Фукс В.Р., Мичурин А.Н. Истоки Ойясио

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ìèêè âîëíîâûõ äâèæåíèé â ýòèõ ìàñøòàáàõ ÿâëÿåòñÿ èõ äèíàìè÷åñêàÿ íåóñ-

òîé÷èâîñòü, ïðèâîäÿùàÿ ê òðàíñôîðìàöèè âîëíîâîé ýíåðãèè â ýíåðãèþ êðóï-

íîìàñøòàáíûõ âèõðåé. Îäíèì ñëîâîì, èññëåäóåìîå ÿâëåíèå íàñòîëüêî ñëîæ-

íî, ÷òî íå âñåãäà ìîæíî âûäåëèòü ýëåìåíòàðíûå âîëíîâûå ñîñòàâëÿþùèå

íà ôîíå ñóùåñòâóþùåãî ìíîãîîáðàçèÿ ðàçëè÷íûõ ïðîöåññîâ.

Ðèñ. 5.26. Äèñïåðñèîííûå êðèâûå äëÿ

âîëíû Ðîññáè. Òî÷êè

ñîîòâåòñòâóþò çíà÷åíèÿì,

âûäåëåííûì

ïðîñòðàíñòâåííî-âðåìåííûì

àíàëèçîì ÒÏÎ.

Ðèñ. 5.25. Äèñïåðñèîííûå êðèâûå äëÿ ïåðâûõ äâóõ ìîä øåëüôîâûõ âîëí è äâîéíûõ

âîëí Êåëüâèíà — I è äëÿ âîëíû Êåëüâèíà — II (èç [5]), ïîñ÷òðîåííûå äëÿ

Êóðèëî — Êàì÷àòñêîãî æåëîáà. Ïðîýêñòðàïîëèðîâàííûå êðèâûå — III.

Òî÷êè ñîîòâåòñòâóþò çíà÷åíèÿì, âûäåëåííûì ïðîñòðàíñòâåííî —

âðåìåííûì àíàëèçîì ÒÏÎ.

Îéÿñèî. Î÷åâèäíî, ÷òî âçàèìîäåé-

ñòâèå âîëí ñ òå÷åíèÿìè äîëæíî ñó-

ùåñòâåííûì îáðàçîì âëèÿòü íà ðàñ-

ïîëîæåíèå ýêñòðåìóìîâ ñïåêòðà, à

ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, íà äëèíû âîëí, èõ íà-

ïðàâëåíèå è ò. ä. Ýòî ïðîÿâëÿåòñÿ

äàæå íà óðîâíå äèñïåðñèîííûõ ñî-

îòíîøåíèé (ñì. ðàçäåë 5.3). Äëÿ öåí-

òðàëüíîé (II) è ñåâåðíîé (III) ÷àñ-

òåé Ïîëèãîíà íà èññëåäóåìûå âîëíî-

âûå ïðîöåññû â ïîëå ÒÏÎ äîëæíû

âëèÿòü òàêæå è òå÷åíèÿ, ñâÿçàííûå ñ

âîäîîáìåíîì ÷åðåç ïðîëèâû.

Ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü, ÷òî â ðå-

àëüíûõ óñëîâèÿõ êðóïíîìàñøòàáíûå

âîëíîâûå ïðîöåññû ìîãóò áûòü ñóùå-

ñòâåííî íåëèíåéíûìè çà ñ÷åò âçàè-

ìîäåéñòâèÿ ìåæäó ýëåìåíòàðíûìè

âîëíàìè ðàçëè÷íûõ âèäîâ, à òàêæå â

ðåçóëüòàòå âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ âîëí è

òå÷åíèé. Ñóùåñòâåííîé ÷åðòîé äèíà-

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Òåì íå ìåíåå, íà îñíîâàíèè ïðèíÿòîãî ðàíåå ïðåäïîëîæåíèÿ, ÷òî äëÿ

ðàññìàòðèâàåìûõ ìàñøòàáîâ îñðåäíåíèÿ òåìïåðàòóðà âîäû ìîæåò áûòü èí-

äèêàòîðîì âîëíîâîãî ïðîöåññà, âñå æå ïîïûòàåìñÿ âûäåëèòü íåêîòîðûå

ýëåìåíòàðíûå âîëíîâûå ñîñòàâëÿþùèå, ñîîòíîñÿ âû÷èñëåííûå ïðîñòðàí-

ñòâåííî-âðåìåííûå ìàñøòàáû ñ ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèìè äèñïåðñèîííûìè êðè-

âûìè. Íà ðèñ. 25 ïðåäñòàâëåíû äèñïåðñèîííûå êðèâûå äëÿ øåëüôîâûõ

âîëí è äâîéíûõ âîëí Êåëüâèíà, ðàññ÷èòàííûå äëÿ ðàéîíà Êóðèëî-Êàì-

÷àòñêîãî æåëîáà [5], íàíåñåíà òàêæå äèñïåðñèîííàÿ êðèâàÿ äëÿ âîë-

íû Êåëüâèíà. Íà äèàãðàììå îòìå÷åíû òî÷êè, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå âûäå-

ëåííûì ïðîñòðàíñòâåííî-âðåìåííûì àíàëèçîì ÒÏÎ çíà÷åíèÿì. Âñå

îòìå÷åííûå òî÷êè â ëåâîé ïîëîâèíå äèàãðàììû íåñêîëüêî íèæå äèñ-

ïåðñèîííûõ êðèâûõ äëÿ ïåðâîé è âòîðîé ìîä øåëüôîâûõ âîëí è ãîðàçäî

íèæå äèñïåðñèîííîé êðèâîé äëÿ âîëíû Êåëüâèíà. Äëÿ äâîéíûõ âîëí Êåëü-

âèíà ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñå òî÷êè íàõîäÿòñÿ ìåæäó äèñïåðñèîííûìè êðèâûìè

äëÿ ïåðâîé è âòîðîé ìîä. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ïîëó÷åííûå îöåíêè ïåðèî-

äîâ è äëèí âîëí íå ïðîòèâîðå÷àò òåîðåòè÷åñêèì îöåíêàì. Èç òàáëèö

5.9–12 âèäíî, ÷òî âû÷èñëåííûå çíà÷åíèÿ ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ ôàçîâûõ

ñêîðîñòåé òàêæå âïîëíå ðåàëüíû, õîòÿ äëÿ øåëüôîâûõ âîëí íåñêîëüêî ìåíü-

øå òåîðåòè÷åñêèõ îöåíîê.

Åñòåñòâåííî ïðåäïîëîæèòü, ÷òî âîëíû ÷èñòî çàïàäíîãî íàïðàâëåíèÿ

îòíîñÿòñÿ ê âîëíîâûì äâèæåíèÿì òèïà âîëí Ðîññáè.

Èç òàáëèö 5.9–12 äëÿ ñîñòàâëÿþùèõ, èìåþùèõ çàïàäíîå íàïðàâëåíèå,

íà äèàãðàììó äëÿ äèñïåðñèîííîé êðèâîé âîëíû Ðîññáè (ðèñ. 5.26) íàíåñå-

íû òî÷êè, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå âûäåëåííûì ïðîñòðàíñòâåííî-âðåìåííûì ìàñ-

øòàáàì. Êàê âèäíî èç ðèñóíêà 5.26, ýòè òî÷êè íàõîäÿòñÿ êàê âûøå äèñïåð-

ñèîííîé êðèâîé, òàê è íèæå åå. Îäíàêî ýìïèðè÷åñêèå îöåíêè ïåðèîäîâ è

äëèí âîëí Ðîññáè ïî ïîðÿäêó áëèçêè ê òåîðåòè÷åñêèì.

Â öåëîì, ïîëó÷åííûå ðåçóëüòàòû íå îñòàâëÿþò ñîìíåíèÿ â òîì, ÷òî â

äèíàìèêå è òåðìîäèíàìèêå ÞÊÐ ñóùåñòâåííóþ ðîëü èãðàþò êðóïíîìàñø-

òàáíûå âîëíîâûå ïðîöåññû, âîçáóæäàåìûå öèêëîíàìè è òàéôóíàìè.

Äàëüíåéøèé ïðîãðåññ â èçó÷åíèè êðóïíîìàñøòàáíûõ âîëíîâûõ ïðî-

öåññîâ â îêåàíå âîîáùå, è â âîäàõ Îéÿñèî — Êóðîñèî â ÷àñòíîñòè, îãðàíè-

÷åí, ñ îäíîé ñòîðîíû, íåäîñòàòî÷íî ðàçâèòîé òåîðèåé è âîçìîæíîñòÿìè

÷èñëåííûõ ðåàëèçàöèé ãèäðîäèíàìè÷åñêèõ ìîäåëåé äëÿ îòêðûòûõ ðåãèî-

íîâ îêåàíà; ñ äðóãîé ñòîðîíû — îòñóòñòâèåì ïðåäñòàâèòåëüíûõ ïðîñòðàí-

ñòâåííî-âðåìåííûõ íàáëþäåíèé çà òå÷åíèÿìè è êîñâåííûìè èíäèêàòîðàìè

âîëíîâûõ ïðîöåññîâ.

Â òåîðåòè÷åñêîì ïëàíå îñîáåííî âàæíûìè ïðåäñòàâëÿþòñÿ ñëåäóþ-

ùèå âîïðîñû:

— ïðîèñõîäèò ëè àêòèâíîå âçàèìîäåéñòâèå ìåæäó êðóïíîìàñøòàáíû-

ìè âîëíîâûìè ïðîöåññàìè è îñíîâíûìè ñòðóéíûìè òå÷åíèÿìè?

— îñóùåñòâëÿåòñÿ ëè ýíåðãîîáìåí ìåæäó áàðîòðîïíûìè è áàðîêëèí-

íûìè ìîäàìè âîëíîâûõ äâèæåíèé?

— êàêîâî îòíîøåíèå êðóïíîìàñøòàáíûõ âîëíîâûõ ïðîöåññîâ è ñè-

íîïòè÷åñêèõ âèõðåé?

— íå ÿâëÿþòñÿ ëè ïîñëåäíèå ðåçóëüòàòîì äèíàìè÷åñêîé íåóñòîé÷è-

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âîñòè âîëí ñèíîïòè÷åñêîãî ìàñøòàáà èëè ñèíîïòè÷åñêèå âèõðè ïðè ðåëàê-

ñàöèè èçëó÷àþò êðóïíîìàñøòàáíûå âîëíû?

— íå ìîæåò ëè ñèíîïòè÷åñêèé âèõðü â îêåàíå èíòåðïðåòèðîâàòüñÿ êàê

óåäèíåííàÿ âîëíà — ñîëèòîí?

— ñóùåñòâåííû ëè â îêåàíå ýôôåêòû ðåçîíàíñíîãî âîçáóæäåíèÿ êðóï-

íîìàñøòàáíûõ âîëí àíåìîáàðè÷åñêèìè è äîëãîïåðèîäíûìè ïðèëèâíûìè

ñèëàìè, èëè ýòè âîëíû âñåãäà ðåçóëüòàò âîëíîâîé ðåëàêñàöèè íà÷àëüíûõ

âîçìóùåíèé ðàçëè÷íûõ ìàñøòàáîâ?

Íà ýòè è ìíîãèå äðóãèå âîïðîñû ñåãîäíÿ íå ìîæåò äàòü äîñòàòî÷íûé

îòâåò íå òîëüêî òåîðèÿ, íî è èçìåðåíèÿ â îêåàíå, äàæå òàêèå, íàïðèìåð,

óíèêàëüíûå ýêñïåðèìåíòû, êàê «Ìåãàïîëèãîí» [87].

Îïðåäåëåííûé ïðîãðåññ â èçó÷åíèè ýòèõ ÿâëåíèé ìîæíî îæèäàòü íà

ïóòè ÷èñëåííûõ ýêñïåðèìåíòîâ ñ ïîìîùüþ ïðåäñòàâèòåëüíûõ è ïîëíûõ ãèä-

ðîäèíàìè÷åñêèõ ìîäåëåé, äîñòàòî÷íî õîðîøî ó÷èòûâàþùèõ ìîðôîìåòðè-

÷åñêèå îñîáåííîñòè êîíêðåòíûõ ðåãèîíîâ, íà÷àëüíûå è ãðàíè÷íûå óñëîâèÿ.

Ïðè ýòîì íåîáõîäèìà èäåíòèôèêàöèÿ è àäàïòàöèÿ ìîäåëåé ïóòåì ïåðåñ÷å-

òà ýìïèðè÷åñêèõ è ïîëóýìïèðè÷åñêèõ êîýôôèöèåíòîâ íà îñíîâå ïðåäñòà-

âèòåëüíûõ íàáëþäåíèé.

Ëèòåðàòóðà

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3. Ïåäëîñêè Äæ. Ãåîôèçè÷åñêàÿ ãèäðîäèíàìèêà. Ïåð. ñ àíãë. Ì. Ìèð, 1984.

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5. Âîëíû â ïîãðàíè÷íûõ îáëàñòÿõ îêåàíà. Ïîä ðåä. Â.Â.Åôèìîâà.Ë. 1985.

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7. Ôóêñ Â.Ð. Ïëàíåòàðíûå âîëíû â îêåàíå. Ë.: Èçä-âî ËÃÓ, 1977.

8. Ôóêñ Â.Ð. Ââåäåíèå â òåîðèþ âîëíîâûõ äâèæåíèé. Ë.: Èçä-âî ËÃÓ, 1982.

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18. Òàëñåïï Ë.À. Î çàõâà÷åííûõ òîïîãðàôè÷åñêèõ âîëíàõ â Áàëòèéñêîì ìîðå. «Îêåàíîëî-

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ÔÀÎ, ò. 23, ¹ 7, 1987.

40. Åôèìîâ Â.Â. Êóëèêîâ Å.À. Ïðèìåíåíèå ìåòîäîâ àäàïòèâíîé îöåíêè ïðîñòðàíñòâåííî-âðå-

ìåííûõ ñïåêòðîâ ê àíàëèçó çàõâà÷åííûõ âîëí. Èçâ. ÀÍ ÑÑÑÐ, ÔÀÎ, 1978, ò. 14, ¹ 7.

41. Ëàïïî Ñ.Ñ. Ñêðèïíèê À.Â. Ðàáèíîâè÷ À.Á. Î ñâÿçè äàâëåíèÿ è óðîâíÿ ñåâåðî-çàïàäíîé

÷àñòè Òèõîãî îêåàíà. Ìåòåîðîëîãèÿ è ãèäðîëîãèÿ, 1978, ¹ 12.

42. Ôàéí È.Â. Ãåíåðàöèÿ è ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå çàõâà÷åííûõ âîëí. Àâòîðåôåðàò íà ñîèñêàíèå

ó÷. ñòåïåíè ê. ôèç.-ìàò. íàóê. Ñåâàñòîïîëü, 1985.

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43. Êóëèêîâ Å. À. Øåâ÷åíêî Ã.Â. Ãåíåðàöèÿ øåëüôîâûõ âîëí äâèæóùèìñÿ öèêëîíàìè. Ïðå-

ïðèíò. Þæíî-Càõàëèíñê, 1986.

44. Øåâ÷åíêî Ã.Â. Âëèÿíèå îñîáåííîñòåé òîïîãðàôèè îêåàíà íà ãåíåðàöèþ è äèññèïàöèþ

äëèííûõ âîëí íà øåëüôå. Àâòîðåôåðàò äèññåðòàöèè íà ñîèñêàíèå ó÷. ñòåïåíè ê. ôèç.-

ìàò. íàóê. Âëàäèâîñòîê, 1987.

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85. Ïðîãðàììà âû÷èñëåíèÿ êîìïëåêñíûõ ÷àñòîòíûõ ñïåêòðîâ ïîëÿ â çàäàííûõ òî÷êàõ è àâ-

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îêåàíà. Ë.: Ãèäðîìåòåîèçäàò, 1978.

Ñîäåðæàíèå

Ââåäåíèå ......................................................................................... 3

×àñòü I. Èñòîðèÿ èññëåäîâàíèÿ

1.1. Âûõîä Ðîññèè ê Òèõîìó îêåàíó ............................................. 5

1.2. Ïåðâûå ïîëóêðóãîñâåòíûå ïëàâàíèÿ â Ñåâåðî-Çàïàäíîé

÷àñòè Òèõîãî îêåàíà .......................................................... 13

1.3. Íà÷àëî ñèñòåìàòè÷åñêèõ ãèäðîãðàôè÷åñêèõ

è îêåàíîãðàôè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèé................................... 16

1.4. Ðàçâèòèå îêåàíîãðàôè÷åñêèõ è íàó÷íî-ïðîìûñëîâûõ

èññëåäîâàíèé â ñîâåòñêèé ïåðèîä...................................... 22

×àñòü II. Äèíàìè÷åñêèå îñîáåííîñòè Þæíî-Êóðèëüñêîãî

ðàéîíà Òèõîãî îêåàíà

2.1. Òå÷åíèå Îéÿñèî â ñèñòåìå öèðêóëÿöèè âîä ñåâåðíûé ÷àñòè

Òèõîãî îêåàíà ................................................................... 29

2.2. Öèðêóëÿöèÿ âîä Îõîòñêîãî ìîðÿ è òå÷åíèå Îéÿñèî .............. 36

2.3. Âîäîîáìåí Îõîòñêîãî ìîðÿ ñ Òèõèì îêåàíîì ....................... 40

2.3.1. Îáùàÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêà âîäîîáìåíà ÷åðåç

Þæíî-Êóðèëüñêèå ïðîëèâû ...................................... 40

2.3.2. Ïðîëèâû Áóññîëü, Óðóï è Áûñòðûé. ........................... 42

2.3.3. Ïðîëèâ Ôðèçà.......................................................... 44

2.3.4. Ïðîëèâ Åêàòåðèíû è ïðîëèâ Èçìåíû......................... 45

2.4. Ïðèëèâíàÿ òðàíñôîðìàöèÿ Îõîòîìîðñêèõ âîä â ïðîëèâàõ

þæíîé ÷àñòè Êóðèëüñêîé ãðÿäû ......................................... 47

2.4.1. Ïðèëèâíûå ÿâëåíèÿ â þæíûõ ïðîëèâàõ

Êóðèëüñêîé ãðÿäû.................................................... 47

2.4.2. Ïðîëèâû Áóññîëü è Óðóï........................................... 53

2.4.3. Ïðîëèâ Ôðèçà.......................................................... 57

2.4.4. Ïðîëèâ Åêàòåðèíû. .................................................. 62

Ëèòåðàòóðà.............................................................. 80

×àñòü III. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå îñíîâíûõ îêåàíîëîãè÷åñêèõ

õàðàêòåðèñòèê

3.1. Êëèìàòè÷åñêèå îñîáåííîñòè è òåïëîâîé áàëàíñ

ïîâåðõíîñòè îêåàíà .......................................................... 81

3.2. Ïîëå òåìïåðàòóðû ïîâåðõíîñòè îêåàíà .............................. 88

3.3. Âåðòèêàëüíàÿ ñòðóêòóðà âîä .............................................. 95

3.4. Ôðîíòàëüíûå çîíû .......................................................... 100

Ëèòåðàòóðà ..................................................................... 117

×àñòü IV. Èçìåí÷èâîñòü îêåàíîëîãè÷åñêèõ ïðîöåññîâ

ñèíîïòè÷åñêèõ ìàñøòàáîâ

4.1. Îáùèå ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ î ñèíîïòè÷åñêèõ ïðîöåññàõ â îêåàíå

è èõ âêëàäå â òåðìîäèíàìèêó âåðõíåãî ñëîÿ îêåàíà .......... 119

4.2. Îáùàÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêà èçìåí÷èâîñòè ÏÒÏÎ ïî äàííûì

ôàêñèìèëüíîé èíôîðìàöèè è àâèàòåìïåðàòóðíûì ñúåìêàì ...... 134

4.3. Ñòàòèñòè÷åñêèå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè âçàèìîñâÿçè òåìïåðàòóðû

âîäû ñ ãèäðîìåòåîðîëîãè÷åñêèìè óñëîâèÿìè

(ïî äàííûì ÃÌÑ) ............................................................. 145

4.4. Ñèíîïòè÷åñêàÿ èçìåí÷èâîñòü âåðòèêàëüíîé ñòðóêòóðû

âîä â ñèñòåìå Îéÿñèî ...................................................... 155

4.5. Ñèíîïòè÷åñêàÿ èçìåí÷èâîñòü âîäîîáìåíà ÷åðåç ïðîëèâû

þæíîé ÷àñòè Êóðèëüñêîé ãðÿäû ....................................... 162

4.6. Êëàññèôèêàöèÿ îêåàíîëîãè÷åñêèõ ñèòóàöèé â ñèñòåìå

âîä Îéÿñèî è èõ ñâÿçü ñ àòìîñôåðíûìè ïðîöåññàìè .......... 167

4.7. Âåòðîâûå è ãðàäèåíòíûå òå÷åíèÿ. Âåòðîâîå

ïåðåìåøèâàíèå............................................................... 176

4.8. Òåïëîâûå ïîòîêè ÷åðåç ïîâåðõíîñòü îêåàíà ..................... 179

4.9. Òåðìè÷åñêèé ñëåä äâèæóùåãîñÿ öèêëîíà íà ïîâåðõíîñòè

îêåàíà ............................................................................ 182

Ëèòåðàòóðà. .................................................................... 185

×àñòü V. Øåëüôîâûå è ïëàíåòàðíûå âîëíû â ñèñòåìå

âîä Îéÿñèî

5.1. Ñîñòîÿíèå ïðîáëåìû è ñîâðåìåííûå ýìïèðè÷åñêèå è

òåîðåòè÷åñêèå ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ î òîïîãðàôè÷åñêèõ âîëíàõ

Ðîññáè............................................................................ 187

5.2. Äèñïåðñèîííûå ñîîòíîøåíèÿ .......................................... 193

5.3. Øåëüôîâûå âîëíû íà ñðåäíåì òå÷åíèè ............................ 199

5.4. Âûíóæäåííûå íèçêî÷àñòîòíûå âîëíîâûå äâèæåíèÿ

â îêåàíå ......................................................................... 203

Ïåðåäàòî÷íàÿ ôóíêöèÿ ñèñòåìû ....................................... 205

Ýìïèðè÷åñêàÿ ïåðåäàòî÷íàÿ ôóíêöèÿ............................... 206

Òåîðåòè÷åñêàÿ ïåðåäàòî÷íàÿ ôóíêöèÿ. ............................. 207

5.5. Êðóïíîìàñøòàáíûå âîëíîâûå âîçìóùåíèÿ â ïîëå

òåìïåðàòóðû ïîâåðõíîñòè îêåàíà..................................... 215

5.6. Ïðîñòðàíñòâåííî-âðåìåííûå êîððåëÿöèîííûå ôóíêöèè

è ñïåêòðû â ïîëå òåìïåðàòóðû ïîâåðõíîñòè îêåàíà ........... 221

×àñòîòíûå ñïåêòðû ôëóêòóàöèè òåìïåðàòóðû

ïîâåðõíîñòè îêåàíà (ÒÏÎ) ............................................... 233

Ëèòåðàòóðà ..................................................................... 242