ÄÈÇÀÉÍ ÎÁËÎÆÊÈ À.È.×ÅÊÀËÈÍÎÉ
Ó×ÅÁÍÎ-ÌÅÒÎÄÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ ÊÎËËÅÊÒÎÐ «ÏÑÈÕÎËÎÃÈß»
ËÈÖÅÍÇÈß ¹ 00451 îò 15 íîÿáðÿ 1999 ã.
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103009, Ã. ÌÎÑÊÂÀ, ÓË. Á. ÍÈÊÈÒÑÊÀß, Ä. 4.
ÒÅË. (095)203-35-71, ÒÅË./ÔÀÊÑ (095)203-35-65.
E-MAIL: COLLECT@MAIL.RU.
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ÁÓÌÀÃÀ ÎÔÑÅÒÍÀß. ÃÀÐÍÈÒÓÐÀ TIMESET. ÓÑË. ÏÅ×.Ë. 8,5