Guozhong Cao. Nanostructures & Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties & Applications
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426
Index
BCF theory
117
Bessel function 3 16
Bi nanowires 375
biological cell electrodes 238
biotin-avidin linkage 396
block copolymers 242
block polymers 97
blue/green lasers 400
blue/green light-emitting diodes 400
bottom-up approaches 4,7
Bragg’s law 331
Brownian motion 33, 34, 36
buckminster fullerene 230
buckyball 230,395
Cs0 molecule 230
cantilever based sensors 402
capillary condensation 343
capillary forces
capping material 74
carbon aerogels 249
carbon fibers 404
carbon fullerenes
6
carbon nanotube composites 268
carbon nanotube transistors 393
carbon nanotubes 6, 143, 230, 232,318,
catalyst growth mechanism 237
catalytic carbon filament growth 237
cathode deposition 147
cathodoluminescence 346
cationic surfactants 239
CdS nanoparticles
CdSe nanoparticles 75, 97,
100,
101,
CdSe/CdS core/shell nanostructure 103
CdSe/ZnS core/shell nanostructure I02
CdTe nanoparticles 75, 100
Cd,Zn,-,S nanoparticles 91
centrifugation deposition
161
ceramic processing 25
charge determining ions 32
charge-exchange model 305
chemical solution deposition (CSD) 223
chemical vapor deposition (CVD) 161,
chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) 196,268
chemisorption 207, 344
citrate reduction 258
158, 207, 246, 3
15
376,394,395,404
80, 99,
100,
356
334, 346
189,408,410
CMC 240
Cofilm 373
co-ions or coions 32
coating 220, 257
coating thickness 220
colloidal dispersions I5
1
composition segregation 19
condensation reaction 82,256
conformal near field photolithography 284
constant current mode 294
constant voltage mode 294
consumable templates
162
contact-mode photolithography 28
1
controlled release of ions 87
core-shell structure 257
Coulomb blockade 377,394
Coulomb charging 375, 377
Coulombic force 34
Coulombic staircase 377
counter ions 33
covalently linked assembly 3 19
critical coating thickness 222
critical energy barrier 55, 94, 175
critical micellar concentration (CMC)
critical nucleus size 55, 94, 175
Cu nanoparticles 90
Curie temperature 381
Czochraski crystal growth 23, 129
240
dc sputtering 187
d-spacing 33
1
de Broglie relationship 338
de Broglie’s wavelength
5,
290, 367,
Debye-Huckel screening strength 35
deep Ultra-Violet lithography (DUV)
defect scattering 372
delivery
of
therapeutic agents 394
dendrimers 395
depolarizatjon field 380
deprotonation 85
diamond films 197
diffusion barrier 42
diffusion layer
152
diffusion-limited growth 42, 58, 86
dip-coating 220
dip-pen nanolithography 3 13
370,374
282
Index
427
dipolar oscillation 363
discrete charging 377
discrete electronic configuration 367, 377
dislocations 178
dislocation-diffusion theory 120
dispersion interactions 3 16
dissolution-condensation growth
I
12, 123
DLVO theory 38
DNA templating 164
domain structures 382
double layer structure 34, 152
dye-sensitized solar cells 407
dynamic force microscopy 342
dynamic mode 403
dynamic
SIMS
351
effusion cells 185
elastic modulus microscopy 342
elastic scattering 336, 372
elastomeric stamp 308
elastoplasticity 361
electric-field assisted assembly 3
18
electrical self-bias field 235
electrically configurable switches 393
electrochemical cell 267
electrochemical deposition 144
electrochemical etching
410
electrochemical methods 233
electrochemical vapor deposition (EVD)
electrochemically induced sol-gel
electrodeposition 144
electrointercalation 267
electroless deposition 149
electroless electrolysis 149
electrolysis 147
electrolytic cell 147
electromagnetic spectrum 347
electron beam evaporation 185
electron beam lithography
electron cyclotron resonance (ECR)
electron density 333
electron field emission tips 238
electron mean free path 371
electron scattering 285, 338, 371
electron tunneling 292
196
deposition 156
165, 284, 393,
41
1
plasma 195
electrophoresis I53
electrophoretic deposition 15
1
electroplating 144
electrospinning 164
electrostatic fiber processing 164
electrostatic force 34, 207, 314
electrostatic force microscopy 341
electrostatic interaction 3 14
electrostatic repulsion 35, 38
electrostatic stabilization 38,
152
electrosteric stabilization 47
emulsion polymerizations 98, 260, 261
energy barrier 55, 94, I75
energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
entropic force 33, 34
enzyme immobilization 209
epitaxial aggregation 253
epitaxy 177
equilibrium crystal 21
equilibrium vapor pressure 183
Euler’s theorem 23
1
evanescent wave regime 296
evanescent waves 296
evaporation 183
evaporation-induced self-assembly 265
evaporation-condensation process
1
12,
excimer laser micromachining 321
excimer lasers 282
extinction coefficient 366
extreme UV (EUV) lithography 282
(EDS) 349
1
I9
F-face 117
far-field regime 297
fatty acid monolayers 378
Fe304 nanoparticles
101
ferroelastic 382
ferroelectrics 380
ferroelectric-paraelectric
transition 380
ferromagnetic 382
FIB
deposition
289
FIB
etching 289
field effect transistor (FET) 393
field emitters 404
field evaporation 299, 303
field-assisted diffusion 299
field-gradient induced surface diffusion
305
Index
field-ion microscopy 303
flat panel display 405
flat surfaces 117
flocculation 39
Flory-Huggins theta temperature
44
flow sensors 238
fluorescence 347
focused ion beam
(FIB)
289,393
focused ion beam (FIB) lithography
288
forced hydrolysis
85
formation of cracks 222
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
Frank-van der Menve growth 174
Fraunhofer diffraction 282
Fresnel diffraction 282
Fuchs-Sondheimer theory 373
fullerene crystals 232
fullerene solids 230
fullerenes 230
fullerites 232
(FTIR) 348
GaAs nanoparticles 79,89,96
GaAs nanowires 142
GaInP, nanoparticles 78
Ga,O, nanowires 139
galvanic cell 146
GaN nanoparticles
8
1
GaN nanowires 140,375
GaP nanoparticles 78
GaP nanowires 135
gas adsorption isotherm 343
gas impingement flux 180
gas-phase hydrothermal crystallization 408
Ge nanowires 131, 134, 138
gene replacement 395
GeO, nanowires 139
Gibbs-Thompson relation 28
gold nanoparticle 4, 63, 67, 89, 90, 95,
363, 366,370,377, 394,397,411
gold-silica core-shell structure 257
good solvent 43
Gouy layer 34
grain boundary scattering 374
graphene 232
graphite
230
gravitational field assisted assembly 3 19
growth mechanisms
of
zeolite 252
growth steps 359
growth termination 99
growth-limited process 58
Hall-Petch relationship 268, 360
Hamaker constants 36
Hamaker theory 3 17
hardness 360
heatmode 403
helical nanostructures 121
hetero-condensation 83
heteroatoms 255
heteroepitaxial growth 125
heteroepitaxy
175,
177
heterogeneous nucleation 93, 174
heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT)
heterojunction materials 406
hexagonal faces 230
hexagonal or cubic packing of cylindrical
hexagons 231
hierarchically structured mesoporous
high-resolution spectral filters 409
highest occupied molecular orbital
highly oriented pyrolitic graphite (HOPG)
hollow metal tubules 148
holographic lithography 41 0
homoepitaxy 175, 177
homogeneous nucleation 53
horizontal lifting 21 6
Huckel equation 154
hydrated antimony oxide 374
hydrogenation
of
unsaturated
hydrocarbons 397
hydrolysis reaction 82
hydrophilicity 207
hydrophobic interactions 3
14
hydrophobicity 207
hydrothermal growth 126
hydrothermal synthesis 25
1
hysteresis 383
image-hump model 305
imperfections 358
400
micelles 240
materials 245
(HOMO)
345
95
428
Index
429
imprint lithography 393
impurity enrichment 19
incident rate 180
incorporation of organic components
indium tin oxide
(ITO)
243
inelastic scattering 336, 372
infrared
(IR)
spectroscopy 345, 347
InGa03(ZnO), superlattice structure 205
inhomogeneous strains 33
1
InP nanocrystals 78, 368
InP nanoparticles 78
InP nanowires 135, 141, 370
intercalation method 238
intercalation compounds 266
intermolecular conduction 379
intramolecular conduction 379
ion beam lithography 165
ion bombardment 405
ion exchange 266
ion implantation 268
ion plating 188
ionic spectrometry 350
iron particles 384
island (or Volmer-Weber) growth 95, 174
island-layer (or Stranski-Krastanov)
249
growth 95, 174, 401
Kelvin equation 130, 136, 343
Kelvin probe microscopy 341
kinked surfaces (K-face)
I
17
Knudsen cells 185
Knudsen diffusion 196
Knudsen number 181
KSV theory
1
16
laminar flow 182
Langmuir films 2 15
Langmuir-Blodgett films (LB films)
Laplace equation 246
laser ablation 184, 233
laser direct writing 321
laser enhanced or assisted CVD
lascrs 399
lattice mismatch 177
layer (or Frank-van der Merwe) growth
213, 300
194
95, 174
layer-by-layer growth 253
layer-by-layer stacking 41
0
layer-island growth 95, 174,401
leaching a phase separated glass
245
lead titanate 355, 381
LIGA 321
light emitting diodes 409
light forces 290
light-absorbing dye
407
liquid chromatography 23 1
liquid metal ion (LMI) source 288
lithography 278
local oxidation and passivation 303
localized chemical vapor deposition 303
logic functions 393
lowest unoccupied molecular orbital
(LUMO) 345
LPCVD (low pressure CVD) 194
luminescence 346, 368
macroporous 238
magnetic force microscopy 295, 341
magnetron sputtering 188
Matthiessen’s rule 371
MCM-41 241
MCM-48 241
mean diffusion distance
1
15
mean free path
mechanical properties 357
mechanical strength 358
membrane-based synthesis 260
mesopores 343
mesoporous 238
mesoporous materials 143
metal alloy nanoparticles 74
metal catalyst 235
metal nanoparticles 393
metal-to-semiconductor transition 375
metallic colloidal dispersions 63
metal-polymer core-shell structures
micelles 96, 239
microcontact printing 308
microemulsion 96, 121
micromolding in capillaries 3 10
micropores 343
microporous 238
microtransfer molding 3 10
179, 185, 371
260
430
Index
Mietheory 362
Miller indices 21
mineralizing agent 25
1
miniature bull 9
MOCVD (metalorganic
CVD)
194
molding 310
molecular beam epitaxy
(MBE)
185,401
molecular density 180
molecular electronics 392
molecular electronics toolbox 394
molecular flow 18 1
molecular labeling 396
molecular layer epitaxy
(MLE)
199
molecular person 9
molecular recognition 393, 396
monolayers 393
mononuclear growth 59
Moore’s law
4
multi-pole oscillation 364
multi-wall carbon nanotube
(MWCNT)
232
nano-rings 12 1
nanobelts 120
nanobiotechnology
396
nanobots 6, 394
nanochannel array glass 143
nanocomposites 238,263,267
nanocomputers 393
nanocrystals 53, 395, 396
nanoelectronics 392
nanograined materials 267
nanoimprint 3 10
nanolithography 29 1
nanomanipulation 29 1, 298
nanomechanical sensor 403
nanomedicine 5, 394
nanoparticle seeding 125
nanoparticle superlattices 3 17
nanoparticles 30, 3 15, 395
nanorobots 5, 394
nanoscience 3
nanosensors 402
nanosurgery 395
nanotechnology
1
nanotwizers 402
nanowires 3 18
nanowires of the 111-V materials
132
near-field coupling 41 1
near-field photolithography 165
near-field regime 297
near-field scanning optical microscopy
negative differential resistance 393
Nernst equation
32,33,
145,218
neutral atomic beam lithography 290
Ni nanoparticles 95, 383
noble metal nanoparticles 41
1
non-adsorbing polymer
44
non-oxide semiconductor nanoparticles
nonionic surfactants 239
NSOM 292,296,342
numerical aperture 337
292,296, 342
74
oligonucleotides 396
optical absorption 368
optical labeling 395
optical switching and logic devices 400
ordered mesoporous complex metal oxides
ordered mesoporous materials 6, 239
order-disorder transition 2 16
organic aerogels 249
organic-inorganic hybrid fibers 164
organic-inorganic hybrid zeolites 256
organic-inorganic hybrids 223, 263
organometallic vapor phase epitaxy
organosilicon derivatives
208
organosulfur compound 2 10
ormocers 263
ormosils 263
oscillation 362
osmotic flow 40
Ostwald ripening
oxidation
of
carbon monoxide 397
oxidation of hydrocarbons 397
oxide nanoparticles 81
oxide-polymer structures 261
242
(OMVPE) 195
11, 24, 25, 30, 65, 74,
76,86
parallel process 298
paramagnetic 382
PbS nanoparticles
80
PbTi03 355,381
Index
43
1
Pd nanoparticles 65,68
PECVD 188, 194,233,237
pentagonal faces 230
pentagons 23
1
periodic bond chain
(PBC)
theory
perpendicular processes 298
phase masks 283
phase shifters 283
phase-shifting photolithography 283
phosphorescence 347
photoactive polymer 279
photochemical deposition 321
photoelectrochemical cells 406
photolithography 279
photoluminescence 345, 346
photolytical deposition 321
photonic crystals 409
photonic-band-gap 409
photoresist 279
photovoltaic cells 406
physical adsorption 343
physical vapor deposition (PVD) 182
piezoelectrics 380
plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition
plasma etching 188
plasmon bandwidth 366
plasmon oscillation 41 1
plasmon waveguides 41
1
point of zero charge (P.z.c.)
poly-nuclear growth 59
polyheterocyclic fibris 379
polymer layers 45
polymer nanoparticles 98
polymer nanotubules 150
polymer particles 98, 99
polymer stabilizers 72
polymeric stabilization 42
polymeric stabilizers 63
poor solvent 43
pore volume 343
Porod’s law 335
porous nanocrystalline titania 407
porous silicon 143
porous solids 238
powder metallurgy 25
primary minimum 39
projection printing 281
1
15
(PECVD) 188,194,233,237
32
protic solvent 43
proton conductivity 374
proximity printing 28
1
Pt nanoparticles 65, 70, 72
pulsed electrodeposition 148
purification 238
pyroelectrics 380
pyrolysis 233
pyrolysis growth 237
pyrolytical deposition 32
1
pn injection diode 400
pn junction materials 406
quantum dot heterostructures 401
quantum dot lasers 401
quantum dots 53
quantum resistors 238
quantum well electroabsorption and
electro-optic modulators 400
quantum well infrared photodetectors
400
quantum well lasers 399
quantum wells 399
radiation track-etched mica 143
radiation track-etched polymer membranes
radiation-track etching 245
Raman scattering 38 1
Raman spectroscopy 345, 348
random doping fluctuations
11
rate of nucleation 56
Rayleigh instability 355
Rayleigh scattering 349
Rayleigh’s equation 28
1
reactive ion etching (RIE) 188
reactive sputtering I88
reduction of nitrogen oxides 397
reduction reagents 67
reflection high energy electron diffraction
(NEED) 185
relativistic effect 397
replica molding 3
10
repulsive barrier 39
residence time
1
15
resist 279
reversible spontaneous polarization 380
Reynolds number 18
1
143
432
Index
RF
sputtering 187
Rh
nanoparticles 64
rough surface 130
roughening transition 23, 137
Rutherford backscattering spectrometry
(RBS)
350
scanning acoustic microscope 295
scanning capacitance microscope 295
scanning capacitance microscopy 341
scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
scanning probe microscopy (SPM) 7,
scanning probe tip 238
scanning thermal microscopy 341
scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) 7,
Schaefer’s method 21
6
Scherrer’s formula 33
1
Schottky barrier 299
secondary ion mass spectrometry
(SIMS)
secondary minimum
39
sedimentation method 3 19
seeding nucleation 74
selected-area diffraction (SAD) 339
self assembled
(SA)
multilayer 210
self assembled monolayer (SAM) 308
self-assembly 205,249, 257, 262, 314
self-assembly of monodispersed spherical
self-limiting growth 199
self-purification
1
1,
353
semiconductor-to-insulator transition
sensors 393
shadow printing 281
shear force assisted assembly 3 18
Si nanowires
silane coupling agents 258
silica colloids 81
silica nanowires 140
silicon pillars 410
single molecular electronics 395
single molecular transistors 393
single-wall carbon nanotube 232
sintering 24
336
291,340,402
292,340
351
colloids 410
375
13
1, 142, 339, 369, 375
Si02 nanoparticles 89
size-selective precipitation 74,78
sliding process 299
slip casting 159
slip plane
153
small angle X-ray scattering
(SAXS)
sodium chloride whisker 359
soft
lithography 308
soft organic elastomeric polymers 284
sol-gel processing 82, 155,240,245,
solar cells 406
solution filling 160
solution- liquid-solid
(SLS)
growth 140
solvent exchange 249
specific surface area 343
specular scattering 372
spin-coating 22
1
spiral growth 1 17
SPM 7,29
1,
340,402
SPM-based nanolithography 303
spontaneous growth
11
1
spontaneous magnetization 383
sputtering 186
static mode 403
static SIMS 351
step-growth theory 1
16
step surfaces (S-face)
I
17
steric stabilization 42
Stern layer 34, 152
STM 7,292, 340
Stober method 85, 259
Stokes scattering 349
strain energy 176,
I78
Stranski-Krastanov growth 95, 174,401
stress-induced recrystallization 142
structure-directing agent 25 1, 253
subsequent growth 56
subsequent polymerization 261
supercritical drying 245, 247
supercritical point 247
superlattice 204
superparamagnetics 382
superparamagnetism 3 5 3
supersaturation
53
surface adsorption 19
surface atomic density
18
333
408
Index
433
surface charge density 32
surface diffusion coefficient
1
15
surface energy
1
1,54
surface growth limited process 114
surface plasmon resonance 353,362,411
surface potential 33
surface relaxation 18
surface restructuring 18
surface roughening 23
surface scattering 353, 365, 372
surfactants 97
SWCNT 232
template 164
template filling 157
Template-assisted assembly 3 19
template-directed reaction 162
temporally discrete nucleation 74
thermal
CVD
237
thermochemical deposition 32
1
thermometers 394
thermoplastic polymer 3 12
theta state 44
thiol-gold bonds 396
thiol-stabilized gold nanoparticles 398
Thompson model 372
TiOz film 199,407
Ti02 nanorods 157
Ti02 particles 98
tip growth 237
tissue regeneration 395
TO, tetrahedra 249
top-down approaches 4,7
transistors
5
transition metal catalysts 237
transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
tunneling conduction 375, 377
tunneling junctions 393
turbulent flow 182
twinned structure 354
two-photon polymerization
9
338
uniform elastic strain 33
1
van der Waals attraction force
36,
294,
vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) growth
127,
vapor phase deposition 257
vapor-solid (VS) process
1
12
vertical deposition 2
I5
vibrational frequency of adatom
vibrational spectroscopy 345
viologen 394
viscous
flow
181
visible light scattering 336
VLS
growth 127,237
Volmer-Weber growth 95, 174
314
237
1
15
waveguides 409
Wulffplot 21, 118
Wulff relationship 354
X-ray diffraction
(XRD)
331
X-ray fluorescence 346
X-ray lithography 165,287
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)
185,349
xerogel 245
Y203 nanoparticles
101
Y203:Eu
nanoparticles 87
yield strength 360
Young’s equation 95,
I75
Young-Laplace equation 26
zeolites 143, 249
zero-point charge (z.P.c.) 32
zeta potential 153
ZnO
nanoparticles 88
ZnO nanowires 138
ZnS film 201
ZnS nanoparticles
100,
101
ZrOz nanoparticles 100