86
4.10. Ƚɦɣɺɨɣɠ ɟɝɣɞɛɭɠɦɷɨɩɤ ɨɛɞɫɮɢɥɣ ɨɛ ɪɠɫɠɰɩɟɨɶɤ ɪɫɩɱɠɬɬ
4.10.1. Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɹ
ɉɨɞ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɚɫɢɧ-
ɯɪɨɧɧɵɟ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ, ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɵ ɢ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɭɸ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ.
ɂɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɯ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨ-
ɪɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɵɯ, ɢ ɞɥɹ ɚɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɵɯ
ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ
ɨɛɳɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɫɜɟɪɯɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ-
ɫɬɹɦɢ
()
cc
ɢ ɫɜɟɪɯɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɗȾɋ (E
cc
). Ⱦɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ
ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɹ, ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ
ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɩɨɞ-
ɩɢɬɤɢ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɭɱɟɬɚ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟ-
ɧɟɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɨɫɢɬ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɣ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ: ɬɢɩɚ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟ-
ɥɹ, ɟɝɨ
ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɦɵ-
ɤɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ.
ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɨɳɧɨɣ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ
ɞɥɹ ɫɟɬɟɣ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ 6–10 ɤȼ ɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɚɥɨɦɨɳɧɨɣ –
ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ 0,4 ɤȼ.
Ɍɨɤ, ɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɭɟɦɵɣ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɟ ɚɩɩɚ-
ɪɚɬɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ (Ɋɍ) 6–10 ɤȼ ɩɨ ɭɫ-
ɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɯ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɩɪɢ ɜɵɛɨɪɟ ɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ
ɪɟɥɟɣɧɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɨɣ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚ-
ɧɢɹ. ɋ ɷɬɨɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɚɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨ-
ɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɬɨɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ
0t ɢ
– ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɬɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨ-
ɝɨ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɹ.
ɇɢɠɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧ-
ɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ.
4.10.2. ɋɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɵɟ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɵ
ɋɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɵɟ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ (ɋȾ) ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɫɢɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤ-
ɬɪɨɩɪɢɜɨɞɚ, ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɵ (ɋɄ) ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ
(ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ) ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɠɢɦɚɦɢ ɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɫɨ-
ɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ: ɪɟɠɢɦ ɧɟɞɨɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ.
ɇɟɞɨɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬ ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ;
ɟɝɨ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɚɹ
q
E
, ɪɚɜɧɨ ɤɚɤ ɢ ɫɜɟɪɯɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɚɹ E
cc
ɗȾɋ, ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɩɨɞ-
ɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ
0
U . ɉɟɪɟɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ