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ÐÀÁÎÒÀ Ñ ÊÎÍÔËÈÊÒÎÌ

Íàâûêè è ñòðàòåãèè

ïðàêòè÷åñêîé ðàáîòû ñ êîíôëèêòîì

ÏÎÑÂßÙÅÍÈÅ

Òðåõëåòíåé Íóðå è òðåõìåñÿ÷íîé Äæåññèêå, êîòîðûå î÷åíü ïîìîãëè â

ïîäãîòîâêå ýòîé êíèãè. Ïóñòü îíè è èõ ïîêîëåíèå æèâóò â ìèðå.

ÑÀÉÌÎÍ ÔÈØÅÐ ÄÅÊÀ ÈÁÐÀÃÈÌ ÀÁÄÈ

ÄÆÀÂÅÄ ËÓÄÈÍ ÐÈ×ÀÐÄ ÑÌÈÒ

ÑÒÈÂ ÓÈËËÈÀÌÑ ÑÓ ÓÈËËÈÀÌÑ

ZED BOOKS

RESPONDING TO CONFLICT

ÐÀÁÎÒÀ Ñ ÊÎÍÔËÈÊÒÎÌ

Íàâûêè è ñòðàòåãèè

ïðàêòè÷åñêîé ðàáîòû ñ êîíôëèêòîì

WORKING WITH CONFLICT: Skills and Strategies for Action

Simon FIsher, Dekaha Ibrahim Abdi, Jawed Ludin, Richard Smith, Steve Williams, Sue Williams

was first published in 2000 by

Zed Books Ltd, 7 Cynthia Street, London N1 9JF, UK and

Room 400, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA

in association with

Responding to Conflict, 1046 Bristol Road, Selly Oak, Birmingham B29 6LJ, UK

The moral rights of the authors of this work have been asserted by them

in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988.

ÐÀÁÎÒÀ Ñ ÊÎÍÔËÈÊÒÎÌ: Íàâûêè è ñòðàòåãèè ïðàêòè÷åñêîé ðàáîòû ñ êîíôëèêòîì

Ñàéìîí Ôèøåð, Äåêà Èáðàãèì Àáäè, Äæàâåä Ëóäèí, Ðè÷àðä Ñìèò, Ñòèâ Óëëèàìñ, Ñó Óëëèàìñ

(Àëìàòû, ðåñïóáëèêà Êàçàõñòàí), 2001

Ðåäàêòîðû ïåðåâîäà: Ëèàíà Êâàð÷åëèÿ, Öåíòð Ãóìàíèòàðíûõ Ïðîãðàìì

Åëåíà Çàâîäñêàÿ, Ñóõóìñêèé Äîì Þíîøåñòâà

Èçäàòåëü: Êàâêàçñêèé èíñòèòóò ìèðà, äåìîêðàòèè è ðàçâèòèÿ

Êíèãà èçäàíà ïðè ñîäåéñòâèè îðãàíèçàöèè Ðåñóðñû Ïðèìèðåíèÿ

ôèíàíñîâàÿ ïîääåðæêà: Ôîíä Áðèòàíñêîãî Ïðàâèòåëüñòâà

ïî Ïðåäîòâðàøåíèþ Êîíôëèêòîâ (GCPP)

ISBN 1 85649 836 0 Hb

ISBN 1 85649 837 9 Pb

ISBN 9965 00 016 6

ISBN 99928 37 28 4

“ÐÅÑÓÐÑÛ ÏÐÈÌÈÐÅÍÈß”

ÐÅÑÓÐÑÛ ÏÐÈÌÈÐÅÍÈß (ÐÏ) ñëóæèò ìåæäóíàðîäíûì ðåñóðñîì äëÿ ìåñòíûõ îðãà-

íèçàöèé, çàíèìàþùèõñÿ ìèðîòâîð÷åñòâîì è âûðàáîòêîé èíèöèàòèâ â îáëàñòè

ðàçðåøåíèÿ êîíôëèêòîâ.

Íàøà ãëàâíàÿ öåëü ñîñòîèò â òîì, ÷òîáû ïîääåðæèâàòü äåÿòåëüíîñòü ãðóïï íà

ìåñòíîì, íàöèîíàëüíîì èëè ìåæäóíàðîäíîì óðîâíÿõ, íàïðàâëåííóþ íà ïðåäîòâðà-

ùåíèå íàñèëèÿ èëè òðàíñôîðìàöèþ âîîðóæåííûõ êîíôëèêòîâ â íîâûå âîçìîæ-

íîñòè äëÿ ñîöèàëüíîãî, ïîëèòè÷åñêîãî è ýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî ðàçâèòèÿ íà îñíîâå

áîëåå ñïðàâåäëèâûõ îòíîøåíèé.

Íàøè çàäà÷è:

• Ïîääåðæêà èííîâàöèîííûõ ðåøåíèé ñîöèàëüíûõ, ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ è ïîëè-

òè÷åñêèõ ïðîáëåì, ñâÿçàííûõ ñ âîîðóæåííûì êîíôëèêòîì

• Îáåñïå÷åíèå âîçìîæíîñòåé äëÿ äèàëîãà è óëó÷øåíèÿ îòíîøåíèé ìåæäó

ñòîðîíàìè â êîíôëèêòå è âíóòðè îáùåñòâà, íà âñåõ ñîöèàëüíûõ óðîâíÿõ,

âêëþ÷àÿ ìàðãèíàëèçèðîâàííûå ãðóïïû

• Ðàáîòà ñ ïðàâèòåëüñòâàìè è äðóãèìè ëèöàìè, ïðèíèìàþùèìè ðåøåíèÿ, ñ

öåëüþ âëèÿòü íà èõ ïîëèòèêó è íàïðàâëÿòü åå â ñòîðîíó òðàíñôîðìàöèè

êîíôëèêòîâ, îãðàíè÷èâàÿ èõ ìèëèòàðèçàöèþ è âêëþ÷àÿ ýôôåêòèâíûå ìå-

õàíèçìû îáùåñòâåííîãî ó÷àñòèÿ.

• Óëó÷øåíèå ïîëèòèêè è ïðàêòèêè ìèðîòâîð÷åñòâà ïîñðåäñòâîì èçó÷åíèÿ

ìèðíûõ ïðîöåññîâ â ðàçíûõ ðåãèîíàõ ìèðà

Conciliation Resources

173 Upper Street

London N1 1RG

United Kingdom

Tel.: +44 20 7359 7728 Fax: +44 20 7359 4081

E-mail: cr@c-r.org / Website: www.c-r.org

ÎÒÂÅÒ ÍÀ ÊÎÍÔËÈÊÒ

ÎÒÂÅÒ ÍÀ ÊÎÍÔËÈÊÒ  ìåæäóíàðîäíàÿ íåêîììåð÷åñêàÿ îðãàíèçàöèÿ,

ðàñïîëîæåííàÿ â Áèðìèíãåìå (Âåëèêîáðèòàíèÿ). Îíà ïðåäîñòàâëÿåò êîíñóëü-

òàöèè, ïðîâîäèò ìåæêóëüòóðíûå òðåíèíãè è îêàçûâàåò äîëãîñðî÷íóþ ïîä-

äåðæêó ëþäÿì, ÷üÿ ðàáîòà íàïðàâëåíà íà ñîäåéñòâèå ìèðó, ðàçâèòèþ, ïðà-

âàì è ãóìàíèòàðíîé ïîìîùè â îáùåñòâàõ, çàòðîíóòûõ íàñèëüñòâåííûì êîíôëèê-

òîì èëè íàõîäÿøèõñÿ ïîä óãðîçîé íàñèëüñòâåííîãî êîíôëèêòà. Îòâåò íà Êîíô-

ëèêò ðàáîòàåò íà íåñêîëüêèõ ÿçûêàõ è ñ ïàðòíåðàìè íà ðàçíûõ óðîâíÿõ, îò ìå-

ñòíûõ æèòåëåé äî ïðàâèòåëüñòâåííîãî è ìåæäóíàðîäíîãî óðîâíÿ. Îðãàíèçàöèÿ ñïå-

öèàëèçèðóåòñÿ êàê íà ðàçâèòèè ïðàêòè÷åñêîé ðàáîòû, òàê è íà âûðàáîòêå ïîëèòè-

êè, è ñòàâèò ñâîåé öåëüþ ïîìî÷ü ñîçäàòü óñëîâèÿ äëÿ òðàíñôîðìàöèè êîíôëèêòîâ

è ïîñòðîåíèÿ ìèðà â òåõ ðåãèîíàõ, êîòîðûå â ýòîì íàèáîëåå íóæäàþòñÿ.

Äëÿ ïîëó÷åíèÿ äàëüíåéøåé èíôîðìàöèè îá Îòâåòå íà Êîíôëèêò, ïîæàëóéñòà,

ñì. ñòð. 216, ãëàâà 10.

Responding To Conflict

1046 Bristol Road

Birmingham, B29 6LJ

United Kingdom

Tel.: +44 121 415 5641 Fax: +44 121 415 4119

E-mail: enquiries@respond.org / Web-site: www.respond.org

UK registered charity No 1015906

ÐÀÁÎÒÀ Ñ ÊÎÍÔËÈÊÒÎÌ ÑÎÄÅÐÆÀÍÈÅ

ÑÎÄÅÐÆÀÍÈÅ

Îá àâòîðàõ ............................................................................................13

Ïðèçíàòåëüíîñòü.....................................................................................15

Ïðåäèñëîâèå...........................................................................................17

×àñòü I: Àíàëèç.................................................................................21

Ãëàâà 1  ×òî òàêîå êîíôëèêò

Ïî íàïðàâëåíèþ ê êîíöåïòóàëüíîé îñíîâå

Ïîíèìàíèå êîíôëèêòà...............................................................23

Ðàáîòà ñ êîíôëèêòîì.................................................................25

Ðàçëè÷íûå ïîäõîäû: óðåãóëèðîâàòü, ðàçðåøàòü

èëè òðàíñôîðìèðîâàòü êîíôëèêò.............................................27

Òåîðèè ïðè÷èí êîíôëèêòîâ...................................................29

Íàñèëèå  ýòî áîëüøå, ÷åì ïðîñòî ïîâåäåíèå:

îíî òàêæå çàòðàãèâàåò êîíòåêñò è óñòàíîâêè.........................30

Íàñèëèå è íåíàñèëèå êàê ñïîñîáû ïðèâíåñåíèÿ èçìåíåíèé.....33

Ìèð êàê ïðîöåññ..........................................................................34

×òî òàêîå ïîñòðîåíèå ìèðà?......................................................36

Ñ ÷åãî ëó÷øå âñåãî íà÷àòü?.................................................37

Ãëàâà 2  Ìåòîäû àíàëèçà êîíôëèêòà

Ââåäåíèå......................................................................................39

×òî òàêîå àíàëèç êîíôëèêòà?....................................................39

Ìåòîäû àíàëèçà êîíôëèêòíûõ ñèòóàöèé...................................40

Ñòàäèè êîíôëèêòà.......................................................................41

Ñîáûòèéíûé ðÿä........................................................................43

Êàðòîãðàôèÿ êîíôëèêòà.............................................................44

Òðåóãîëüíèê ÓÏÊ..........................................................................48

«Ëóêîâèöà»...................................................................................49

Äåðåâî êîíôëèêòà........................................................................52

Àíàëèç ñèëîâîãî ïîëÿ..................................................................54

Îïîðû íåñïðàâåäëèâîñòè.......................................................55

Ïèðàìèäà....................................................................................56

×òî ìû óæå ðàññìîòðåëè è êóäà íàïðàâèìñÿ äàëüøå...........59

Ãëàâà 3  Âàæíûå ïîíÿòèÿ

Ââåäåíèå.....................................................................................61

Âëàñòü............................................................................................62

Êóëüòóðà.......................................................................................66

Èäåíòè÷íîñòü...............................................................................70

Ãåíäåð.........................................................................................74

Ïðàâà...........................................................................................77

Çàêëþ÷åíèå..................................................................................80

ÑÎÄÅÐÆÀÍÈÅ

8111

ÐÀÁÎÒÀ Ñ ÊÎÍÔËÈÊÒÎÌ



×àñòü II: Ñòðàòåãèÿ.............................................................................83

Ãëàâà 4  Ðàçðàáîòêà ñòðàòåãèé äëÿ ðàáîòû ñ êîíôëèêòîì

Ââåäåíèå......................................................................................85

Êàðòèíà áóäóùåãî: ñîçäàíèå è îáñóæäåíèå..............................88

Ìíîãîóðîâíåâûå òðåóãîëüíèêè....................................................89

Êàðòîãðàôèÿ âîçìîæíîñòåé äëÿ ïîçèòèâíîãî

âìåøàòåëüñòâà â êîíôëèêò....................................................92

Òàáëèöà: èäåè äëÿ ðàáîòû ñ êîíôëèêòîì..................................93

«Êîëåñî»........................................................................................97

Ïîìîùü è êîíôëèêò....................................................................98

Êàðòîãðàôèÿ âîçäåéñòâèÿ ïðîãðàìì

ðàçâèòèÿ è ïîìîùè íà êîíôëèêò............................................101

Ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòü øàãîâ â âûðàáîòêå ñòðàòåãèè...................102

Ãëàâà 5  Âîçäåéñòâèå íà ôîðìèðîâàíèå ïîëèòèêè îðãàíèçàöèè

Ââåäåíèå.....................................................................................109

Êàê èñïîëüçîâàòü äàííóþ ãëàâó...............................................110

Äåðåâî öåííîñòåé: ÷åìó ìû ïðèâåðæåíû...................................111

Ñïåêòð ñòðàòåãè÷åñêèõ âîçìîæíîñòåé......................................113

Ïàìÿòêà äëÿ ÍÏÎ, ðàáîòàþùèõ â çîíàõ êîíôëèêòà...............113

Îöåíêà îðãàíèçàöèîííûõ âîçìîæíîñòåé.................................114

Êàê ïîìî÷ü ëþäÿì èçìåíèòüñÿ..................................................118

×àñòü III: Äåéñòâèå...........................................................................121

Ãëàâà 6  Ïðÿìîå âìåøàòåëüñòâî â êîíôëèêò

Ââåäåíèå.......................................................................................125

Íåíàñèëèå êàê ïîäõîä ê âìåøàòåëüñòâó â êîíôëèêò..........126

Ïîäãîòîâêà ê âìåøàòåëüñòâó.......................................................127

Ïîâûøåíèå èíôîðìèðîâàííîñòè è ìîáèëèçàöèÿ

ðàäè äîñòèæåíèÿ èçìåíåíèé....................................................130

Ïðåäóïðåæäåíèå........................................................................134

Ñîõðàíåíèå ïðèñóòñòâèÿ...........................................................138

Ïîìîùü â äîñòèæåíèè ñîãëàøåíèÿ........................................145

Ãëàâà 7  Ðàáîòà ñ ïîñëåäñòâèÿìè

Ââåäåíèå......................................................................................161

Ïîñëåâîåííàÿ ðåêîíñòðóêöèÿ: ñî÷åòàíèå ìàòåðèàëüíûõ

è ñîöèàëüíûõ àñïåêòîâ............................................................162

Ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêàÿ ðåàáèëèòàöèÿ: êàê ïîìî÷ü ëþäÿì

ñïðàâèòüñÿ ñ ïðîøëûì.............................................................166

Ñîöèàëüíàÿ ðåàáèëèòàöèÿ: ïîñòðîåíèå âçàèìîîòíîøåíèé.....169

Çàêëþ÷åíèå................................................................................177

Ãëàâà 8  Ðàáîòà ñ ñîöèàëüíûì óñòðîéñòâîì

Ââåäåíèå.......................................................................................179

Îáðàçîâàíèå â îáëàñòè ìèðà è ñïðàâåäëèâîñòè....................180

Ïîîùðåíèå ó÷àñòèÿ ëþäåé â ïðèíÿòèè ðåøåíèé.................186

Ðàçâèòèå îïòèìàëüíîãî óïðàâëåíèÿ...........................................189

ÑÎÄÅÐÆÀÍÈÅ



ÐÀÁÎÒÀ Ñ ÊÎÍÔËÈÊÒÎÌ

×àñòü IV: Óðîêè.................................................................................197

Ãëàâà 9  Îöåíêà

Ââåäåíèå....................................................................................199

Îöåíêà Ðàáîòû ñ êîíôëèêòîì..................................................202

Ñåòü îöåíêè..................................................................................203

Îöåíêà âîçäåéñòâèÿ..................................................................205

Èíäèêàòîðû...............................................................................205

Âàæíûå âîïðîñû â ïðîâåäåíèè îöåíêè.................................208

Ãëàâà 10  ...È åùå íåìíîãî èíôîðìàöèè

Ââåäåíèå......................................................................................211

Îðãàíèçàöèè................................................................................211

Èñòî÷íèêè.....................................................................................217

Èíäåêñ.......................................................................................227