Федоров М.П. и др. Информационно-компьютерные технологии в строительстве. Применение программы SCAD для расчета сооружений на динамические воздействия
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170
1455.182.14.083.1321
1
\
E
KAQKS ɤɇ.
5. ɇɚ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟ-ɤɨɧɫɨɥɢ ɫɬɪɨɹɬɫɹ ɷɩɸɪɵ ɢɡɝɢɛɚɸɳɢɯ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ
ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɯ ɫɢɥ
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɚɹ ɫɟɣɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɥɚ S ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ
ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ, ɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɢɥɭ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɧɟ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ
t
. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɢ ɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɵ ɷɩɸɪ Qɢ
M
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɦɢ ɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɚɦɢ, ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɢɦɢ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ (ɪɢɫ. 3.2).
Ɂɧɚɤɢ ɧɚ ɷɩɸɪɚɯ Qɢ
M
ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɭ ɡɧɚɤɨɜ, ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɦɭ ɜ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ SCAD ɞɥɹ ɩɥɨɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɵɯ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ [1, 2].
6. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɬɨɪɟɰ ɛɚɲɧɢ ɧɚ
ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬ
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɪɢɫ. 3.2 ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɶ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚ ȼɗɍ
ɱɟɪɟɡ ɬɨɪɟɰ ɛɚɲɧɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ (ɪɢɫ. 3.3). ɗɬɢ
ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɵ ɬɟɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɧɚ ɧɢɠɧɢɣ
ɬɨɪɟɰ ɛɚɲɧɢ.
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɧɚ ɉɄ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ SCAD
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɭɸ ɫɯɟɦɭ ȼɗɍ ɭɠɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɯ
ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚɯ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɫɧɨɜɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɦ
ɪɚɡɞɟɥ
Ɂɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɚɧɟɥɢ ɧɚɠɢɦɚɟɦ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ ɢ
ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɦ «ɋɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ». Ɉɬɤɪɨɟɬɫɹ ɞɢɚɥɨɝɨɜɨɟ ɨɤɧɨ (ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧ
ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɟɝɨ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ, ɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɢɯ ɨɬ ʋ ɜɟɪɫɢɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ SCAD) «ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ
ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ». ɇɚ ɩɨɥɟ «ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ»
S= 145 ɤɇ
M
S= 145 ɤɇ
Q= 145 ɤɇ
M= 4204.76 ɤɇ·ɦ
Q
Ɋɢɫ. 3.2
Q= 145 ɬɫ
M= 4204.76
Ɋɢɫ. 3.3
171
ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɦ «ɋɟɣɫɦɢɤɚ ɩɨ ɋɇɢɉ (01.01.2000)» ɢ ɞɟɥɚɟɦ ɡɚɩɢɫɶ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
« ɫɟɣɫɦ-ɜɷɭ1ɤɷ») ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɥɨɦ ɩɨɥɟ «ɂɦɹ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ».
Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɦ ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɞɢɚɥɨɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɤɧɚ «ɋɟɣɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ
ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ (01.01.2000)» ɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɦ ɞɢɚɥɨɝɨɜɨɟ ɨɤɧɨ, ɜɢɞ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧ ɧɢɠɟ. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɟɬɥɵɯ
ɩɨɥɟɣ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɤɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɟɧ. ɉɨɥɹ ɫ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ: «Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɷɬɚɠɟɣ», «ɉɨɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ», «Ɋɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɧɟɜɧɨɣ ……»
ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɵ ɩɨ ɭɦɨɥɱɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɷɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɧɟ ɧɭɠɧɨ.
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɧɚɠɚɬɢɹ ɤɧɨɩɤɢ «ɈɄ» ɨɤɧɨ ɡɚɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɧɚ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɩɚɧɟɥɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ
Ɂɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɠɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɧɨɩɤɚ «ɂɧɟɪɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ». ȼɵɛɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɞɢɚɥɨɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɤɧɚ «Ɂɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɦɚɫɫ».
ȼɜɟɞɟɦ ɜɟɫ ɞɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ
m
ɫ ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɛɵɥ ɩɨɞɫɱɢɬɚɧ ɩɪɢ ɪɭɱɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ
ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨ ɫɯɟɦɨɣ, ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 3.1. ȼɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ
ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɦ ɩɨɞ ɧɨɦɟɪɨɦ 3.
4. ȼɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɬɚɩ 4 ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ «Ʌɢɧɟɣɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɟɝɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ» [1, 2]
.
172
ȼɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɷɬɚɩɚ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɩɪɢ
ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ 1.5 ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ.
ȼ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ «Ɉɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ», ɝɞɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ
ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɵ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɤɨɦɵɯ
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ, ɧɨ ɢ ɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ «Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ».
ɉɪɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ «Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ» ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ
ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ:
ȿɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɢɡɦɟpɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ: ɤɇ
ȿɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɢɡɦɟpɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɨɜ: ɤɇ*ɦ
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| ɊȺɋɉɊȿȾȿɅȿɇɂȿ ȼȿɋɈȼ ɆȺɋɋ |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 2 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 1 - ( ɦɨɞɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ȼɗɍ-1ɤɷ) |
| X 132.8 |
| 2 - ( ɝɚɪɦ-1) |
| X 132.8 |
| 3 - ( ɫɟɣɫɦ-2000) |
| X 132.8 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
|Ɂɚɝpɭ: N : COȻCTB. : ɑ A C T O T ɕ : ɉEPɂOȾɕ
|
| : ɉ/ɉ : :-----------------------------:---------------|
|ɠɟɧɢɟ: : ɁHAɑEHɂə : 1/C : Ƚɐ : C |
------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 1 1 .1200906 8.327042 1.325962 .7541693 |
| |
| 2 1 .1200906 8.327042 1.325962 .7541693 |
| |
| 3 1 .1200906 8.327042 1.325962 .7541693 |
------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| ɎɈɊɆɕ ɄɈɅȿȻȺɇɂɃ |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 2 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 1 - 1 ( ɦɨɞɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ȼɗɍ-1ɤɷ) |
| X 1. |
| 2 - 1 ( ɝɚɪɦ-1) |
| X 1. |
| 3 - 1 ( ɫɟɣɫɦ-2000) |
| X 1. |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| ɂɇȿɊɐɂɈɇɇɕȿ ɇȺȽɊɍɁ
Ʉɂ |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 2 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 2 - 1 ( ɝɚɪɦ-1) |
| X -23.08 |
| 2 - 2 |
| X -2.066 |
| 3 - 1 ( ɫɟɣɫɦ-2000) |
| X 145. |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ
ɤɇQ,ɦ,ɤɇ,
M
, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɜɢɞɟ:
173
ȿɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɢɡɦɟpɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ: ɤɇ
ȿɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɢɡɦɟpɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɨɜ: ɤɇ*ɦ
ɂɫɩɨɞɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ:
S1,S2, ... - ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| ɍɋɂɅɂə /ɇȺɉɊəɀȿɇɂə/ ȼ ɗɅȿɆȿɇɌȺɏ |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 1-1 1-2 |
| 1 1 |
| 2 2 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 3 - 1 ( ɫɟɣɫɦ-2000) |
| M -4206.35 |
| Q 145.046 145.046 |
| 3 - S1 ( ɫɟɣɫɦ-2000) |
| M -4206.35 |
| Q 145.046 145.046 |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
------
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɬɚɛɥ. «ɍɫɢɥɢɹ».
1. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɞɥɹ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ ɜɵɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹɯ
(ɨɧɢ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɫ ɭɡɥɚɦɢ 1 ɢ 2).
2. ɉɟɪɜɵɟ ɞɜɟ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɸ 3 ɫ ɢɦɟɧɟɦ «ɫɟɣɫɦ-2000», ɚ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɞɜɟ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ ɜ
ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɫ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɹɦɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ (ɫɦ. [4]).
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɪɭɱɧɭɸ ɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ
SCAD, ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ.
4. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ȼɗɍ ɧɚ ɜɟɬɪɨɜɭɸ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɧɚ ɛɚɲɧɸ
ȼɟɬɪɨɜɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɧɚ ɜɟɬɪɨɜɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ
ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɫ ɜɟɬɪɨɜɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫ
ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɨɣ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɧɚ ɷɬɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɨɡɧɚɤɨɦɢɬɫɹ ɢɡ
ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤɚ [15].
Ⱦɥɹ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ
ɜɟɬɪɨɜɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɭ, ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɜ ɋɇɢɉ [26].
ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɋɇɢɉ [26] ɜɟɬɪɨɜɭɸ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ ɧɚ
ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɫɭɦɦɭ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ
ɩɭɥɶɫɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ (ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ) ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ.
ɇɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ
m
w ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ,
ɩɪɢɯɨɞɹɳɟɣɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ
z ɧɚɞ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɡɟɦɥɢ (ɪɢɫ. 4.1)
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
kcww
om
,
(4.1)
ɝɞɟ
o
w
– ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɬɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɨɟ ɢɡ ɬɚɛɥ. 5
ɋɇɢɉ [26] ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɜɟɬɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɨ ɤɚɪɬɟ
3 ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ 5 ɤɋɇɢɉ [26].
174
k – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɬɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ
ɜɵɫɨɬɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ.
c – ɚɷɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɣ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ
ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ 4 ɤ ɋɇɢɉ [26].
ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɤ ɤɭɪɫɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ȼɗɍ
ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɟɬɪɨɜɨɦ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ Iɚ. Ɇɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɬɢɩ
A
.
Ⱥɷɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ
ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɚɲɧɢ (ɫɯɟɦɚ 14 ɜ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɤ ɋɇɢɉ [26]). ɉɪɢɦɟɪ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ
ɚɷɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ c ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧ ɜ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɦ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɢ [7].
ɇɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ
)(
ɧ
ɫ
zq ɩɨ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ ɛɚɲɧɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ
ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɦ (ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦ) ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ ɛɚɲɧɢ. ɉɪɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɩɨ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ
ɛɚɲɧɢ ɟɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɦ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɟ
ɫɪ
D ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ
ɫɪ
ɧ
)(
ɫ
Dwzq
m
.
(4.2)
ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɦɧɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ
ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɜɟɬɪɨɜɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ
4.1
f
J
:
)(4.1)(
ɧ
ɪ
ɫ
ɫ
zqzq .
(4.3)
ɋɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɭɸ ɜɟɬɪɨɜɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɦ ɧɚ
ɉɄ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ «ȼɟɋɌ», ɢɦɟɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɜ ɉȼɄ SCAD. ɋ ɷɬɨɣ
ɰɟɥɶɸ ɨɬɤɪɨɟɦ ɩɚɩɤɭ SCAD Office. ȼ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɲɟɦɫɹ ɦɟɧɸ ɜɵɛɟɪɟɦ ɹɪɥɵɤ
ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɢ ɡɚɩɭɫɬɢɦ ɟɟ. ɉɨɹɜɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɩɟɪɜɨɟ
z
m
w
X
Z
Ɋɢɫ. 4.1
175
ɞɢɚɥɨɝɨɜɨɟ ɨɤɧɨ, ɜ ɦɟɧɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɜɵɛɟɪɟɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥ «Ɇɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ».
ȼ ɩɨɹɜɢɜɲɟɦɫɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɞɢɚɥɨɝɨɜɨɦ ɨɤɧɟ (ɨɧɨ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ)
ɭɤɚɠɟɦ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜɨɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ȼɗɍ. ɉɨɹɜɢɬɫɹ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɜɟɬɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ (ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɵɲɟ ɨɤɧɨ) ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥ «Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ».
Ɉɬɤɪɨɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɫ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ
f
J
.
ȼɵɛɢɪɚɟɦ
f
J
ɞɥɹ ɜɟɬɪɨɜɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ. ȼɧɢɡɭ ɨɤɧɚ (ɫɦ.) ɩɨɹɜɢɬɫɹ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ:
«ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ 4.1
f
J
.
Ⱦɚɥɟɟ (ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɵɲɟ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɟ ɨɤɧɨ)
ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥ «ȼɟɬɟɪ». Ɉɬɤɪɨɟɬɫɹ ɞɢɚɥɨɝɨɜɨɟ ɨɤɧɨ (ɨɧɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɨ ɜ
ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ).
ȼ ɧɟɦ ɭɠɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɵ: ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɣ ɜɟɬɪɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɣɨɧ; ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ
ɟɦɭ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɜɟɬɪɨɜɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɬɢɩ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
ɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɟɬɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜ ɦɟɧɸ ɞɢɚɥɨɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɤɧɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɬɶ
«ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ» ɢ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɢɬɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɭɸ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ.
ȼ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɦɨɦ ɨɤɧɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɢɬɶ ɬɢɩ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ
ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɦ «ȼɵɬɹɧɭɬɵɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɫ
ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ».
176
Ɂɚɜɟɪɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɞɢɚɥɨɝɨɜɵɦ ɨɤɧɨɦ ɧɚɠɚɬɢɟɦ ɤɧɨɩɤɢ
«ɇɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ». ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɬɤɪɨɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɞɢɚɥɨɝɨɜɨɟ ɨɤɧɨ:
177
Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɨɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɭɠɟ ɜ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ. Ⱦɥɹ ɟɝɨ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɨɞɟɥɚɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ: ɜɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɛɚɲɧɢ (ɫɦ. ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ ɞɢɚɥɨɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɤɧɚ); ɜɜɟɞɟɧ «ɲɚɝ ɫɤɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ», ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɞɥɹ
ɤɚɤɢɯ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ
z ɫɟɱɟɧɢɣ ɛɚɲɧɢ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
)(
ɧ
ɫ
zq ɢ )(
ɪ
ɫ
zq ; ɧɚɠɚɬɚ ɤɧɨɩɤɚ «ȼɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɶ», ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɱɟɝɨ ɜ ɞɢɚɥɨɝɨɜɨɦ ɨɤɧɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɷɩɸɪɵ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ (ɫ
ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ).
ȿɫɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɧɚɠɚɬɶ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ «Ɉɬɱɟɬ», ɬɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ ɨɬɱɟɬ ɨ
ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɮɚɣɥɚ West.rtf. ȼɵɞɟɥɢɜ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɟ ɮɚɣɥɚ ɢ ɫɤɨɩɢɪɨɜɚɜ ɟɝɨ,
ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɬɱɟɬ ɩɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ:
BETEP
Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ
ȼɟɬɪɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɣɨɧ Ia
ɇɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɬɪɨɜɨɝɨ
ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
0,167 kN/ɦ^2
Ɍɢɩ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ A
Ɍɢɩ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ȼɵɬɹɧɭɬɵɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɫ
ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ
ɒɚɝ ɫɤɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ 5 ɦ
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ J
f
1,4
H 29 ɦ
d 2,11 ɦ
'
0,001 ɦ
(29 ɦ)
(0,402 kN/ɦ )
0
0,148
178
ɇɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
ȼɵɫɨɬɚ
(ɦ)
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ (kN/ɦ) ɇɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
(kN/ɦ)
0 0,219 0,148
5 0,219 0,148
10 0,292 0,198
15 0,33 0,224
20 0,36 0,244
25 0,385 0,261
29 0,402 0,272
ɋɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɛɚɲɧɢ ɨɬ ɷɬɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ,
ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɨɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɜɟɬɪɨɜɨɣ
ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɦ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ SCAD.
ɂɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɩɨ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɭ ȼɗɍ ɨɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ
ɜɟɬɪɨɜɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ
Ɉɬɤɪɨɟɦ ɭɠɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɮɚɣɥ ɩɨ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɭ ȼɗɍ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ
SCAD ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɞɢɦ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɱɬɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɧɚ
ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɭɸ ɫɯɟɦɭ ȼɗɍ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɬɤɪɨɟɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥ «Ɂɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ» ɢɜ
ɨɬɤɪɵɜɲɟɦɫɹ ɦɟɧɸ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ ɧɚɠɦɟɦ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ
«ɇɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɢ».
ȼ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɲɟɦɫɹ ɞɢɚɥɨɝɨɜɨɦ ɨɤɧɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɜɟɬɪɨɜɚɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɲɟɫɬɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɛɚɲɧɢ. ȼ
ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɦ ɧɢɠɟ ɨɤɧɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧ ɜɜɨɞ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɜɟɬɪɨɜɨɣ
ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɢɡ ɧɚɦɟɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɲɟɫɬɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɩɨ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ ɛɚɲɧɢ.
ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɫɹ ɷɩɸɪɚ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ, ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 4.2.
ɋɨɯɪɚɧɢɦ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞ ɧɨɦɟɪɨɦ 4.
179
ɉɭɥɶɫɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɜɟɬɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨɣ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɭɥɶɫɚɰɢɣ.
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ SCAD ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɩɭɥɶɫɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɜɟɬɪɨɜɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ
ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɟɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɤɧɢɝɟ [23] ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɉȼɄ SCAD
Ɂɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɭɥɶɫɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɦ ɫ ɧɚɠɚɬɢɹ ɤɧɨɩɤɢ
ɜ ɦɟɧɸ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ «Ɂɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ». ȼɵɛɢɪɚɟɦ «ɋɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ». ȼ
ɨɬɤɪɵɜɲɟɦɫɹ ɞɢɚɥɨɝɨɜɨɦ ɨɤɧɟ, ɜɢɞ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɭɠɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ ɭɱɚɳɟɦɭɫɹ,
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɦ «ȼɟɬɪɨɜɨɟ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ» ɢ «ɉɭɥɶɫɚɰɢɢ ɜɟɬɪɚ».
Ɉɬɤɪɨɟɬɫɹ ɞɢɚɥɨɝɨɜɨɟ ɨɤɧɨ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɧɢɠɟ ɜ ɭɠɟ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ.
ȼɫɟ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɵ ɩɨ ɫɦɵɫɥɭ.
1
2
-0,22
-0,29
-0,33
-0,36
-0,38
-0,4
-0,22
Ɋɢɫ. 4.2